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Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.
Abstract
This article describes a scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies. Two preliminary studies assessed the scale's psychometric properties and its relationships with several other instruments. The scale was then used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates. Specifically, respondents were asked to complete three questionnaires 4 weeks before the end of a semester. Included in the questionnaire battery was the measure of optimism, a measure of private self-consciousness, and a 39-item physical symptom checklist. Subjects completed the same set of questionnaires again on the last day of class. Consistent with predictions, subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms (even after correcting for initial symptom-report levels) than were subjects who initially reported being less optimistic. This effect tended to be stronger among persons high in private self-consciousness than among those lower in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on other health related applications of the optimism scale, and the relationships between our theoretical orientation and several related theories.
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“Concurrently, they are associated with an increased risk of depression,2829 and sadness is a core symptom of depression.12”
From Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation among Psycho-Oncology Outpatients (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“A tanult módszerek napi, rendszeres gyakorlása javítja a pszichológiai közérzetet, növeli az életerőt, és jótékony hatással van az életminőségre [30, 32].”
From Éber, tudatos figyelemre épülő, a rákbetegséggel való megküzdést segítő program (MBCR) hatásvizsgálata magyar rákbetegek körében (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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“A 12 tételes mérőeszköz belső megbízhatósága elfogadható volt (Cronbach-alfa: 0,72).”
From Éber, tudatos figyelemre épülő, a rákbetegséggel való megküzdést segítő program (MBCR) hatásvizsgálata magyar rákbetegek körében (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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Items 801–900 of 1,078
Selenko, E., Mäkikangas, A., Mauno, S., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12020 · Cited by 98
Personality, Humor Styles and Happiness: Happy People Have Positive Humor Styles
Ford, T. E., Lappi, S. K., & Holden, C. J. (2016) · Europe's Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1160 · Cited by 92
Gibbons, F. X., Blanton, H., Gerrard, M., Buunk, B., & Eggleston, T. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200267011 · Cited by 93
“T2 = Wave 2, T3 = Wave 3, and LOT = Life Orientation Test. a. T2-T3 change in GPA. b.”
MethodInfluentialAi, A. L., Wink, P., Tice, T. N., Bolling, S. F., & Shearer, M. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-009-9228-1 · Cited by 95
“This additional step revealed no new predictor of medical outcomes among perceived social support (Zimet et al. 1990), hope (Snyder et al. 1991), optimism ( Scheier and Carver 1985 ), health locus of control (Wallston et al. 1978), coping style (Wills 1996), or traditional religious coping (Pargament et al. 1998).”
BackgroundThe impact of coping strategies on occupational stress and turnover intentions among hotel employees
Huang, S. S., van der Veen, R., & Song, Z. (2018) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2018.1471434 · Cited by 107
“Impact of coping strategies on turnover intentions through occupation stress The literature generally supports the idea that applying coping strategies can alleviate job stress and burnout (Fogarty, Machin, Albion, Sutherland, Lalor, and Revitt, 1999; Pienaar and Willemse, 2008; Roth and Cohen, 1986; Scheier and Carve…”
BackgroundCareer optimism: A systematic review and agenda for future research
Eva, N., Newman, A., Jiang, Z., & Brouwer, M. (2019) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.02.011 · Cited by 121
Dispositional traits and organic food consumption
Sadiq, M., Paul, J., & Bharti, K. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121961 · Cited by 111
Risk perception for acquaintance sexual aggression
Nurius, P. S. (2000) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(98)00003-2 · Cited by 95
Optimism and the Experience of Pain: Benefits of Seeing the Glass as Half Full
Goodin, B. R., & Bulls, H. W. (2013) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0329-8 · Cited by 102
“Optimism is an individual difference factor that relates to generalized outcome expectancies and was defined by Scheier and Carver [5] on the basis of their broader theory of self-regulation [6].”
BackgroundPredictors of Future Expectations of Inner-City Children:
Dubow, E. F., Arnett, M., Smith, K. A., & Ippolito, M. F. (2001) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431601021001001 · Cited by 100
“In college samples, Scheier and Carver (1985) and Weinglert and Rosen (1995) reported LOT means of 19 through 22 (scale range, 0 through 32).”
BackgroundThink Positively and Feel Positively: Optimism and Life Satisfaction in Late Life
Leung, B. W. C., Moneta, G. B., & McBride-Chang, C. A. (2005) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/fqtb-ebaj-h9wp-lmya · Cited by 100
“Furthermore, the Chinese version (Lai et al., 1998) of the LOT-R (Scheier et al., 1994) used in this study to measure optimism has been previously shown to have relatively poor psychometric properties.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHamid, P. N., & Cheng, S. (1996) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164496056006006 · Cited by 97
The roles of dispositional optimism and pessimism in hiv disease progression
Milam, J. E., Richardson, J. L., Marks, G. N., Kemper, C. A., & McCutchan, A. (2004) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440310001652696 · Cited by 93
“Optimism/Pessimism Consistent with research suggesting that the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R; Scheier et al., 1994) consists of two independent dimensions with separate optimism and pessimism subscales (Robinson-Whelen et al., 1997), principal components analyses with varimax rotation clearly supported a two-f…”
MethodDeveloping Resilient Agency in Learning: The Internal Structure of Learning Power
Crick, R. D., Huang, S., Shafi, A. A., & Goldspink, C. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2015.1006574 · Cited by 111
“Hope is closely related to optimism – a control belief involving positive thinking and a positive attitude to life events (Scheier and Carver, 1985; Seligman, 1991) and also to self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986) – a competence belief about one’s capability to execute a particular action and achieve a…”
BackgroundAi, A. L., Hall, D. E., Pargäment, K. I., & Tice, T. N. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9412-6 · Cited by 95
Dunn, J. C., Ng, S., BREITBART, W. S., Aitken, J. F., Youl, P., Baade, P. D., & Chambers, S. K. (2013) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-46 · Cited by 95
“Optimism is defined as the generalized expectancy that more good things than bad will happen in the future [12].”
Factors associated with lapses to heroin use during methadone maintenance
Wasserman, D. A., WEINSTEIN, M. G., Havassy, B. E., & Hall, S. M. (1998) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00092-1 · Cited by 94
Testing a New Theory of Patient Satisfaction With Treatment Outcome
Hudak, P. L., Hogg‐Johnson, S., Bombardier, C., McKeever, P. D., & Wright, J. G. (2004) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000132394.09032.81 · Cited by 94
Bunn, J. Y., Bosompra, K., Ashikaga, T., Flynn, B. S., & Worden, J. K. (2002) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1031 · Cited by 94
Ju, H., Shin, J. W., Kim, C., Hyun, M., & Park, J.-W. (2012) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.08.008 · Cited by 92
Caprara, G. V., & Steca, P. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.603 · Cited by 97
Visions about future: a new scale assessing optimism, pessimism, and hope in adolescents
Ginevra, M. C., Sgaramella, T. M., Ferrari, L., Nota, L., Santilli, S., & Soresi, S. (2016) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-016-9324-z · Cited by 93
Alberts, J., Löwe, B., Glahn, M. A., Petrie, K. J., Laferton, J. A. C., Nestoriuc, Y., & Mora, M. C. S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036169 · Cited by 94
Chang, E. C., Sanna, L. J., & Yang, K.-M. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00109-5 · Cited by 93
“According to Scheier and Carver (1985), optimism and pessimism, defined as generalized positive and negative outcome expectancies, respectively, are believed to represent important predictors of adjustment.”
BackgroundMeasuring Protective Factors: The Development of Two Resilience Scales in Norway
Hjemdal, O. (2007) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2006.12.003 · Cited by 95
Goetzmann, L., Ruegg, L., Stamm, M., Ambühl, P. M., Boehler, A., Halter, J. P., Muellhaupt, B., Noll, G., Schanz, U., Wagner-Huber, R., et al. (2008) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e3181817dd7 · Cited by 93
“The patient questionnaire at the time of the first inquiry (T0), consisting of the Sense of Coherence Scale, Short Version SOC-13 (19, 20) and the Life Orientation Test (LOT)(21, 22), assessed general sociodemographic data (age, gender, partnership status, children, and employment status).”
MethodInfluentialOptimism, self‐efficacy and information processing of threat‐ and well‐being‐related stimuli
Karademas, E. C., Kafetsios, K. G., & Sideridis, G. D. (2007) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1147 · Cited by 98
Scott, B., & Lindberg, P. (2000) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.41.4.347 · Cited by 91
Psychological wellbeing in a Turkish-Canadian sample
Üskül, A. K., & Greenglass, E. R. (2005) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800500205983 · Cited by 94
“According to the model presented by Scheier and Carver (1985), optimists are better adjusted than pessimists due to their tendency to change conditions related to a stressful situation rather than ignore or withdraw from it.”
InfluentialTøien, K., Bredal, I. S., Skogstad, L., Myhren, H., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/1757-7241-19-22 · Cited by 94
“The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) measures life orientation (optimism/pessimism) at baseline [38].”
MethodCorrelates of fatigue in older women with heart failure
Friedman, M. M., & KING, K. B. (1995) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/s0147-9563(95)80029-8 · Cited by 93
Do optimism and pessimism predict physical functioning?
Brenes, G. A., Rapp, S. R., Rejeski, W. J., & Miller, M. E. (2002) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1015376510466 · Cited by 92
“Optimism and pessimism were measured by the Life Orientation Test ( Scheier and Carver, 1985 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIkeda, A., Schwartz, J., Peters, J. L., Fang, S., Spiro, A., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182312497 · Cited by 93
“Whereas the LOTwas designed to assess optimism as a bipolar dimension, classifying optimists by high scores on the measure and pessimists by low scores, it may also be separated into two subscales capturing optimism and pessimism as more distinct constructs (20,22,25).”
BackgroundSeawell, A. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (2012) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798412469227 · Cited by 93
“A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .76 has been reported (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAmspoker, A. B., Armento, M. E. A., Weiss, B. J., Rhoades, H. M., Novy, D. M., WILSON, N. L., Kunik, M. E., & Stanley, M. A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.045 · Cited by 86
“PSQI¼Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSWQ¼Penn State Worry Questionnaire; BDI-II¼Beck Depression Inventory-II; MSPSS¼Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; LOT¼Life Orientation Test. n po0.”
InfluentialHospitality employees’ emotions in the workplace: a systematic review of recent literature
Hwang, Y., Shi, X. C., & Wang, X. (2021) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2020-1426 · Cited by 98
Maximizing without difficulty: A modified maximizing scale and its correlates
Lai, L. M. H. (2010) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500001042 · Cited by 91
“Regret was measured by the five items presented by Schwartz et al. (2002). Dispositional optimism was measured with eight items that were selected from the life orientation (LOT) scale developed by Scheier and Carver (1985) and later used in Schwartz et al.”
MethodInfluentialSpector, P. E., Jex, S. M., & Chen, P. Y. (1995) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030160108 · Cited by 92
The role of social axioms in predicting life satisfaction: a longitudinal study in Hong Kong
Lai, J. H.-W., Bond, M. H., & Hui, N. H.-H. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9029-y · Cited by 92
Adaptive Changes in the Self-Concept During a Life Transition
Kling, K. C., Ryff, C. D., & Essex, M. J. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297239008 · Cited by 95
Ben‐Zur, H., Gil, S., & Shamshins, Y. (2012) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0027864 · Cited by 92
“Dispositional Optimism (Life Orientation Test LOT; Scheier and Carver, 1985)”
BackgroundAbid, G., Arya, B., Arshad, A., Ahmed, S., & Farooqi, S. (2020) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.09.005 · Cited by 104
Enhanced wound healing after emotional disclosure intervention
Weinman, J. A., Ebrecht, M., Scott, S. E., Walburn, J., & Dyson, M. (2008) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910707x251207 · Cited by 91
Estimates of Life Expectancy by Adolescents and Young Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
Reid, G. J., Webb, G. D., Barzel, M., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.041 · Cited by 91
Disability and satisfaction after Rotator Cuff decompression or repair: a sex and gender analysis
Razmjou, H., Davis, A. M., Jaglal, S. B., et al. (2011) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-66 · Cited by 91
“Scheier et al [76] propose that optimism (i.”
BackgroundParents of children with cystic fibrosis: how they hope, cope and despair
Wong, M. G., & Heriot, S. A. (2008) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00804.x · Cited by 91
Lightsey, O. R. (1996) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000096244002 · Cited by 91
7 I Believe, Therefore I Can: Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Memory Aging
Cavanaugh, J. C., & Green, E. E. (1990) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)60788-8 · Cited by 88
Act Well to Be Well: The Promise of Changing Personality States to Promote Well‐Being
Blackie, L. E. R., Roepke, A. M., Forgeard, M. J. C., Jayawickreme, E., & Fleeson, W. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118315927.ch27 · Cited by 91
Beadle, E., Ownsworth, T., Fleming, J. M., & Shum, D. (2016) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000158 · Cited by 87
Buyle, R., Compernolle, M. V., Vlassenroot, E., Vanlishout, Z., Mechant, P., & Mannens, E. (2018) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v6i4.1679 · Cited by 112
Hakanen, J., & Lindbohm, M.-L. (2008) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-008-0071-0 · Cited by 90
“Originally, optimism and pessimism were conceptualized as a bipolar construct in which they form opposite poles in the same continuum [21].”
BackgroundPositive Psychology Group Intervention for Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomised Trial
Cerezo, M. V., Ortiz‐Tallo, M., Cardenal, V., & de la Torre‐Luque, A. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/15.20.pr0.115c17z7 · Cited by 99
“…5:12 PM POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, BREAST CANCER 47 humour and perseverance, discovering positivity in others and the circumstances, as well as what makes people trust in their own capabilities and possibilities along with the help they may receive ( Scheier & Carver, 1985 ; Avia & Vázquez, 1998 ).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Disparities in Optimism and Pessimism
Robb, K. A., Simon, A. E., & Wardle, J. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-008-9018-0 · Cited by 90
“The LOT and the LOT-R have five items in common, and for completeness, the analyses were repeated using the items common to both measures to ascertain whether any difference arose.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOptimism and Adaptation to Multiple Sclerosis: What Does Optimism Mean?
Fournier, M., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Bensing, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1018776618323 · Cited by 90
“Although the de® nition of optimism seems quite obvious, examination of the literature reveals several different de® nitions: dispositional optimism (Scheier and Carver, 1985), generalized self-ef® cacy (Schwarzer, 1993; Bandura, 1988), optimistic explanatory style (Seligman, 1991), unrealistic…”
InfluentialHudson, P. (2003) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951503030426 · Cited by 90
“It seems, however, that optimism is a general characteristic, that is, optimists are generally optimistic and their positive outlook is not necessarily dependent upon certain circumstances or settings ~Scheir & Carver, 1985!.”
BackgroundDepressive Symptoms Are Associated with More Hopelessness among White than Black Older Adults
Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00082 · Cited by 90
“These items are based on the scales developed by Scheier and Carver (3) and Krause (41).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSchueller, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045078-0.00008-3 · Cited by 95
Ahrens, A. H., & Haaga, D. A. F. (1993) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172742 · Cited by 89
“They measured expectations, using the Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985 ), depression, as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), and attributional style, using the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Peterson, Semmel, von Baeyer, Abramson, Metalsky, & Sel…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJackson, L. M., Pratt, M. W., Hunsberger, B. E., & Pancer, S. M. (2005) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00302.x · Cited by 93
Lawton, M. P., Moss, M. S., Hoffman, C., Kleban, M. H., Ruckdeschel, K., & Winter, L. (2001) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826430101300101 · Cited by 89
“…1990; Miller & Powers, 1988; Obayuama et al., 1982; Snyder et al., 1991; Staats, 1989), Hopelessness (Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974), Purpose in Life (Crumbaugh, 1972), Meaning in Life (Warner & Williams, 1987), Mastery (Pearlin & Schooler, 1978), and Optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
InfluentialDispositional optimism as a predictor of depressive symptoms over time
Vickers, K. S., & Vogeltanz, N. D. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00095-1 · Cited by 92
Rapid Emotion Regulation After Mood Induction: Age and Individual Differences
Larcom, M. J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp077 · Cited by 89
“— Dispositional optimism and pessimism were assessed separately using the original version of the Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985 ).”
MethodSelf-Compassion Promotes Personal Improvement From Regret Experiences via Acceptance
Zhang, J. W., & Chen, S. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215623271 · Cited by 94
“One strategy thought to promote positive adjustment is active coping, which refers to approaches that involve confronting difficult life events with a problem-focused mindset (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989; Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundOxytocin induces positive expectations about ambivalent stimuli (cognitive bias) in dogs
Kis, A., Hernádi, A., Kanizsàr, O., Gácsi, M., & Topál, J. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.12.004 · Cited by 96
“Human optimism as well as the " optimistic/pessimistic " cognitive bias in animal models (Harding et al., 2004) have been linked to mental health (Scheier and Carver, 1987, 1985) and behavioural problems (such as separation anxiety – Mendl et al., 2010) as well as to placebo sensitivity (humans:…”
Religious Participation, Gender Differences, and Cognitive Impairment among the Oldest-Old in China
Zhang, W. (2010) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2010/160294 · Cited by 89
“Optimism may not only promote longevity, physical well-being, and health-promoting behaviors [20, 22–25], but also help in coping effectively with various traumatic life events associated with aging.”
BackgroundRegulation, Self-Regulation, and Construction of the Self in the Maintenance of Physical Health
Brownlee, S., Leventhal, H., & Leventhal, E. A. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50041-x · Cited by 93
Parker, S. K., Johnson, A. M., Collins, C. G., & Nguyen, H. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0927 · Cited by 97
“These include resource theories focusing on individual variables that are important for adaption, such as self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997) and optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985); conservation of resources theory (Halbesleben, 2006; Hobfoll, 1998); and life span resource theories (Baltes, 1987).”
BackgroundHaynes, T. L., Ruthig, J. C., Perry, R. P., Stupnisky, R. H., & Hall, N. C. (2006) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-006-9014-7 · Cited by 87
Merkaš, M., & Brajša‐Žganec, A. (2011) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-011-9105-7 · Cited by 88
“According to Snyder (2002), optimism ( Scheier and Carver 1985 ), selfefficacy (Bandura 1982), and problem solving (Heppner and Peterson 1982) give different importance to the goal itself and/or to the future-oriented agency and/or pathways-related processes in comparison to hope theory, which equally emphasizes all o…”
BackgroundTo dream, perchance to remember: individual differences in dream recall
Watson, D. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00114-9 · Cited by 87
Cost Concerns of Patients With Cancer
Stump, T. K., Eghan, N., Egleston, B. L., et al. (2013) · Journal of Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/jop.2013.000929 · Cited by 88
Wu, C. H., Niu, G., Zhang, D.-J., Fan, C., Tian, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.036 · Cited by 95
Dewa, L. H., Crandell, C., Choong, E., Jaques, J., Bottle, A., Kilkenny, C., Lawrence-Jones, A., Di Simplicio, M., Nicholls, D., & Aylin, P. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.009 · Cited by 78
“Validated measures were used to measure mood (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) [24], sleep (Sleep Condition Indicator; SCI) [25], positive and negative affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS) [26], personality type (Ten-Item Personality Inventory; TIPI) [27,28] and optimism (Life-Orientation Test-R…”
MethodParks, A. C., Williams, A. L., Tugade, M. M., Hokes, K. E., Honomichl, R. D., & Zilca, R. D. (2018) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v8i2.745 · Cited by 87
“Optimism was measured using the Life Orientation Scale, Revised (LOT-R; Scheier & Carver, 1985), a 10-item scale with four filler items; for brevity, we used only non-filler items (Vautier, Raufaste, & Cariou, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBarton, Y. A., & Miller, L. (2015) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0045-2 · Cited by 112
“General sense of life optimism was measured using the 12-item Life Optimism Test (LOT) (Scheier and Carver 1985).”
MethodDanhauer, S. C., Crawford, S. L., Farmer, D. F., & Avis, N. E. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-009-9211-x · Cited by 87
“95 indicate good model fit); standardized root mean square residual (SRMR; values \0.05 indicate good model fit), and the model chi-square statistic (a p value [0.05 indicates no lack of fit) (Scheier and Carver 1985).”
MethodInfluentialPositive traits linked to less pain through lower pain catastrophizing
Hood, A., Pulvers, K. M., Carrillo, J., Merchant, G., & Thomas, M. D. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.040 · Cited by 96
“Optimism is a dispositional trait conceived as an explanatory style whereby individuals focus their cognitions on distancing themselves from negative outcomes (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundCHANGES IN CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTE NUMBERS FOLLOWING EMOTIONAL DISCLOSURE: EVIDENCE OF BUFFERING?
Booth, R. J., Petrie, K. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1997) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199701)13:1 · Cited by 90
Positive emotions in earthquake survivors in El Salvador (2001)
Vázquez, C., Cervellón, P., Pérez-Sales, P., Vidales, D., & Gaborit, M. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.03.002 · Cited by 87
“…theories of depression establish that hopelessness is related to dysphoria (Elliott, Witty, Herrick, & Hoffman, 1991) and to health problems (Scheier & Carver, 1985, 2000), and is even considered to be a sufficient cause of depression (Alloy & Clements, 1998; Beck, Shaw, Emery, & Rush,…”
BackgroundPositive illusions about marriage among married and single individuals.
Fowers, B. J., Lyons, E., Montel, K. H., & Shaked, N. (2001) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.95 · Cited by 89
Overconfidence and risk perceptions: do they really matter for venture creation decisions?
Robinson, A. T., & Marino, L. (2013) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-013-0277-0 · Cited by 96
Dawson, M., & Pooley, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v1i2.137 · Cited by 88
“Optimism has been described as a general tendency to expect a positive outcome even in the face of obstacles or when bad things happen (Scheier & Carver, 1985; Scheier & Carver, 1987).”
BackgroundEmotional variables, dropout and academic performance in Spanish nursing students
Roso-Bas, F., Jiménez, A. P., & Buades, E. G. (2015) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2015.11.021 · Cited by 98
Chang, E. C., & Asakawa, K. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.569 · Cited by 114
Religiosity, racism, and dispositional optimism among African Americans
Mattis, J. S., Fontenot, D. L., & Hatcher-Kay, C. A. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00087-9 · Cited by 87
Measurement of Depressive Rumination and Associated Constructs
Luminet, O. (2003) · Depressive Rumination · doi:10.1002/9780470713853.ch10 · Cited by 87
Hope and Optimism as an Opportunity to Improve the “Positive Mental Health” Demand
Laranjeira, C., & Querido, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827320 · Cited by 87
“The conceptualizations of dispositional hope (Snyder, 2002) and dispositional optimism (Scheier and Carver, 1985; Carver and Scheier, 2014) share several elements: (a) personality traits, (b) cognitive constructs, (c) reference to general expectancies, (d) relation to significant personal goals, (e) future orientation…”
BackgroundHutz, C. S., Midgett, A., Pacico, J. C., Bastianello, M. R., & Zanon, C. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.56061 · Cited by 86
“According to Scheier and Carver (1985) optimism involves widespread expectations that good things will happen instead of bad things.”
BackgroundMiner, K. N., & Cortina, L. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00482 · Cited by 90
“This dispositional stance was measured with the Life Orientation Test (Scheier and Carver, 1985), which assesses dispositional optimism, or the tendency to expect favorable outcomes.”
MethodRanking of Z-Numbers and Its Application in Decision Making
Aliev, R. A., Huseynov, O. H., & Serdaroglu, R. (2016) · International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making · doi:10.1142/s0219622016500310 · Cited by 86
The building blocks of leader development
Popper, M., & Mayseless, O. (2007) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730710823905 · Cited by 87
How are women's glass ceiling beliefs related to career success?
Smith, P. A., Caputi, P., & Crittenden, N. (2012) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431211269702 · Cited by 86
“Further, we assume the mechanism that links glass ceiling beliefs with subjective success is the same as that proposed by Seligman (1991), Scheier and Carver (1985) and Luthans et al. (2007) for optimism/pessimism influencing subjective success.”
BackgroundTse, W. S., & Yip, T. H. J. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.001 · Cited by 87
Evaluation of Preoperative Expectations and Patient Satisfaction After Carpal Tunnel Release
Kadzielski, J. J., MALHOTRA, L., Zurakowski, D., Lee, S.-G. P., Jupiter, J. B., & Ring, D. (2008) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.06.019 · Cited by 86
Lyubomirsky, S., Boehm, J. K., Kasri, F., & Zehm, K. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025479 · Cited by 85
“To this end, following Lyubomirsky and Ross (1997), we conducted analyses of covariance on all the dependent variables of interest, using self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965), optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985), and extraversion (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) as separate covariates.”
BackgroundMethodLucette, A., Ironson, G. H., Pargäment, K. I., & KRAUSE, N. M. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.03.005 · Cited by 89
“79).(36) Internal consistency for the 4 items assessed in this study was acceptable (α 1⁄4 0.”
BackgroundSadiq, M., Bharti, K., Adil, M., & Singh, R. P. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102643 · Cited by 98
Sheard, M., & Golby, J. (2006) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/105382590602900208 · Cited by 84
“Faced with stressful events, pessimists adopt denial and avoidance coping strategies (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
InfluentialPsychological impact of benign breast biopsy: A longitudinal, comparative study.
Andrykowski, M. A., Carpenter, J. S., Studts, J. L., Cordova, M. J., Cunningham, L. L. C., Beacham, A. O., SLOAN, D. A., Kenady, D. E., & McGrath, P. C. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.5.485 · Cited by 89
Metadata
- Authors
- Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 1985
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 219-247
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2170246810
- Cited by
- 6,690
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 288 · 2021: 287 · 2020: 320 · 2019: 263 · 2018: 241 · 2017: 222 · 2016: 295 · 2015: 277 · 2014: 274 · 2013: 261 · 2012: 272
- FWCI
- 24.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- dispositional optimism, optimism scale, psychometric properties, coping, somatic symptoms, symptom reporting, private self-consciousness, undergraduate students, health
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Self Concept, Set, Psychology, Social Perception
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