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They saw a game: A case study
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“Princeton students saw the Dartmouth team commit twice as many flagrant penalties and three times as many mild penalties as their own team.Dartmouth students, on the other hand, recorded an approximately equal number of penalties by both teams.”
From Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases (1997) · cites this paper as Hastorf and Cantril (1954)
In the citing paper
“The self-serving bias affects not only individuals' evaluations of themselves, but also of groups they are affiliated with.”
From Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases (1997) · cites this paper as Hastorf and Cantril (1954)
In the citing paper
“Participants who did not receive a self-aYrmation judged the activist who shared their convictions more favorably than the activist who did not (see also Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Hastorf & Cantril, 1954
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Milani, A. S., Shanian, A., & El-Lahham, C. (2008) · Mathematical and Computer Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2008.06.018 · Cited by 32
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“…by some respondents and negative by others (e.g., asking fans of two opposing sports teams about the game they played, or supporters of two rival politicians about a debate between the two; Bohn and Berntsen, 2007; Breslin and Safer, 2011; Hastorf and Cantril, 1954; Kensinger and Schacter, 2006b).”
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“…experienced the same event very differently because, “The significances assumed by different happenings for different people depend in large part on the purposes people bring to the occasion and the assumptions they have of the purposes and probable behavior of other people involved” (p. 132) [17].”
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“In one well known study, for example, Hastorf and Cantril (1954) determined that supporters of two different college football teams formed radically different judgements about the number and importance of fouls committed by their respective teams, with each team’s supporters exhibiting a strong…”
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Hyatt, C. S., Campbell, W. K., Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.162 · Cited by 30
“A similar bias is found throughout the social psychological literature, whereby people gather and report information about themselves or a related group (e.g., a sports team) in a way that is self-enhancing (e.g., Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
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“The earliest study identified was an exploration of attribution statements made by sports fans of opposing teams (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
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“Such selection bias has been discovered and proved in other situations [5], [13], [14], [17], but to what extent it affects the user’s selection in phishing attacks is unknown.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Suspense on Enjoyment Following a Desirable Outcome: The Mediating Role of Relief
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“Such dispositions cause spectators to interpret what is arguably objective game information in a consistently biased manner that favors a preferred team and disfavors an opponent ( Hastorf & Cantril, 1954 ; LaLonde, Moghaddam, & Taylor, 1987 ; Madrigal, 2008 ).”
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Hirshon, N. (2020) · Advances in religious and cultural studies (ARCS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3323-9.ch010 · Cited by 26
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“Nevertheless, the overall impact of beliefs on attributions and subjective experience is evident across many experimental paradigms (Hastorf and Cantril, 1954; Jones and Russell, 1980; Gilovich, 1991; Gregory, 1997; Irwin, 2009; Connors et al., 2015).”
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Wheatcroft, J. M., & Ellison, L. E. (2012) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2031 · Cited by 26
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“…viewing novel in-group members, regardless of race (Adapted from Van Bavel et al. 2008) 279Social Identity Shapes Distance Perception 280We have also been exploring whether self-categorization with social groups may 281even shape basic representations of physical reality (Hastorf and Cantril 1954).”
BackgroundTalarico, J. M., & Moore, K. M. (2012) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2855 · Cited by 27
“To measure participants’ knowledge of The Rivalry in particular, two multiple choice questions were asked: In what year was the first Lehigh–Lafayette football game played? and What was the game record from 2004–2007? Memory for the factual details of the game (event memory) was measured through seven multiple choice…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWalsh, J., Vaida, N., Coman, A., & Fiske, S. T. (2022) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/15291006231161337 · Cited by 26
“In a classic study (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954), Princeton and Dartmouth students who saw a football game remembered it in drastically different ways, consistent with their group allegiance.”
BackgroundThe Hostile Media Effect, Biased Assimilation, and Perceptions of a Presidential Debate1
Richardson, J. D., Huddy, W. P., & Morgan, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00347.x · Cited by 25
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“Typically, what happened will be construed differently, such that negative behaviors of the other side are exaggerated (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954) and actions of one’s ingroup are evaluated more positively than are similar actions by an outgroup (e.g., Bettencourt, 1990; Burn & Oskamp, 1989;…”
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“…closure) in sharpening memory for given categories of material (as reflected by the RIF effect) may have significant interpersonal consequences where the same individuals have different memories of seemingly the same event (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954) leading to disagreements and potential conflicts.”
Backgroundde Bruin, D., van Baar, J. M., Rodríguez, P. L., & FeldmanHall, O. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq5920 · Cited by 25
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“One example might be two people united by virtue of being lifelong fans of the same sports team, another might be members of a marginalized racial or ethnic group (while these people are likely to be high in similarity as well, this is an orthogonal relationship dimension as it corresponds to a psychological identific…”
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“It has examined a range of sporting events: Major League Baseball games (Breslin & Safer, 2011; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006), college football (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Talarico & Moore, 2012), college basketball, (Botzung et al., 2010), and the World Cup (Kopietz & Echterhoff, 2014; Tinti et al.,…”
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“In their seminal study, Hastorf and Cantril (1954) provided an empirical demonstration of this phenomenon.”
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“In a foundational study on this topic, Hastorf and Cantril (1954) found that students from rival universities interpreted a video of a football game between the rivals dramatically differently.”
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“An experience of a traumatic event is an interaction between the event itself and the way the individual subjectively constructs the experience (e.g., Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
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“, [76]–[82], for a slightly different but interesting argument, see also [83].”
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“Likewise, individuals “mis-remembered” the events of a game to favour the sports team they supported (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
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“That is, Hastorf and Cantril (1954) did not have to create football to be able to study selective perception in an ecologically valid manner.”
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“Whether actors are fans from rival athletic teams (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954), students evaluating a professor (Kelley, 1950), bystanders witnessing an ambiguous shove (Duncan, 1976), or an experimenter testing a hypothesis (Rosenthal, 1976), people tend to interpret information in line with their…”
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“…challenges or disconfirms it — a phenomenon often called “motivated reasoning” (Dawson, Gilovich & Regen, 2002; Epley & Gilovich, 2016; Gilovich, 1991; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Holyoak & Simon, 1999; Klayman & Ha, 1987; Kunda, 1990; Kunda, 1987; Lord, Ross & Lepper, 1979).1 Moreover, motivated…”
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“As masterfully documented in the social psychology classic “They Saw a Game” (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954), people with different attitudes frequently look at the same “objective situation” but detect different violations.”
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“A final possibility relates to the phenomenon of ‘wishful think-ing’ on the part of sports fans: sports fans of a preferred team often provide biased game reports 99,100 and overestimate their likelihood of winning 61,101 (for this effect in other contexts, see refs.”
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“The classic social psychological study of “They saw a game” demonstrated how different viewers of the same filmed football game saw, in fact, a radically different game (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954 ; see also Vallone, Ross, & Lepper, 1985 ).”
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“In seminal work by Hastorf and Cantril (1954) examining different audience perceptions of an American football match, the authors concluded that there was no single “game” that existed as a commonly referenced reality which its audience merely “observed” (both when viewed live, and from recorded…”
BackgroundBlanchar, J. C., & Norris, C. J. (2021) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12276 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H.
- Venue
- The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1954-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 129-134
- ISSN
- 0096-851X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4254129346
- Cited by
- 882
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Education › Physical education and sports games research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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