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Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age
Abstract
Emotion-specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity was studied in 20 elderly people (age 71-83 years, M = 77) who followed muscle-by-muscle instructions for constructing facial prototypes of emotional expressions and relived past emotional experiences. Results indicated that (a) patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity produced by these tasks closely resembled those found in other studies with younger Ss, (b) the magnitude of change in ANS measures was smaller in older than in younger Ss, (c) patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity showed generality across the 2 modes of elicitation, (d) emotion self-reports and spontaneous production of emotional facial expressions that occurred during relived emotional memories were comparable with those found in younger Ss, (e) elderly men and women did not differ in emotional physiology or facial expression, and (f) elderly women reported experiencing more intense emotions when reliving emotional memories than did elderly men.
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“As people age there is tremendous blunting of key physiological systems, like SNS responses.”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Levenson et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“Importantly, in research with older adults, anger manipulations did not engender increases in peripheral (finger) skin temperature as has been observed in younger adults (Levenson et al., 1991).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Levenson et al., 1991
In the citing paper
“For example, Levenson and colleagues observed lower heart rate responses for anger, fear, and sadness in older adults compared to younger adults during a directed facial action task (Levenson et al., 1991).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Levenson et al., 1991
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ResultAutonomic Nervous System Differences among Emotions
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“In addition, there is some evidence that older adults show reduced autonomic reactions to emotional stimuli (e.g., Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991; but see Kunzmann & Gruhn, 2005).”
BackgroundTurner, R. A., Altemus, M., Enos, T., Cooper, B., & McGuinness, T. (1999) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1999.11024859 · Cited by 298
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“Research also shows that older adults do not differ from younger adults in self-reports of emotional intensity (Carstensen et al., 2000; Levenson et al., 1991; Malatesta, Izard, Culver, & Nicolich, 1987; Tsai et al., 2000).”
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“…emotional experiences (Diener, Sandvik, & Larsen, 1985; Lawton, Kleban, Rajagopal, & Dean, 1992), whereas other researchers have not found age differences in ratings of intensity (Carstensen et al., 2000; Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991; Levine & Bluck, 1997; Malatesta & Kalnok, 1984).”
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BackgroundVoluntary Smiling Changes Regional Brain Activity
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“Immediately after the emotion-induction video, participants were asked to spend one minute vividly imagining the past emotional experience congruent with the emotion-induction video (adapted from Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991 ).”
MethodBehavioral inhibition and amplification during emotional arousal: a comparison of two age groups
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“…symbolized renewed interest in the topic of ANS specificity of emotion, for which numerous studies in this era provided additional support (Levenson, 1988; Levenson et al., 1991, 1990, 1992; Roberts and Weerts, 1982; Schwartz et al., 1981; Sinha et al., 1992; Tourangeau and Ellsworth, 1979 ).”
Linking Process and Outcome in the Study of Emotion and Aging
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“Some studies have found no age differences in the intensity of negative mood that people experienced following Velten self-referent statements (Knight, Maines, & Robinson, 2002) or the reexperiencing of past emotional events ( Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991 ).”
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Specificity of age differences in emotion regulation
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“Older adults not only report less experience of negative emotions (Gross et al, 1997 ), but also show reduced emotion-specific nervous system activity (Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991 ), exhibiting arousal levels and related physiological responses to emotion that are of lower levels of intensity compared…”
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“relatively little age-related changes in the facial expression of emotions (e.g., Levenson et al. 1991 ), others have found that the emotional expressions of older adults are less accurately identified by young, middle-aged, and older others (Borod et al. 2004; Malatesta et al. 1987), suggesting that age-related chang…”
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“Findings from medicine and psychology have shown that emotional reactions to life events can affect physiology in ways that are potentially damaging or beneficial for health (Ekman et al. 1983; Levenson et al. 1991; Levenson et al. 1992; Collet et al. 1997).”
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“Indeed, existing studies using the relived emotions task have either found no difference (Levenson et al., 1991) or found greater expression in older samples (Malatesta-Magai et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAge related changes in emotional memory
Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L., & Janowsky, J. S. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.10.015 · Cited by 160
“Lifestyle changes [12,13,21,36,51], sensory deficits [35,38,46] and atrophy of brain systems responsible for memory [52,53,57] all might affect the way individuals perceive and remember emotional information.”
BackgroundHostility Predicts Magnitude and Duration of Blood Pressure Response to Anger
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“Participants were asked to recall and then later relive a specific past experience of anger (Levenson et al., 1991).”
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Facial age affects emotional expression decoding
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“Furthermore, studies investigating the ability to discriminate among individual faces suggest that early in childhood, perceptual processes become tuned to adult faces as the faces children have been most frequently exposed to since birth (see Macchi Cassia, 2011, for a review).”
BackgroundMethodology for Assessing Bodily Expression of Emotion
Gross, M. M., Crane, E. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-010-0094-x · Cited by 139
“An autobiographical memories paradigm was used to elicit emotions in the actors (Labouvie-Vief et al. 2003; Levenson et al. 1991 ).”
MethodAge-differential patterns of brain activation during perception of angry faces
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“…subjects followed muscle-by-muscle instructions and coaching to produce facial configurations which resemble the different types of basic emotions during instruction of the expression of the different types of basic emotions (Ekman et al., 1983; Levenson et al., 1990, 1991,1992; Levenson, 1993).”
Pain in Cognitively Impaired Older Persons
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The subjective evaluation of well-being in adulthood: Findings and implications
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2004) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-004-1013-4 · Cited by 136
Emotions Research: Some Promising Questions and Some Questionable Promises
Zajonc, R., & McIntosh, D. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00261.x · Cited by 128
“…changes during both the posed-face task and a relived-emotions (imagery) task in a group of elderly people, Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, and Ekman (1991) replicated the finding that heart rate increased more for anger and sadness than for disgust (but the distinction between fear and…”
BackgroundAn autonomous robotic exercise tutor for elderly people
Görer, B., Salah, A. A., & Akın, H. L. (2016) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-016-9598-5 · Cited by 109
“Facial expressivity significantly drops with aging (Levenson et al. 1991).”
Age Differences in Affective Well‐Being: Context Matters
Charles, S. T., & Piazza, J. R. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00202.x · Cited by 133
Lohani, M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.853648 · Cited by 106
“Similar to expression findings, some past work on age differences suggests that autonomic responses are reduced in older adults, particularly cardiovascular reactivity (e.g., Labouvie-Vief, Lumley, Jain, & Heinze, 2003; Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991).”
ResultLawton, M. P. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00130 · Cited by 106
“In other studies in which emotion was induced and rated on the spot, however, no age differ- ences in intensity were reported (Levenson et al., 1991, in their relived-emotion task; Malatesta et al., 1987).”
BackgroundResultInfluences of Age on Emotional Reactivity During Picture Processing
Smith, D. P., Hillman, C. H., & Duley, A. R. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.1.p49 · Cited by 105
Cardiovascular changes during induced emotion
Prkachin, K. M., Williams, R. M., Zwaal, C., & Mills, D. E. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00036-7 · Cited by 105
“Subsequent studies have extended these findings to subjects from different ages [11] and cultures [12].”
BackgroundFacial Expressions of Emotion and Personality
Keltner, D. (1996) · Handbook of Emotion, Adult Development, and Aging · doi:10.1016/b978-012464995-8/50022-4 · Cited by 125
Durán, J. I., & Fernández-Dols, J.-M. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001015 · Cited by 101
Li, W., Cui, Y., Ma, Y., Chen, X., Li, G., Zeng, G., Guo, G., & Cao, D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3063387 · Cited by 119
“As per [52] and [53], the facial expression video sequences 15s after drivers started driving were clipped as the most effective data.”
The Feeling of Action Tendencies: On the Emotional Regulation of Goal-Directed Behavior
Lowe, R. J., & Ziemke, T. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00346 · Cited by 111
“The researchers’“Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion” (SAME) describes three (historically) 6Ekman and colleagues have, however, investigated physiological (interoceptively processed) correlates of emotion – see, for example, Levenson et al. (1992).”
BackgroundUbiquitous emotion-aware computing
van den Broek, E. L. (2011) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0479-9 · Cited by 102
Metadata
- Authors
- Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., Friesen, W. V., & Ekman, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 1991-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-35
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- OpenAlex
- W4248591389
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh039895-03)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG007476, AG05592, AG07476)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 39895)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, physiological arousal, emotional expression, aging, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Psychophysiology, Mental Recall
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