Perceived discrimination, ruminative subtypes, and risk for depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood.
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Perceived discrimination has been found to increase risk for depression in emerging adulthood, but explanatory cognitive mechanisms have not been well studied. We examined whether the brooding and reflective subtypes of rumination would mediate the relation between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among racial/ethnic minority, versus White, emerging adults, and whether a strong ethnic identity would buffer against this effect. Emerging adults (N = 709; 70% female; 68% racial/ethnic minority), ages 18-25, completed measures of perceived discrimination, rumination, depressive symptoms, and ethnic identity. Perceived discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms among racial/ethnic minority and White participants. Brooding--but not reflection--mediated this relation only among racial/ethnic minorities. Ethnic identity, though negatively associated with depressive symptoms, did not buffer against the mediating effect of brooding on the discrimination-depression relation. Interventions for depression among racial/ethnic minority emerging adults should address maladaptive cognitive responses, such as brooding, associated with perceived discrimination.
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The RRS-SF brooding subscale has shown adequate internal consistency (α=.79) and validity in studies with POC samples that experience discrimination.
“The RRS-SF brooding subscale has shown adequate internal consistency (α=.79) and validity in studies with POC samples that experience discrimination [72].”
From App-Based Mindfulness Meditation for People of Color Who Experience Race-Related Stress: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
The Method > Measures section reports adequate internal consistency for the brooding subscale, but gives .78 for racial/ethnic minority participants and .80 for White participants, not α=.79. The Results > Perceived Discrimination, Rumination, and Depressive Symptoms section finds brooding associated with perceived discrimination among racial/ethnic minority participants, providing some relevant validity evidence, but the paper does not report a formal validity assessment of the subscale in that group. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Miranda, R., Polanco-Roman, L., Tsypes, A., & Valderrama, J.
- Affiliations
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- City University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 395-403
- ISSN
- 1077-341X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0106
- 1099-9809
- PMC
- PMC6002758
- OpenAlex
- W2329210694
- Semantic Scholar
- 290ffba18984644fa310e73b07868c78b16032cd
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 12.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- APA Office of Ethnic Minorit Affairs
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- perceived discrimination, rumination, brooding, reflective rumination, depressive symptoms, emerging adulthood, racial and ethnic minorities, ethnic identity, mediation, depression risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depression, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Minority Groups, New England, Prejudice, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Perception, Students, Thinking, Racial Groups, Young Adult, Social Discrimination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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