Cited by 694Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research TopicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults.

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Michl, Louisa C., McLaughlin, Katie A., Shepherd, Kathrine, Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan·2013·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0031994PMC PMC4116082

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Abstract

Rumination is a well-established risk factor for the onset of major depression and anxiety symptomatology in both adolescents and adults. Despite the robust associations between rumination and internalizing psychopathology, there is a dearth of research examining factors that might lead to a ruminative response style. In the current study, we examined whether social environmental experiences were associated with rumination. Specifically, we evaluated whether self-reported exposure to stressful life events predicted subsequent increases in rumination. We also investigated whether rumination served as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal association between self-reported stressful life events and internalizing symptoms. Self-reported stressful life events, rumination, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed in 2 separate longitudinal samples. A sample of early adolescents (N = 1,065) was assessed at 3 time points spanning 7 months. A sample of adults (N = 1,132) was assessed at 2 time points spanning 12 months. In both samples, self-reported exposure to stressful life events was associated longitudinally with increased engagement in rumination. In addition, rumination mediated the longitudinal relationship between self-reported stressors and symptoms of anxiety in both samples and the relationship between self-reported life events and symptoms of depression in the adult sample. Identifying the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that explain a greater propensity for rumination following stressors remains an important goal for future research. This study provides novel evidence for the role of stressful life events in shaping characteristic responses to distress, specifically engagement in rumination, highlighting potentially useful targets for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of depression and anxiety.

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“Ruminating thoughts arise in the aftermath of traumatic and stressful events that involve intense emotions (Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow, 1991; Michl et al., 2013).”
Background
The everyday dynamics of rumination and worry: Precipitant events and affective consequences
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“…discrepancies between individuals’ actual and desired states, and that rumination serves to resolve such discrepancies, sometimes by downgrading the subjective importance of the events (e.g., telling oneself that the domain in which failure occurred is not important) (see Michl et al., 2013).”
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Epidemic Rumination and Resilience on College Students' Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Fatigue
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“…(Grant et al., 2006; Hankin et al., 1998; Kessler et al., 2005; Larson & Ham, 1993; McLaughlin et al., 2009; McLaughlin & Hatzenbuehler, 2009; Michl et al., 2013; Somerville & McLaughlin, 2018), increased exposure to stressors (Larson & Ham, 1993), and low emotion differentiation (Nook,…”
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Two sides of the same coin? The role of rumination and reflection in elementary school teachers' classroom stress and burnout
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The role of rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the wenchuan earthquake
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“If the discrepancy cannot be resolved, the individual might continue to ruminate about it (Michl et al., 2013).”
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Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces spontaneous but not induced negative thought intrusions in high worriers.
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“and adults [100], and rumination appears to medi-”
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“This creates selective attention to negative social information (e.g., facial expressions of disgust or anger) and increased rumination (i.e., repetitive or obsessive focus) over them even after the event is over (Grafton & MacLeod, 2016; Michl et al., 2013).”
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Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms
Letkiewicz, A. M., Miller, G. A., Crocker, L. D., Warren, S. L., Infantolino, Z. P., Mimnaugh, K. J., & Heller, W. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9629-5 · Cited by 63
“Rumination has been defined as a perserverative focus on one’s symptoms of distress (NolenHoeksema 1991) and has consistently been associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms (Michl et al. 2013; Nolan et al. 1998; Segerstrom et al. 2000).”
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Direct and indirect predictors of social anxiety: The role of anxiety sensitivity, behavioral inhibition, experiential avoidance and self-consciousness
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The development of an RDoC-based treatment program for adolescent depression: “Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action” (TARA)
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“These bottom-up processes could potentially also have negative effects on the development of cognitive control mechanisms involved in physiologic and behavioral coping by sustaining negative affect (Fales et al., 2008; Michl et al., 2013).”
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Child abuse and automatic emotion regulation in children and adolescents
Kim, S. G., Weissman, D. G., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000663 · Cited by 81
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β-Asarone Reverses Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behavior and Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Rats
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Mediating effects of peace of mind and rumination on the relationship between gratitude and depression among Chinese university students
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“…emotions, has been observed in youths exposed to traumatic stress (Maughan & Cicchetti, 2002), as well as other types of stressful life events such as divorce, death of a parent, and peer victimization (McLaughlin et al., 2009; Michl et al., 2013; Wadsworth, Raviv, Compas, & Connor-Smith, 2005).”
Self-citation

Authors: Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
Affiliations: Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Kent State University (US)
ORCID: McLaughlin, Katie A.
Shepherd, Kathrine
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2013-05
Volume: 122
Issue: 2
Pages: 339-352
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/a0031994
PMC: PMC4116082
OpenAlex: W2062427232
Cited by: 694
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 54.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH092526)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: rumination, life events, depression, anxiety, internalizing problems, mediation, early adolescents, adults, social environment, risk factors for depression, depression prevention
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Stress, Psychological, Thinking, Young Adult

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Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults.

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