The salience of social referents: A field experiment on collective norms and harassment behavior in a school social network.
Abstract
Persistent, widespread harassment in schools can be understood as a product of collective school norms that deem harassment, and behavior allowing harassment to escalate, as typical and even desirable. Thus, one approach to reducing harassment is to change students' perceptions of these collective norms. Theory suggests that the public behavior of highly connected and chronically salient actors in a group, called social referents, may provide influential cues for individuals' perception of collective norms. Using repeated, complete social network surveys of a public high school, we demonstrate that changing the public behavior of a randomly assigned subset of student social referents changes their peers' perceptions of school collective norms and their harassment behavior. Social referents exert their influence over peers' perceptions of collective norms through the mechanism of everyday social interaction, particularly interaction that is frequent and personally motivated, in contrast to interaction shaped by institutional channels like shared classes. These findings clarify the development of collective social norms: They depend on certain patterns of and motivations for social interactions within groups across time, and are not static but constantly reshaped and reproduced through these interactions. Understanding this process creates opportunities for changing collective norms and behavior.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
School-wide interventions in which groups of students took a public stance against conflict were found to reduce conflict behavior at the school level.
“For example, school-wide interventions in which groups of students took a public stance against conflict (e.g., by giving public rewards, such as wristbands, to peers who engaged in friendly or conflict-mitigating behaviors) were found to reduce conflict behavior at the school level (Paluck & Shepherd, 2012; Paluck, Shepherd, & Aronow, 2016).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Paluck & Shepherd, 2012
Cites
Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
Wasserman, S. S., & Faust, K. (1994) · Cited by 18,005 · see citing works
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models
Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2006) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790942 · Cited by 13,597 · see citing works
Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009) · doi:10.1515/9781400829828 · Cited by 9,467 · see citing works
Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity
Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015 · Cited by 6,077 · see citing works
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015 · Cited by 5,965 · see citing works
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,534 · see citing works
The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x · Cited by 3,643 · see citing works
Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis
Wasserman, S. S., Scott, J. P., Carrington, P. J., Marsden, P. V., Frank, O., Everett, M. G., Borgatti, S. P., Doreian, P., Batagelj, V., Ferligoj, A., et al. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511811395 · Cited by 2,452 · see citing works
Asch, S. E. (1955) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31 · Cited by 2,364 · see citing works
The Diffusion of an Innovation Among Physicians
Coleman, J., Katz, E., & Menzel, H. (1957) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2785979 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
The Psychology of Social Norms.
Hankins, F. H., & Sherif, M. (1937) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2084385 · Cited by 1,470 · see citing works
The Psychology of Social Norms
Lemmon, M. L., & Sherif, M. (1938) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1416439 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
An Integrated Review of Indirect, Relational, and Social Aggression
Archer, J., & Coyne, S. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_2 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm.
Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.243 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do not Affect Behavior
Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002610009 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda.
Paluck, E. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0011989 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicide and Friendships Among American Adolescents
Bearman, P. S., & Moody, J. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.1.89 · Cited by 760 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…general call to understand the wider consequences of social influence within social networks (Mason, Conrey , & Smith, 2007) and follow a tradition of empirical research attempting to understand peer influence within networks on behavior (e.g., Bearman & Moody, 2004; Coleman, Katz, & Menzel, 1957).”
Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective.
Hardin, C. D., & Higgins, E. T. (1996) · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Research on Gossip: Taxonomy, Methods, and Future Directions
Foster, E. K. (2004) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.78 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Recent Developments in Network Measurement
Marsden, P. V. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511811395.002 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Changing Racial Beliefs by Providing Consensus Information
Stangor, C., Sechrist, G. B., & Jost, J. T. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201274009 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Zou, X., Tam, K.-P., Morris, M. W., Lee, S.-L., Lau, I. Y.-M., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016399 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Faris, R., & Felmlee, D. (2011) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122410396196 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Condemning and condoning racism: A social context approach to interracial settings.
Blanchard, F. A., Crandall, C. S., Brigham, J. C., & Vaughn, L. A. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.993 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Mason, W. A., Conrey, F. R., & Smith, E. R. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307301032 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Deviance Regulation: A Theory of Action and Identity
Blanton, H., & Christie, C. (2003) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.2.115 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The construction of social norms and standards.
Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1996) · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Graham, S. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00460.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Pickett, C. L., Silver, M. D., & Brewer, M. B. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202287011 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Hogg, M. A. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002031 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Peer influence in involuntary social groups: Lessons from research on bullying.
Juvonen, J., & Galván, A. (2008) · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Kitts, J. A. (2003) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1519823 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Drama! Teen Conflict, Gossip, and Bullying in Networked PublicsPreprint
Marwick, A. E., & boyd, D. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/aknux · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Measuring and Changing a “Culture of Bullying”
Bradshaw, C. P., & Waasdorp, T. E. (2009) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2009.12087820 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Estimating Average Causal Effects Under General Interference
Samii, C., & Aronow, P. M. (2012) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Juvonen, J., & Cadigan, R. J. (2002) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deviance regulation theory: Applications to adolescent social influence.
Blanton, H., & Burkley, M. (2008) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 38 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12394 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims
Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Norm Perception as a Vehicle for Social Change
Tankard, M. E., & Paluck, E. L. (2016) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12022 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
Self-citationWise interventions: Psychological remedies for social and personal problems.
Walton, G. M., & Wilson, T. D. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000115 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools
Paluck, E. L., Shepherd, H., & Aronow, P. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Interventions to Influence Adolescent Behavior Often Fail but Could Succeed
Yeager, D. S., Dahl, R. E., & Dweck, C. S. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617722620 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
The Effect of a Supreme Court Decision Regarding Gay Marriage on Social Norms and Personal Attitudes
Tankard, M. E., & Paluck, E. L. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617709594 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Self-citationYeager, D. S., Fong, C. J., Lee, H. Y., & Espelage, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.11.005 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Normology: Integrating insights about social norms to understand cultural dynamics
Morris, M. W., Hong, Y., Chiu, C., & Liu, Z. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.03.001 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Influences of social norms on climate change-related behaviors
Cialdini, R. B., & Jacobson, R. P. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.01.005 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit
Grapsas, S., Brummelman, E., Back, M. D., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619873350 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“…groups of students took a public stance against conflict (e.g., by giving public rewards, such as wristbands, to peers who engaged in friendly or conflict-mitigating behaviors) were found to reduce conflict behavior at the school level (Paluck & Shepherd, 2012; Paluck, Shepherd, & Aronow, 2016).”
Promoting Social Inclusion in Educational Settings: Challenges and Opportunities
Juvonen, J., Lessard, L. M., Rastogi, R., Schacter, H. L., & Smith, D. S. (2019) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1655645 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Social norms and social influence
McDonald, R. I., & Crandall, C. S. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.04.006 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Constantino, S. M., Sparkman, G., Kraft‐Todd, G., Bicchieri, C., Centola, D. M., Shell‐Duncan, B., Vogt, S., & Weber, E. U. (2022) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006221105279 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Self-Control in School-Age Children
Duckworth, A. L., Gendler, T. S., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.926225 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Same-sex marriage legalization associated with reduced implicit and explicit antigay bias
Ofosu, E. K., Chambers, M. K., Chen, J. M., & Hehman, E. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806000116 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Behaviour Centred Design: towards an applied science of behaviour change
Aunger, R. V., & Curtis, V. A. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1219673 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Social Networks and Health: New Developments in Diffusion, Online and Offline
Zhang, J., & Centola, D. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041421 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Social Influence on Positive Youth Development: A Developmental Neuroscience Perspective
Telzer, E. H., van Hoorn, J., Rogers, C. R., & Do, K. T. (2018) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2017.10.003 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Connection Cues: Activating the Norms and Habits of Social Connectedness
Bayer, J., Campbell, S. W., & Ling, R. (2015) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/comt.12090 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Field Experiments Across the Social Sciences
Baldassarri, D., & Abascal, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112445 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Graves, L., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2016) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12198 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
White, F. A., Borinca, I., Vezzali, L., Reynolds, K. J., Lyshol, J. K. B., Verrelli, S., & Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12400 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Norm Dynamics: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Social Norm Emergence, Persistence, and Change
Gelfand, M. J., Gavrilets, S., & Nunn, N. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-013319 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Promoting cooperation in the field
Kraft-Todd, G., Yoeli, E., Bhanot, S., & Rand, D. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.02.006 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Diversity Thresholds: How Social Norms, Visibility, and Scrutiny Relate to Group Composition
Chang, E. H., Milkman, K. L., Chugh, D., & Akinola, M. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2017.0440 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The critical role of second-order normative beliefs in predicting energy conservation
Jachimowicz, J., Hauser, O., O’Brien, J. D., Sherman, E., & Galinsky, A. D. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0434-0 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Legitimacy Revisited: Disentangling Propriety, Validity, and Consensus
Haack, P., Schilke, O. S., & Zucker, L. G. (2020) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12615 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
How social norms are often a barrier to addressing climate change but can be part of the solution
Sparkman, G., Howe, L. C., & Walton, G. (2020) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2020.42 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Hensel, L., Witte, M., Caria, S. A., Fetzer, T., Fiorin, S., Götz, F. M., Gomez, M., Haushofer, J., Ivchenko, A., Kraft‐Todd, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.11.015 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Yamin, P., Fei, M., Lahlou, S., & Levy, S. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11205847 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Stamkou, E., Kleef, G. A. V., Homan, A. C., Gelfand, M. J., van de Vijver, F. J. R., van Egmond, M., Boer, D., Phiri, N., Ayub, N., Kinias, Z., et al. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218802832 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Park, D., Tsukayama, E., Goodwin, G. P., Patrick, S. D., & Duckworth, A. L. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.08.001 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Witnessing change: Dynamic norms help resolve diverse barriers to personal change
Sparkman, G., & Walton, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.007 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Halfmann, A., & Rieger, D. (2019) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz008 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Normalization of the Radical Right
Valentim, V. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780198926740.001.0001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Székely, Á., Lipari, F., Antonioni, A., Paolucci, M., Sánchez, Á., Tummolini, L., & Andrighetto, G. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25734-w · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Can Descriptive Representation Change Beliefs about a Stigmatized Group? Evidence from Rural India
Chauchard, S. (2014) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055414000033 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Ethnic Diversity and Inclusive School Environments
Nishina, A., Lewis, J. A., Bellmore, A. D., & Witkow, M. R. (2019) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1633923 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Rivas‐Drake, D., Saleem, M., Schaefer, D. R., Medina, M. A., & Jagers, R. J. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13061 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Donovan, B., Semmens, R., Keck, P., Brimhall, E., Busch, K. C., Weindling, M., Duncan, A. S., Stuhlsatz, M. A. M., Bracey, Z. B., Bloom, M., et al. (2019) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21506 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Toxic Ties: Networks of Friendship, Dating, and Cyber Victimization
Felmlee, D., & Faris, R. (2016) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272516656585 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Preventing and Intervening with Bullying in Schools: A Framework for Evidence-Based Practice
Nickerson, A. B. (2017) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-017-9221-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Discouraged by Peer Excellence
Rogers, T., & Feller, A. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615623770 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Saving energy at the workplace: The salience of behavioral antecedents and sense of community
Dixon, G., Deline, M. B., McComas, K. A., Chambliss, L., & Hoffmann, M. (2015) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.01.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A research agenda for the study of social norm change
Andrighetto, G., & Vriens, E. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0411 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Addressing school bullying: Insights from theories of group processes
Hymel, S. C., McClure, R., Miller, M. K., Shumka, E., & Trach, J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.11.008 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Theorizing Moral Cognition: Culture in Action, Situations, and Relationships
Luft, A. (2020) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023120916125 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Geber, S., & Hefner, D. (2019) · Studies in Communication | Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2019-1-6 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Geber, S., Baumann, E., Czerwinski, F., & Klimmt, C. (2019) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650218824213 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Social network analysis in medical education
Isba, R., Woolf, K., & Hanneman, R. A. (2016) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13152 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Schultze‐Krumbholz, A., Hess, M., Pfetsch, J. S., & Scheithauer, H. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2018-4-2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Nickerson, A. B., Fredrick, S. S., Allen, K. P., & Jenkins, L. N. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2019.03.002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
What is(n’t) a friend? Dimensions of the friendship concept among adolescents
Kitts, J. A., & Leal, D. F. (2021) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2021.01.004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Broska, L. H. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102165 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Child Marriages and Unions in Latin America: Understanding the Roles of Agency and Social Norms
Taylor, A. Y., Murphy-Graham, E. E., Horn, J. V., Vaitla, B., Valle, Á. D., & Cislaghi, B. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.12.017 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Braams, B. R., Davidow, J. Y., & Somerville, L. H. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12717 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Value Formation: The Role of Esteem
Akerlof, R. J. (2016) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2016.10.011 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The social transmission of overconfidence.
Cheng, J. T., Anderson, C., Tenney, E., Brion, S., Moore, D., & Logg, J. (2020) · Journal of experimental psychology. General · doi:10.1037/xge0000787 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Social network analysis for social neuroscientists
Baek, E. C., Porter, M. A., & Parkinson, C. M. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa069 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Social influence in adolescence as a double-edged sword
Molleman, L., Ciranka, S., & van den Bos, W. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0045 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Zingora, T., Stark, T., & Flache, A. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219869460 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Laursen, B. P., & Faur, S. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254221084103 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Avoiding Trouble: Exploring Environmental Risk Information Avoidance Intentions.
Kahlor, L. A., Olson, H. C., Markman, A. B., & Wang, W. (2018) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916518799149 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Heerdink, M. W., Koning, L. F., van Doorn, E. A., & van Kleef, G. A. (2019) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1476324 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pan, Y., & Yan, Z. (2018) · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science · doi:10.1063/1.5000280 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Measurement of Social Norms Affecting Modern Contraceptive Use: A Literature Review
Costenbader, E., Lenzi, R., Hershow, R. B., Ashburn, K., & McCarraher, D. R. (2017) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/sifp.12040 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Role of Family in the Intergenerational Transmission of Collective Action
González, R., Álvarez, B., Manzi, J. M., Varela, M., Frigolett, C., Livingstone, A., Louis, W. R., Carvacho, H., Castro, D., Cheyre, M., et al. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620949378 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Impact of Laws on Norms Perceptions
Eisner, L., Turner-Zwinkels, F. M., & Spini, D. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220959176 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wang, E. S.-T. (2014) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-11-2012-0217 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Perkins, J. M., Nyakato, V. N., Kakuhikire, B., Mbabazi, P. K., Perkins, H. W., Tsai, A. C., Subramanian, S. V., Christakis, N. A., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1691-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of food-waste reducing nudges
Zhang, J., Huang, Y., Zhu, J., & Zhao, L. (2023) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102480 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
From marginal to mainstream: The role of perceived social norms in the rise of a far‐right movement
Portelinha, I., & Elcheroth, G. (2016) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2224 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Home alone: Why people believe others’ social lives are richer than their own.
Deri, S., Davidai, S., & Gilovich, T. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000105 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kahlor, L. A., Wang, W., Olson, H. C., Li, X. A., & Markman, A. B. (2019) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101147 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sylvester, S. M. (2021) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12989 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Belief in conspiracy theories and non-normative behavior
Pummerer, L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101394 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
How Incentive Framing Can Harness the Power of Social Norms
Lieberman, A., Duke, K. E., & Amir, O. (2018) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Stuck on Intergroup Attitudes: The Need to Shift Gears to Change Intergroup Behaviors
Bräuer, M. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231185775 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tolmatcheff, C., Galand, B., Roskam, I., & Veenstra, R. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13828 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Changing Environments by Changing Individuals
Powers, J. T., Cook, J., Purdie-Vaughns, V. J., Garcia, J., Apfel, N. H., & Cohen, G. L. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615614591 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Structure of Perception: How Networks Shape Ideas of Norms
Shepherd, H. R. (2016) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12317 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Diversity Paradox: Opportunities and Challenges of “Contact in Context” Across Development
Yip, T., Cheon, Y. M., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2018.1549404 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Too Much or Too Little Messaging? Situational Determinants of Guilt About Mobile Messaging
Halfmann, A., Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2020) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmaa018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tiv, M., Kutlu, E., Gullifer, J. W., Feng, R. Y., Doucerain, M. M., & Titone, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001174 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Perkins, J. M., Krezanoski, P. J., Takada, S., Kakuhikire, B., Bátwala, V., Tsai, A. C., Christakis, N. A., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2019) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2798-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gerbasi, M. E., Richards, L. K., Thomas, J. J., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Thompson‐Brenner, H., Gilman, S. E., & Becker, A. E. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22349 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Schultze‐Krumbholz, A., Zagorscak, P., Hess, M., & Scheithauer, H. (2019) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-019-00040-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Behavioral interventions motivate action to address climate change
Sinclair, A. H., Cosme, D., Lydic, K. O., Reinero, D. A., Tartak, J. C., MANN, M. E., & Falk, E. B. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2426768122 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Normative Climates of Parenthood across Europe: Judging Voluntary Childlessness and Working Parents
Eicher, V., Settersten, R. A., Penić, S., Glaeser, S., Martenot, A., & Spini, D. (2015) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcv083 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ybarra, M. L., Prescott, T. L., & Espelage, D. L. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4936 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Intervening to Change Social Norms: When Does It Work?
Prentice, D. A. (2018) · Social research · doi:10.1353/sor.2018.0007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Oyserman, D., O’Donnell, S. C., Sorensen, N., & Wingert, K. M. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101993 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Field Experiment Demonstrates Near Peer Mentorship as an Effective Support for Student Persistence
Destin, M., Castillo, C. A., & Meissner, L. (2018) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2018.1485101 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ethnic Attitudes and Social Projection in the Classroom
Thijs, J. T., & Verkuyten, M. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12597 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Çoker, E. N., Jebb, S. A., Stewart, C., Clark, M., & Pechey, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974830 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Paramita, W., & Septianto, F. (2021) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2021.1981589 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Delea, M. G., Sclar, G. D., Woreta, M., Haardörfer, R., Nagel, C., Caruso, B. A., Dreibelbis, R., Gobezayehu, A. G., Clasen, T., & Freeman, M. C. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15102139 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Barman‐Adhikari, A., Craddock, J., Bowen, E. A., Das, R., & Rice, E. R. W. (2017) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042617726080 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zorell, C. V. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su122410418 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Paluck, E. L., & Shepherd, H.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 899-915
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2101751809
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Princeton University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- school harassment, collective norms, social referents, norm perception, peer influence, school social networks, high school students, everyday social interaction, norm change, public behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Behavior Therapy, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schools, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Social Support, Students, Treatment Outcome, Bullying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
