The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network.
Open accessAbstract
The discrepancy between an individual's loneliness and the number of connections in a social network is well documented, yet little is known about the placement of loneliness within, or the spread of loneliness through, social networks. The authors use network linkage data from the population-based Framingham Heart Study to trace the topography of loneliness in people's social networks and the path through which loneliness spreads through these networks. Results indicated that loneliness occurs in clusters, extends up to 3 degrees of separation, is disproportionately represented at the periphery of social networks, and spreads through a contagious process. The spread of loneliness was found to be stronger than the spread of perceived social connections, stronger for friends than family members, and stronger for women than for men. The results advance understanding of the broad social forces that drive loneliness and suggest that efforts to reduce loneliness in society may benefit by aggressively targeting the people in the periphery to help repair their social networks and to create a protective barrier against loneliness that can keep the whole network from unraveling.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Social Relationships and Health
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3399889 · Cited by 7,073
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173
The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years
Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa066082 · Cited by 5,007
Self-citationA Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103572 · Cited by 3,422
Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.
Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83 · Cited by 3,401
The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network
Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa0706154 · Cited by 2,390
Self-citationFowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a2338 · Cited by 1,990
Self-citationLoneliness: human nature and the need for social connection
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-1765 · Cited by 1,572
Self-citationLoneliness and health: potential mechanisms
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, L. E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., Malarkey, W. B., Van Cauter, E., & Berntson, G. G. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00005 · Cited by 1,149
Self-citationLoneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007 · Cited by 1,010
Self-citationSocial regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes
Cole, S. W., Hawkley, L. C., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., Rose, R. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r189 · Cited by 745
Self-citationPredictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population
Savikko, N., Routasalo, P., Tilvis, R. S., Strandberg, T. E., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2005) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002 · Cited by 641
Health Promoting Effects of Friends and Family on Health Outcomes in Older Adults
Seeman, T. E. (2000) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-14.6.362 · Cited by 634
Steptoe, A., Owen, N., Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., & Brydon, L. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00086-6 · Cited by 620
Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen
Pressman, S. D., Cohen, S., Miller, G. E., Barkin, A., Rabin, B. S., & Treanor, J. J. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.297 · Cited by 608
Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure.
Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152 · Cited by 488
Self-citationPenninx, B. W. J. H., van Tilburg, T., Kriegsman, D. M. W., Deeg, D. J. H., Boeke, A. J. P., & van Eijk, J. T. M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009305 · Cited by 438
Social Contacts and Their Relationship to Loneliness among Aged People – A Population-Based Study
Routasalo, P. E., Savikko, N., Tilvis, R. S., Strandberg, T. E., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2006) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000091828 · Cited by 369
Depressive symptoms in late life: a 10-year follow-up
Heikkinen, R.-L., & Kauppinen, M. (2004) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2003.10.004 · Cited by 319
Kanitz, E., Tuchscherer, M., Puppe, B., Tuchscherer, A., & Stabenow, B. (2004) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00085-0 · Cited by 200
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study
Boomsma, D. I., Willemsen, G., Dolan, C. V., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-005-6040-8 · Cited by 191
Self-citationSocial Isolation Affects the Development of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Mice
Nonogaki, K., Nozue, K., & Oka, Y. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0296 · Cited by 115
Social interaction-mediated lifespan extension of Drosophila Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mutants
Ruan, H., & Wu, C.-F. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0711127105 · Cited by 112
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Children
McGuire, S., & Clifford, J. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00293 · Cited by 94
Poletto, R., Steibel, J. P., Siegford, J. M., & Zanella, A. J. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.001 · Cited by 86
Genetic and environmental contributions to stability in loneliness throughout childhood
Bartels, M., Cacioppo, J. T., Hudziak, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30608 · Cited by 83
Self-citationSocial skills, stressful life events, and the development of psychosocial problems.
Segrin, C. (1999) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1999.18.1.14 · Cited by 75
Social Effects and Circadian Rhythms in Squirrel Monkey Pituitary--Adrenal Activity
Lyons, D. M., Ha, C. M. G., & Levine, S. (1995) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1995.1013 · Cited by 52
Boomsma, D. I., Cacioppo, J. T., Slagboom, P. E., & Posthuma, D. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-005-9005-z · Cited by 39
Self-citationNation, D. A., Gonzales, J. A., Mendez, A. J., Zaias, J., Szeto, A., Brooks, L. G., Paredes, J., D’Angola, A., Schneiderman, N., & McCabe, P. M. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181646753 · Cited by 39
Cited by
Perceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144
Self-citationA Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995
Self-citationSocial contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior
Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2013) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5408 · Cited by 1,303
Self-citationLoneliness: clinical import and interventions
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615570616 · Cited by 1,206
Self-citationSocial relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12087 · Cited by 1,057
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cacioppo, J. T., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 977-991
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2131969412
- Cited by
- 846
- References
- 31
- FWCI
- 28.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
