The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.
Abstract
This article describes a scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies. Two preliminary studies assessed the scale's psychometric properties and its relationships with several other instruments. The scale was then used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates. Specifically, respondents were asked to complete three questionnaires 4 weeks before the end of a semester. Included in the questionnaire battery was the measure of optimism, a measure of private self-consciousness, and a 39-item physical symptom checklist. Subjects completed the same set of questionnaires again on the last day of class. Consistent with predictions, subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms (even after correcting for initial symptom-report levels) than were subjects who initially reported being less optimistic. This effect tended to be stronger among persons high in private self-consciousness than among those lower in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on other health related applications of the optimism scale, and the relationships between our theoretical orientation and several related theories.
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“Concurrently, they are associated with an increased risk of depression,2829 and sadness is a core symptom of depression.12”
From Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation among Psycho-Oncology Outpatients (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“A tanult módszerek napi, rendszeres gyakorlása javítja a pszichológiai közérzetet, növeli az életerőt, és jótékony hatással van az életminőségre [30, 32].”
From Éber, tudatos figyelemre épülő, a rákbetegséggel való megküzdést segítő program (MBCR) hatásvizsgálata magyar rákbetegek körében (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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“A 12 tételes mérőeszköz belső megbízhatósága elfogadható volt (Cronbach-alfa: 0,72).”
From Éber, tudatos figyelemre épülő, a rákbetegséggel való megküzdést segítő program (MBCR) hatásvizsgálata magyar rákbetegek körében (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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Items 301–400 of 1,078
Seeing the glass half full: A review of the causes and consequences of optimism
Forgeard, M. J. C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2012) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2012.02.002 · Cited by 301
Creed, P. A., Patton, W., & Bartrum, D. (2002) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072702010001003 · Cited by 255
“(Pessimism).”
Psychological Predictors of Adherence and Outcomes Among Patients in Cardiac Rehabilitation
Glazer, K. M., Emery, C. F., Frid, D. J., & Banyasz, R. E. (2002) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200201000-00006 · Cited by 237
God-Mediated Control and Psychological Well-Being in Late Life
KRAUSE, N. M. (2005) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504270475 · Cited by 238
“Two of the three indicators used to measure optimism come from the scale devised by Scheier and Carver (1985).”
MethodFuture orientation: a construct with implications for adolescent health and wellbeing
Johnson, S. R. L., Blum, R. W., & Cheng, T. L. (2014) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2013-0333 · Cited by 246
“Optimism is usually measured along with its counterpart, pessimism, with items tapping general expectancies for the future (53).”
BackgroundPersonal Resources and Work Engagement in the Face of Change
van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470661550.ch7 · Cited by 254
“Optimism has been defined as generalized, positive outcome expectancies (Scheier & Carver 1985).”
BackgroundCompatibility Effects in Judgment and Choice
Slovic, P., Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.014 · Cited by 235
Hopelessness and 4-Year Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis
Everson‐Rose, S. A., Kaplan, G. A., Goldberg, D. E., Salonen, R. M., & Salonen, J. T. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.8.1490 · Cited by 234
The role of resilience on psychological adjustment and physical health in patients with diabetes
Yi, J. P., Vitaliano, P. P., Smith, R. E., Yi, J. C., & Weinger, K. (2008) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910707x186994 · Cited by 233
“…IH -PA Author M anuscript Measures Optimism was measured by the Life Orientation Test (LOT), an eight-item self-report measure (along with four filler items) assessing generalized expectancies for positive versus negative outcomes, scored on a 5-point Likert scale (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
MethodExploring the role of hope in job performance: results from four studies
Peterson, S. J., & Byron, K. L. (2007) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.492 · Cited by 261
Achat, H. M., Kawachi, I. I., Spiro, A., DeMolles, D. A., & Sparrow, D. (2000) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02895776 · Cited by 238
“Cronbach's alpha for the entire eight-item scale has been reported to be 0.76 ( 9 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAspinwall, L. G., & Richter, L. (1999) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1021367331817 · Cited by 232
“Additionally, large-scale investigations of the discriminant validity of these measures have revealed that these measures bear distinct and unique relations to coping and other outcomes (Scheier et al., 1994; see also Marshall & Lang, 1990, and Scheier & Carver, 1985 ).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe positive psychology of negative thinking
Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10094 · Cited by 239
The benefits of optimism: A meta-analytic review of the life orientation test
Andersson, G. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00118-3 · Cited by 230
Role stress and personal resources in nursing: A cross-sectional study of burnout and engagement
Garrosa, E., Jiménez, B. M., Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2010) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.08.004 · Cited by 258
“The LOT-R is amodified brief version of the original LOT (Scheier and Carver, 1985) and has been found to have a correlation of .”
BackgroundMethodOptimism and the Big Five factors of personality: Beyond Neuroticism and Extraversion
Sharpe, J. P., Martin, N. R., & Roth, K. A. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.033 · Cited by 254
“Marshall et al. (1994) and Ebert, Tucker, and Roth (2002) obtained similar results using the Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) and the Life Orientation TestRevised (LOT-R; Scheier et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodResultGeers, A. L., Helfer, S. G., Kosbab, K., Weiland, P. E., & Landry, S. J. (2005) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.08.011 · Cited by 225
Using positivity, transformational leadership and empowerment to combat employee negativity
Avey, J. B., Hughes, L. W., Norman, S. M., & Luthans, K. W. (2008) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730810852470 · Cited by 250
“Specifically, Scheier and Carver (1985) note that this expectation of success is a motivational source that leads to the application of effort because individuals continue to expect success.”
BackgroundOptimism, social support, and mental health outcomes in patients with advanced cancer
Applebaum, A. J., Stein, E. M., Lord‐Bessen, J., Pessin, H., Rosenfeld, B. D., & BREITBART, W. S. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3418 · Cited by 259
“Optimism is defined as the degree to which one expects positive experiences in the future [10].”
BackgroundHarwood, K., McLean, N., & Durkin, K. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.1 · Cited by 225
Hope and Optimism: Latent Structures and Influences on Grade Expectancy and Academic Performance
Rand, K. L. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00544.x · Cited by 248
“Empirically speaking, it comprises the shared variance of trait hope and optimism, as measured by the AHS and LOT-R.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCoping and Cognitive factors in adaptation toin vitro fertilization failure
Litt, M. D., Tennen, H. A., Affleck, G. G., & Klock, S. C. (1992) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00848324 · Cited by 220
“In addition, women also completed the Life Orientation Test (Scheier and Carver, 1985), an eight-item index (with four filler items) designed to assess a general sense of optimism (alpha = .”
Coping Self‐Efficacy as a Mediator of Distress Following a Natural Disaster
Benight, C. C., Swift, E., Sanger, J., Smith, A. E., & Zeppelin, D. (1999) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00120.x · Cited by 222
Fitzgerald, T. E., Tennen, H. A., Affleck, G. G., & Pransky, G. (1993) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844753 · Cited by 219
“Means and standard deviations of the two expectancy variables, two control appraisals, quality of life measures, and illness severity upon entry into the study are presented in Table I. The table reveals that as a group, participants' levels of dispositional optimism were comparable to levels reported in normative sam…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMental Pain and Its Relationship to Suicidality and Life Meaning
Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M., Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., & Sirota, P. (2003) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.33.3.231.23213 · Cited by 215
Putting appraisal in context: Toward a relational model of appraisal and emotion
Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930902860386 · Cited by 250
“We also examined the relations of dispositional appraisals of EFCP to constructs such as self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965 ), and quality of emotional support (Smith & Wallston, 1992 ), which are commonly conceptualised as coping resources (Smith & Wallston, 1992 ), and found that dispositional EFCP was consistently positi…”
BackgroundProblem-Solving Appraisal and Human Adjustment
Heppner, P. P., Witty, T. E., & Dixon, W. A. (2004) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000003262793 · Cited by 244
“…dimension with little relationship to behavioral outcomes (Clark & Watson, 1991) and is more strongly related to emotion-focused coping (e.g., Scheier & Carver, 1985); conversely, the PSI is fundamentally a cognitive-based inventory, consistently related to problem-focused coping activities…”
BackgroundWaugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.005 · Cited by 245
“Optimism was measured using the revised version of the Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985; revised LOT-R, Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994).”
MethodVaz, S. M. A., Wilson, N. J., Falkmer, M., Chamberlain, A., Scott, M., Cordier, R., & Falkmer, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137002 · Cited by 285
Subjective socioeconomic position, gender and cortisol responses to waking in an elderly population
Wright, C. E., & Steptoe, A. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.007 · Cited by 225
“Optimism was assessed using the Life Orientation test (LOT) (Scheier and Carver, 1985), with higher scores indicating greater dispositional optimism.”
MethodCrane, M. F., Searle, B. J., Kangas, M., & Nwiran, Y. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1506640 · Cited by 259
“Broadly speaking, these are clusters of beliefs about how successful one will be when interacting with the world, one’s capacity to change themselves in positive ways, and one’s confidence to do so (e.g., Bandura, 1982; Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundPerceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events
Frazier, P., Keenan, N., Anders, S., Perera, S., Shallcross, S., & Hintz, S. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022405 · Cited by 219
Predictors of posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer
Danhauer, S. C., Case, L. D., Tedeschi, R. G., Russell, G. B., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K. N., Ip, E. H., & Avis, N. E. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3298 · Cited by 247
“Optimism was assessed with the eight-item version of the self-report Life Orientation Test [43,44].”
MethodMeasuring attitudes towards general technology: Antecedents, hypotheses and scale development
Edison, S. W., & Geissler, G. L. (2003) · Journal of Targeting Measurement and Analysis for Marketing · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740104 · Cited by 218
“Optimism has been studied in a variety of contexts, including: test anxiety, 40 computer or IT aversion, 41,42 health and medicine, 43,44 and generalised or global technology.”
BackgroundHooker, K. A., Monahan, D. J., Bowman, S. R., Frazier, L. D., & Shifren, K. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/53b.2.p73 · Cited by 217
Allison, P. J., Guichard, C., Fung, K., & Gilain, L. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2003.10.092 · Cited by 216
The protective role of coping and social resources for depressive symptoms among young adolescents
Herman-Stahl, M. A., & Petersen, A. C. (1996) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537451 · Cited by 233
“Optimism is associated with active coping efforts, complexity of coping response, seeking social support, and it is inversely correlated with emotional expression and disengagement from goals (Sheier and Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMethodSelf‐efficacy for coping with cancer: revision of the Cancer Behavior Inventory (version 2.0)
Merluzzi, T. V., Nairn, R. C., Hegde, K., Sanchez, M. A. M., & Dunn, L. (2001) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.511 · Cited by 236
Salmivalli, C. (2001) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(00)00012-4 · Cited by 213
How Hope and Doubt Affect Climate Change Mobilization
Marlon, J. R., Bloodhart, B., Ballew, M. T., Rolfe-Redding, J., Roser-Renouf, C., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2019.00020 · Cited by 232
The interpretation of life experience and well-being: The sample case of relocation.
Ryff, C. D., & Essex, M. J. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.7.4.507 · Cited by 222
Barkhuizen, N. E., Rothmann, S., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2013) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2520 · Cited by 263
Schwarz, N., & Vaughn, L. A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.007 · Cited by 215
Pessimism as a predictor of emotional morbidity one year following breast cancer surgery
Schou, I., Ekeberg, Ø., Ruland, C. M., Sandvik, L., & Kåresen, R. (2003) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.747 · Cited by 222
“According to Scheier and Carver (1985) the disposition of optimism versus pessimism is a dimension of generalized expectancies about the occurrence of good versus bad outcomes in one’s future and is viewed as a stable dispositional characteristic.”
BackgroundExtremera, N., Durán, A., & Rey, L. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.014 · Cited by 242
“Extensive evidence of the reliability and validity of the LOT-R and its subscales has been reported (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundOptimism, Pessimism, and Gambling: The Downside of Optimism
Gibson, B. D., & Sanbonmatsu, D. M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203259929 · Cited by 226
“Optimism has been found to be predictive of reports of general physical well-being (Scheier & Carver, 1985); lower mortality risk for cancer patients (Schulz, Bookwala, Knapp, Scheier, & Williamson, 1996); faster recovery after coronary artery bypass surgery (Scheier et al., 1989); and of…”
BackgroundPerceiving benefits in adversity: stress-related growth in women living with HIV/AIDS
Siegel, K., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00144-1 · Cited by 207
Pakenham, K. I., & Rinaldis, M. (2001) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1010718823753 · Cited by 211
“Optimism was measured by the Life Orientation Test (LOT) (Scheier and Carver, 1985), where participants indicated their agreement with each item on a 4-point scale (0: strongly disagree to 4: strongly agree).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhen Death is Good for Life: Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management
Vail, K. E., Juhl, J., Arndt, J., Vess, M., Routledge, C., & Rutjens, B. T. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312440046 · Cited by 210
“…research into the existential role of hardiness (and other forms of resilience, for example, optimism, Rasmussen, Wrosch, Scheier, & Carver, 2006; Scheier & Carver, 1985; ego resiliency, Block & Block, 1980; Letzring, Block, & Funder, 2005) is needed, given that these findings suggest that…”
ResultCareer optimism: The roles of contextual support and career decision-making self-efficacy
Garcia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., Bordia, S., & Roxas, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.004 · Cited by 261
“Although initially conceptualized as a dispositional characteristic (Scheier & Carver, 1985), recent work suggests that optimism is malleable in that it can be shaped and strengthened by a supportive environment (Higgins, Dobrow, & Roloff, 2010).”
BackgroundBowling, A., & Iliffe, S. (2006) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afl100 · Cited by 211
Darke, P. R., & Freedman, J. L. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2197 · Cited by 216
“The Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) was used to measure optimism in Study 1.”
MethodLeana, C. R., & Feldman, D. C. (1995) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679504801201 · Cited by 204
Optimism, social support and psychosocial functioning among women with breast cancer
Friedman, L. C., Kalidas, M., Elledge, R. M., Chang, J. C., Romero, C., Husain, I., Dulay, M. F., & Liscum, K. R. (2005) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.992 · Cited by 222
“Adequate reliability and both convergent and discriminant validity have been reported (Scheier and Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMethodResultDispositional Optimism and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death
Giltay, E. J., Kamphuis, M. H., Kalmijn, S., Zitman, F. G., & Kromhout, D. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.4.431 · Cited by 9
“Optimism has been conceptualized in 2 rather dissimilar ways, as explanatory style optimism(5) and as dispositional optimism.(1,2,10,11) We focused on dispositional optimism, which is defined in terms of generalized positive expectancies for one’s future, and studied its association with cardiovascular mortality in ap…”
BackgroundScheier (1995) · doi:10.1097/00006842-199505000-00007 · Cited by 205
Self-citationWhen Predictions Fail: The Dilemma of Unrealistic Optimism
Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.021 · Cited by 211
Carver, C. S., Smith, R. G., Petronis, V. M., & Antoni, M. H. (2005) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1006 · Cited by 217
“The LOT is eight items; the LOT-R is six items.”
MethodSelf-citationPerformance, satisfaction and turnover in call centers
Tuten, T. L., & Neidermeyer, P. E. (2002) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00281-3 · Cited by 204
“Optimism or life orientation (Scheier and Carver, 1985) refers to how an individual assesses or anticipates outcomes.”
BackgroundInfluentialChang, E. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00028-2 · Cited by 220
Auerbach, S. M., Kiesler, D. J., Wartella, J. E., Rausch, S. M., Ward, K. R., & Ivatury, R. R. (2005) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2005.14.3.202 · Cited by 204
Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being
Eden, A. L., Johnson, B. K., Reinecke, L., & Grady, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577639 · Cited by 204
Heitzmann, C. A., Merluzzi, T. V., Jean‐Pierre, P., Roscoe, J. A., Kirsh, K. L., & Passik, S. D. (2010) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1735 · Cited by 203
“The Life Orientation (Optimism) Test (LOT; [30]) is an 8-item measure (with 4 filler items) of dispositional stress resistance.”
BackgroundOptimism lowers pain: Evidence of the causal status and underlying mechanisms
Hanssen, M. M., Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Meevissen, Y. M. C., & Vancleef, L. M. G. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.08.006 · Cited by 202
“The conceptualisation of dispositional optimism as a generalized positive outcome expectancy [32] and the previously established links between expected and perceived pain intensity [9,20,23] raised the possibility of a mediation model with expected pain intensity.”
BackgroundLobel, M., DeVincent, C. J., Kaminer, A., et al. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.544 · Cited by 203
Predicting stress in first year medical students: a longitudinal study
Stewart, S. M., Betson, C., Lam, T., Marshall, I., Lee, P. W. H., & Wong, C. M. (1997) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1997.tb02560.x · Cited by 201
van de Wal, M., Thewes, B., Gielissen, M., Speckens, A., & Prins, J. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.70.5301 · Cited by 195
Curbow, B. A., Somerfield, M. R., Baker, F., Wingard, J. R., & Legro, M. W. (1993) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844815 · Cited by 198
“Scheier and Carver (1985) have defined optimists as persons who "generally believe that good rather than bad things will happen to them" and pessimists as persons who "expect things not to go their way, and tend to anticipate bad outcomes" (p. 219).”
Measuring optimism in Hong Kong and mainland Chinese with the revised Life Orientation Test
Lai, J. C. L., & Yue, X. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00138-5 · Cited by 198
Emotions in everyday life: probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction patterns
Scherer, K. R., Wranik, T., Sangsue, J., Tran, V., & Scherer, U. (2004) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/0539018404047701 · Cited by 213
The Effects of Stress on Cognitive Aging, Physiology and Emotion (ESCAPE) Project
Scott, S. B., Graham-Engeland, J. E., Engeland, C. G., Smyth, J. M., Almeida, D. M., Katz, M. J., Lipton, R. B., Mogle, J. A., Munoz, E., Ram, N., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0497-7 · Cited by 197
Psychological approach to successful ageing predicts future quality of life in older adults
Bowling, A., & Iliffe, S. (2011) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-13 · Cited by 199
“In addition to the GHQ-12 [18], the psychosocial variables above were measured with validated scales of social support [19], perceived neighbourhood environment [20], self-efficacy [21], optimism-pessimism [22], and items measuring social activities, loneliness, life expectations, risk perceptions, and social comparis…”
MethodEffectiveness of a Career Time Perspective Intervention
Marko, K. W., & Savickas, M. L. (1998) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.1996.1566 · Cited by 197
Bishop, M. M., Beaumont, J. L., Hahn, E. A., Cella, D. F., Andrykowski, M. A., Brady, M. J., Horowitz, M. M., Sobocinski, K. A., Rizzo, J. D., & Wingard, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.07.5705 · Cited by 201
Chan, D. W. (2002) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/0144341022000023635 · Cited by 211
“…1985; Watson & Clark, 1984), ISSN 0144-3410 print; ISSN 1469-046X online/02/050557-13 Ó 2002 Taylor & Francis Ltd DOI: 10.1080/0144341022000023635 cognitive appraisal (Lazarus, 1990; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Scheier & Carver, 1985), and other personal and social resources (van Dick & Wagner, 2001).”
InfluentialControl and Efficacy as Interdisciplinary Bridges
Haidt, J., & Rodin, J. (1999) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.317 · Cited by 211
“But they are useful for predicting successful adaptation in broad domains of activity, where it is generally found that people with an optimistic explanatory style or an internal locus of control do better than others (Scheier & Carver, 1985; Seligman, 1991).”
BackgroundSeeman, M. S. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50011-3 · Cited by 214
Lyubomirsky, S., & Tucker, K. L. (1998) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1021396422190 · Cited by 200
Socioeconomic Differences in Adolescent Stress: The Role of Psychological Resources
Finkelstein, D. M., Kubzansky, L. D., Capitman, J. A., & Goodman, E. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.006 · Cited by 213
“Because the LOT, unlike the A-COPE, has been validated in a diverse sample of youth [21], it is likely that these differences are true differences, and not an artifact related to measurement.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStress, Coping Strategies, and Psychological Distress Among Secondary School Teachers in Hong Kong
Chan, D. W. (1998) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312035001145 · Cited by 202
“…investigations of other psychosocial mediators, such as hardiness (Kobasa et al., 1985), negative affectivity (Watson & Clark, 1984), and optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985), and other moderators, such as coping styles (Holahan & Moos, 1987) and social support (Cohen & Willis, 1985), in teacher…”
BackgroundThe quality of life of African American women with breast cancer
Northouse, L., Caffey, M., Deichelbohrer, L., Schmidt, L., Guziatek-Trojniak, L., West, S. K., Kershaw, T., & Mood, D. (1999) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-240x(199912)22:6 · Cited by 12
Personality traits and subjective well-being
Vittersø, J. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00192-6 · Cited by 204
Implicit Theories of Body Weight: Entity Beliefs Can Weigh You Down
Burnette, J. L. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209359768 · Cited by 214
van den Beuken‐van Everdingen, M. H. J., Peters, M. L., de Rijke, J. M., Schouten, H. C., van Kleef, M., & Patijn, J. (2008) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1340 · Cited by 194
“Eligible patients completed an extensive questionnaire consisting of the CARS (fear of recurrence), HADS (anxiety and depression), BPI (pain), RAND (quality of life), LOT (optimism) and the PCS (catastrophzing).”
InfluentialUsing Computer-Aided Text Analysis to Elevate Constructs
McKenny, A. F., Short, J. C., & Payne, G. T. (2012) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112459910 · Cited by 216
“This definition of collective-level optimism differs significantly from the individual-level definitions of optimism used in the psychology literature that emphasize positive expectancies of future outcomes (e.g., Scheier & Carver, 1985; Seligman, 1990).”
BackgroundBoehm, J. K., Chen, Y., Koga, H., Mathur, M. B., Vie, L. L., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2018) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.310828 · Cited by 194
Increasing Psychological Capital: A Pre‐Registered Meta‐Analysis of Controlled Interventions
Lupșa, D., Vîrgă, D., Maricutoiu, L. P., & Rusu, A. (2019) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12219 · Cited by 227
Exercise and Psychosocial Factors Modulate Immunity to Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Individuals
Kohut, M. L., Cooper, M. M., Nickolaus, M. S., Russell, D. R., & Cunnick, J. E. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.9.m557 · Cited by 193
A new measure of children's optimism and pessimism: the youth life orientation test
Ey, S., Hadley, W. S., Allen, D. N., Palmer, S. L., Klosky, J. L., Deptula, D. P., Thomas, J., & Cohen, R. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00372.x · Cited by 192
Exploring Thriving in the Context of Clinical Trauma Theory: Constructivist Self Development Theory
Saakvitne, K. W., Tennen, H. A., & Affleck, G. G. (1998) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01219.x · Cited by 202
Optimism and Pessimism in the Context of Health: Bipolar Opposites or Separate Constructs?
Kubzansky, L. D., Kubzansky, P. E., & Maselko, J. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262086 · Cited by 191
“The Life Orientation Test (LOT) was designed to assess optimism as a bipolar dimension, classifying optimists by high scores on the measure and pessimists by low scores (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMethodA Model of Subjective Well-Being Homeostasis: The Role of Personality
Cummins, R. A., Gullone, E., & Lau, A. L. D. (2002) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0271-4_3 · Cited by 198
Coping with transition: A study of layoff survivors
Armstrong‐Stassen, M. (1994) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030150705 · Cited by 190
“Yet, optimism has been largely ignored in the research literature where the focus has been on negative factors such as negative affect, hopelessness, helplessness, and pessimism (Scheier and Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundPrayer, Attachment to God, and Changes in Psychological Well-Being in Later Life
Bradshaw, M., & Kent, B. V. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264316688116 · Cited by 114
Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Alessandri, G., Abela, J. R., & McWhinnie, C. M. (2010) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001615 · Cited by 189
“Optimism was assessed by using the 10-item set from the “Life Orientation Test”, a valid measure that can distinguish people with high optimism from pessimists (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
MethodCoping, Conflictual Social Interactions, Social Support, and Mood Among HIV‐Infected Persons
Fleishman, J. A., Sherbourne, C. D., Crystal, S., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Kelly, M., Bozzette, S. A., Shapiro, M. F., & Hays, R. D. (2000) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1005132430171 · Cited by 195
“The questionnaire also included the revised optimism scale (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994); previous research has shown that this personality disposition affects the use of a variety of coping behaviors ( Scheier & Carver, 1985; Carver et al., 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialDispositional Optimism Predicts Placebo Analgesia
Geers, A. L., Wellman, J. A., Fowler, S. L., Helfer, S. G., & France, C. R. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.014 · Cited by 194
Hope for rehabilitation and vice versa.
Snyder, C. R. R., Lehman, K. A., Kluck, B., & Monsson, Y. (2006) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.51.2.89 · Cited by 205
Toward an Understanding of When Executives See Crisis as Opportunity
Brockner, J., & James, E. H. (2008) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886307313824 · Cited by 214
“At the individual level, a variety of constructs have been shown to influence people’s expectations for success at their endeavors, including self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997), attributional style and optimism (Seligman, 1990), and outcome expectancy (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
Private Prayer and Optimism in Middle-Aged and Older Patients Awaiting Cardiac Surgery
Ai, A. L., Peterson, C., Bolling, S. F., & Koenig, H. (2002) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/42.1.70 · Cited by 188
“Taken together, these studies converge impressively (see reviews by Carver, Spencer, & Scheier, 1998; Michaels, Michaels, & Peterson, 1997; Scheier & Bridges, 1995; Scheier & Carver, 1985, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 1985
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 219-247
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2170246810
- Cited by
- 6,690
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 288 · 2021: 287 · 2020: 320 · 2019: 263 · 2018: 241 · 2017: 222 · 2016: 295 · 2015: 277 · 2014: 274 · 2013: 261 · 2012: 272
- FWCI
- 24.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- dispositional optimism, optimism scale, psychometric properties, coping, somatic symptoms, symptom reporting, private self-consciousness, undergraduate students, health
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Self Concept, Set, Psychology, Social Perception
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