Cited by 881Visual perception and processing mechanismsMultisensory perception and integrationMotor Control and Adaptation

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Cortical microstimulation influences perceptual judgements of motion direction

Salzman, C. Daniel, Britten, Kenneth H., Newsome, William T.·1990·Nature

DOI 10.1038/346174a0

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Abstract

Neurons in the visual cortex respond selectively to perceptually salient features of the visual scene, such as the direction and speed of moving objects, the orientation of local contours, or the colour or relative depth of a visual pattern. It is commonly assumed that the brain constructs its percept of the visual scene from information encoded in the selective responses of such neurons. We have now tested this hypothesis directly by measuring the effect on psychophysical performance of modifying the firing rates of physiologically characterized neurons. We required rhesus monkeys to report the direction of motion in a visual display while we electrically stimulated clusters of directionally selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT, or V5), an extrastriate area that plays a prominent role in the analysis of visual motion information. Microstimulation biased the animals' judgements towards the direction of motion encoded by the stimulated neurons. This result indicates that physiological properties measured at the neuronal level can be causally related to a specific aspect of perceptual performance.

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Background
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Method
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Background
Neural Correlates for Roughness Choice in Monkey Second Somatosensory Cortex (SII)
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“…(Britten et al. 1996; Celebrini and Newsome 1994, 1995; Dubner et al. 1989; Hsiao et al. 1993; Johansson and Vallbo 1979; Logothetis and Schall 1989; Merchant et al. 1997; Mountcastle et al. 1990; Newsome et al. 1989; Romo et al. 1997, 1998; Salzman et al. 1990; Sinclair and Burton 1991b).”
Background
Activation of Human V5 Complex and Rolandic Regions in Association with Moving Visual Stimuli
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“[60,62] devised a causal experimental approach that overcame many of the previously discussed limitations.”
Background
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Background
Binocular Integration of Pattern Motion Signals by MT Neurons and by Human Observers
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“…evidence that the responses of directionally selective neurons in area MT support many aspects of visual motion perception, including the perception of coherent motion in plaid patterns (Newsome and Pare, 1988; Salzman et al., 1990; Britten et al., 1996; Block, 2005; Clark et al., 2008).”
Background
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Long-Range Clustered Connections within Extrastriate Visual Area V5/MT of the Rhesus Macaque
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“…recordings, and electrical microstimulation in the monkey have linked neuronal activity in V5/MT directly to perception of both visual motion and binocular depth (Newsome and Pare 1988; Newsome et al. 1989; Salzman et al. 1990; Marcar and Cowey 1992; DeAngelis et al. 1998; Krug et al. 2004).”
Background
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“For example, in the random dot task used to study the visual perception of motion (Salzman et al., 1990), the decision is a comparison between two neural signals representing motion in the two valid directions.”
Propagation of activity through the cortical hierarchy and perception are determined by neural variability
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The Trouble with Choice: Studying Decision Variables in the Brain
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“Pioneered in the field of perceptual decision making (e.g. Salzman et al ., 1990 ), this technique has more recently been applied successfully to the study of visual attention, face discrimination, target selection, and reward-based learning (for a review, see Cohen and Newsome, 2004 ).”
MethodSelf-citation
Direction Selective Neurons Respond to Short-Range and Long-Range Apparent Motion Stimuli in Macaque Visual Area MT
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Models of object recognition
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Contribution of Sensory Encoding to Measured Bias
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“Electrical stimulation or optogenetic inactivation of direction-selective neurons in the sensory visual area MT can bias the monkey’s choice toward or away from the neurons’ preferred direction in two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) tasks, suggesting that manipulation of sensory areas can induce perceptual biases (Sa…”
Background
A localist evaluation solution for visual stability across saccades
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Roe, A. W., Chernov, M. M., Friedman, R. M., & Chen, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00135 · Cited by 31
“…coils has enabled submillimeter resolution in anesthetized squirrel monkeys (Chen et al., 2007), and in awake macaque monkeys can sufficiently distinguish supra-, middle-, and infra-granular laminar specificity and fingerprint V1, V2, and V4 laminar profiles (Chen et al., 2012a,b, 2013; Goense…”
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“At the same time, microstimulation experiments have established a direct link from local neural activity in cortex to perception of a sensory stimulus (Salzman et al., 1990; Romo et al., 1998; Afraz et al., 2006), suggesting that small neuronal populations can have an impact on sensory decision-making (Murasugi et al.”
Background
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“…columns in V1 and direction columns in MT (Albright et al. 1984; Hubel and Wiesel 1963), color globules in area V4 (Conway et al. 2007), somatosensory modalities (Mountcastle 1997)—that could potentially allow columnar stimulation to effectively stand in for sensory input (Salzman et al. 1990).”
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“…stimuli are caused by trial-to-trial fluctuations in responses of the neuronal ensemble that participates in encoding sensory features of relevance to a given perceptual task (Newsome et al., 1989; Salzman et al., 1990; Celebrini and Newsome, 1994; Britten et al., 1996; Shadlen et al., 1996).”
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Perceptual stability and postsaccadic visual information: Can man bridge a gap?
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Optogenetics in the behaving rat: integration of diverse new technologies in a vital animal model
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MethodResultInfluential
The path to success in auditory spatial discrimination: Electrical neuroimaging responses within the supratemporal plane predict performance outcome
Spierer, L., Murray, M. M., Tardif, É., & Clarke, S. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.038 · Cited by 27
“Neurometric functions constructed from the activity of neurons in the extrastriate visual cortex of non-human primates performing a visual motion discrimination task generally paralleled the animal's psychometric functions (Newsome et al., 1989; Salzman et al., 1990).”
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Spatial Layout Affects Speed Discrimination
Verghese, P., & Stone, L. S. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00155-1 · Cited by 25
“In addition, Newsome and co-workers have used lesion studies, electrical stimulation, and single-unit recording to show that MT is criticallyinvolvedin directionperception(Newsome & Pare, 1988;Newsome et al., 1989;Salzman et al., 1990).”

Authors: Salzman, C. D., Britten, K. H., & Newsome, W. T.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
ORCID: Salzman, C. Daniel
Britten, Kenneth H.
Newsome, William T.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1990-07-12
Volume: 346
Issue: 6280
Pages: 174-177
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/346174a0
OpenAlex: W2037781104
Cited by: 881
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 19.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (1990-08-09)
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: motion direction perception, directionally selective neurons, middle temporal area, V5, visual motion processing, neuronal firing rate, perceptual judgment, rhesus monkeys, visual cortex
MeSH terms: Animals, Electric Stimulation, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Motion Perception, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception

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Cortical microstimulation influences perceptual judgements of motion direction

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