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Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms
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For a system at a temperature of absolute zero, all thermal fluctuations are frozen out, while quantum fluctuations prevail. These microscopic quantum fluctuations can induce a macroscopic phase transition in the ground state of a many-body system when the relative strength of two competing energy terms is varied across a critical value. Here we observe such a quantum phase transition in a Bose-Einstein condensate with repulsive interactions, held in a three-dimensional optical lattice potential. As the potential depth of the lattice is increased, a transition is observed from a superfluid to a Mott insulator phase. In the superfluid phase, each atom is spread out over the entire lattice, with long-range phase coherence. But in the insulating phase, exact numbers of atoms are localized at individual lattice sites, with no phase coherence across the lattice; this phase is characterized by a gap in the excitation spectrum. We can induce reversible changes between the two ground states of the system.
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“Analogue quantum simulation with ultra-cold neutral atoms has been performed in research labs since many years and is being used for various applications ranging from statistical physics [78] and material science, such as the investigation of high-temperature superconductors [79][80][81][82][83][84], or simulation of spin systems [85][86][87][88][89] to high-energy physics and astrophysics [90][91”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Greiner, M., Mandel, O., Esslinger, T., Hänsch, T. W., & Bloch, I.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (DE)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Bloch, Immanuel
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 415
- Issue
- 6867
- Pages
- 39-44
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2007391198
- Cited by
- 5,935
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 189 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 243 · 2018: 206 · 2017: 225 · 2016: 257 · 2015: 242 · 2014: 292 · 2013: 286 · 2012: 311
- FWCI
- 188.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- APS Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Meeting Abstracts
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics
- Keywords
- quantum phase transitions, superfluid-Mott insulator transition, Bose-Einstein condensate, ultracold atoms, optical lattices, repulsive interactions, quantum fluctuations, phase coherence, excitation gap
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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