Short sleep duration and obesity: the role of emotional stress and sleep disturbances
Abstract
Objective Many epidemiologic studies have reported that obesity is associated with short sleep duration. How the degree of obesity or other clinical characteristics of the obese individuals, such as sleep disturbances or emotional stress, define this relation is not known.Design We studied a random sample of 1300 middle-aged men and women from the Penn State Cohort in the sleep laboratory for one night. Sleep disturbances were recorded as insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) or sleep difficulty. Chronic emotional stress was determined by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2).Results Obese individuals (body mass index, BMI>30) reported shorter duration of sleep, had a higher incidence of subjective sleep disturbances (47.4 vs 25.5%; P<0.01) and scored higher for chronic emotional stress than nonobese subjects. However, there was no difference in self-reported sleep duration between obese and nonobese individuals without subjective sleep disturbances, while both obese men and women with sleep complaints scored higher in the MMPI-2 compared to obese individuals without sleep complaints. The shortest sleep duration was reported by the obese insomniac patients (5.9 h), followed by obese with EDS (6.3 h) or sleep difficulty (6.6 h). The effect of chronic emotional stress was stronger than that of the BMI on the reported sleep duration, with a synergistic joint effect. The presence of a sleep disturbance was associated with a reduction of reported sleep by 18 min for men and 42 min in women, whereas a 10 kg m(-2) increase of BMI was associated with a 16 and 6 min decrease of sleep in men and women, respectively. Interestingly, there was no association between objective sleep duration and BMI.Conclusion Self-reported short sleep duration in obese individuals may be a surrogate marker of emotional stress and subjective sleep disturbances, whose detection and management should be the focus of our preventive and therapeutic strategies for obesity.
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A large-scale study concluded that self-reported short sleep in obese adults may be a surrogate marker of subjective sleep disturbance.
“In addition, a large scale study [198] concluded that self-reported short sleep in obese adults may be a surrogate marker of subjective sleep disturbance [196].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [198]
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ResultSimonelli, G., Dudley, K. A., Weng, J. F., Gallo, L. C., Perreira, K. M., Shah, N. A., Alcántara, C., Zee, P. C., Ramos, A. R., Llabre, M. M., et al. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw025 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The role of emotional eating and stress in the influence of short sleep on food consumption
Dweck, J. S., Jenkins, S. M., & Nolan, L. J. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Short sleep duration has been associated with elevated body mass index (BMI, Gangwisch, Malaspina, Boden-Albala, & Heymsfield, 2005), disordered eating (Hicks & Rozette, 1986), emotional stress (Vgontzas et al., 2008), and neuroendocrine control of appetite (Van Cauter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSleep and food intake: A multisystem review of mechanisms in children and adults
Lundahl, A., & Nelson, T. D. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315573427 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional studies with adults demonstrate that short sleep duration is associated with emotional distress (e.g. Vgontzas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundUpdate on Energy Homeostasis and Insufficient Sleep
Penev, P. D. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1067 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Habitual sleep variability, not sleep duration, is associated with caloric intake in adolescents
He, F., Bixler, E. O., Berg, A. S., Kawasawa, Y. I., Vgontzas, A. N., Fernández‐Mendoza, J., Yanosky, J. D., & Liao, D. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.03.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Therefore, the observed association between subjectively measured short sleep duration and obesity may be partially confounded by participants’ psychological profiles (10, 11).”
BackgroundSelf-citationObesity and sleep disturbances: Meaningful sub-typing of obesity
Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Chrousos, G. P., & Pejovic, S. (2008) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813450802521507 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“More recent studies have shown that emotional distress is present in about half of all obese subjects in general random samples (Vgontzas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTheorell‐Haglöw, J., Berglund, L., Berne, C., & Lindberg, E. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.02.014 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Over the last decade, several cross-sectional studies have shown associations between sleep duration, sleeping habits, and measurements of obesity [1–9].”
BackgroundImplications of Sleep Restriction and Recovery on Metabolic Outcomes
Killick, R., Banks, S., & Liu, P. Y. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1845 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“One notable study (56) examined both subjective and objective sleep duration but this time measured by polysomnography.”
BackgroundThe Association between Job Related Factors, Short Sleep and Obesity
Milia, L. V. D., & Mummery, K. W. (2009) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.47.363 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sleep problems are associated with binge eating in women
Trace, S. E., Thornton, L. M., Runfola, C. D., Lichtenstein, P., Pedersen, N. L., & Bulik, C. M. (2012) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sleep duration and central obesity in women – Differences between short sleepers and long sleepers
Theorell‐Haglöw, J., Berglund, L., Janson, C., & Lindberg, E. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.013 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sleep duration and abnormal serum lipids: the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Zhan, Y., Chen, R., & Yu, J. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.02.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Furthermore, short sleep duration was reported to be associated with stress [35], which is also a risk factor for abnormal lipids [36,37].”
BackgroundDu, C., Adjepong, M., Chong, M. H. Z., Cho, M. J., Fenton, J. I., Hsiao, P. Y., Keaver, L., Lee, H., Ludy, M., Shen, W., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14051045 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“These findings are inconsistent with studies that report that insufficient sleep leads to higher dietary risk and higher likelihood of weight gain [48,94–96], and that high stress can lead to shortened sleep [53,97].”
ResultThe Prevalence and Incidence of Insomnia in Korea during 2005 to 2013
Chung, S., Cho, S. W., Jo, M., Youn, S., Lee, J., & Sim, C. S. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0218 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Belay, A. S., Guangul, M. M., Asmare, W. N., & Mesafint, G. (2021) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v31i6.21 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“reasonable justification could be the fact that nurses with sleep problems become disoriented or lack of concentration for their work, which results in an increase in medical errors, and further, it increases the likelihood of subsequent psychological distress (40).”
BackgroundThe end of sleep: ‘Sleep debt’ versus biological adaptation of human sleep to waking needs
Horne, J. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.10.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Obesity and short sleep: unlikely bedfellows?
Horne, J. A. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00847.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“(3) pointed out that obese people free of obstructive sleep apnoea, but having short sleep, often complain of insomnia accompanied by chronic emotional stress.”
BackgroundLombardi, D. A., Wirtz, A., Willetts, J. L., & Folkard, S. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.675253 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The path of the association between short sleep and obesity may also be bidirectional (or “circular”), where in some cases obesity impairs sleep duration and quality, for example, with sleep-related disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (Fogelholm et al., 2007; Resta et al., 2003; Vgontzas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialObesity in children with different risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea: a community-based study
Su, M., Zhang, H., Cai, X., Lin, Y., Liu, P.-N., Zhang, Y.-B., Hu, W.-Z., Li, C., & Xiao, Y. (2015) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-015-2613-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“While most obese children appeared to have frequent arousal and short sleep duration, it has been reported that these are markers of emotional stress rather than a reflection of true sleep loss [39].”
BackgroundNishiura, C., & Hashimoto, H. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20100019 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cai, G., Theorell‐Haglöw, J., Janson, C., Svartengren, M., Elmståhl, S., Lind, L., & Lindberg, E. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.009 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Milia, L. V. D., Vandelanotte, C., & Duncan, M. J. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Depression and emotional health appear to be more strongly associated with BMI than is short sleep, but most studies have not controlled for these factors [8,11,16].”
BackgroundWomen in Midlife: Stress, Health and Life Satisfaction
Darling, C. A., Coccia, C. C., & Senatore, N. (2011) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1398 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Other studies have shown that obesity and stress may be related to sleep, in that obese individuals (BMI > 30) reported shorter amounts of sleep and scored higher for chronic emotional stress than non‐obese subjects (Vgontzas et al., 2008).”
Sleep Modulates Hypertension in Leptin-Deficient Obese Mice
Silvani, A., Bastianini, S., Berteotti, C., Franzini, C., Lenzi, P., Martire, V. L., & Zoccoli, G. (2008) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.125542 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Obesity and Sleep: A Bidirectional Association?
Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., & Basta, M. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.573 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Duration and Obesity in Adults: What Are the Connections?
Theorell‐Haglöw, J., & Lindberg, E. (2016) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-016-0225-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tan, X. W., Alén, M., Wang, K., Tenhunen, J., Wiklund, P., Partinen, M., & Cheng, S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110751 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Population-based study showed that obese adults had higher incidence of subjective sleep disturbances than non-obese ones [9].”
BackgroundLallukka, T. M., Haaramo, P., Rahkonen, O., & Sivertsen, B. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494813481647 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, those reporting insomnia symptoms are also more likely to report shorter sleep duration [9,10,26].”
BackgroundCulpepper, T., Christman, M. C., Nieves, C., Specht, G. J., Rowe, C. C., Spaiser, S. J., Ford, A., Dahl, W. J., Girard, S., & Langkamp‐Henken, B. (2016) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2015.0156 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Others have demonstrated that stress is negatively associated with sleep duration (Vgontzas et al. , 2008).”
Work patterns, sleeping hours and excess weight in commercial drivers
Lemke, M. K., Hege, A., Perko, M. A., Sönmez, S., & Apostolopoulos, Y. (2015) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqv080 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“However, in accord with our findings, other studies have also failed to find an association between objective sleep duration and BMI among North American CMV drivers [24].”
BackgroundResultDaily reactivity to stress and sleep disturbances: unique risk factors for insomnia
Yoo, J., Slavish, D. C., Dietch, J. R., Kelly, K. S., Ruggero, C. J., & Taylor, D. J. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac256 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Endocrine Physiology in Relation to Sleep and Sleep Disturbances
Cauter, E. V., & Tasali, E. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00026-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sleep, stress and aggression: Meta-analyses investigating associations and causality
Demichelis, O. P., Grainger, S. A., McKay, K. T., Bourdaniotis, X. E., Churchill, E. G., & Henry, J. D. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104732 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Short Sleep and Obesity: Are Poor Sleep, Chronic Stress, and Unhealthy Behaviors the Link?
Vgontzas, A. N., & Bixler, E. O. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep/31.9.1203 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationDiet, obesity and obesogenic trends in two generations of Swedish women
Lissner, L., Sjöberg, A., Schütze, M., Lapidus, L., Hulthén, L., & Björkelund, C. (2008) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-008-0744-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Besides usual explanations involving energy intake and expenditure, it has been proposed that other factors in the environment may be modifying susceptibility to obesity, including smoking practices, stress, sleep disturbances, consumption of sweetened or alcoholic beverages, and even salt intake—to name a few [8, 12,…”
BackgroundSleep and Eating Behavior in Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Kilkus, J. M., Booth, J. N., Bromley, L. E., Darukhanavala, A. P., Imperial, J., & Penev, P. D. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.319 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Consistent with our findings, population-based observations in the Penn State (19) and MONICA/KORA (18) cohort studies indicate that complaints of poor sleep quality and psychological distress could be important determinants of the association between selfreported short sleep and chronic metabolic morbidity.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCould emotional eating act as a mediator between sleep quality and food intake in female students?
Saleh‐Ghadimi, S., Dehghan, P., Farhangi, M. A., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Vayghan, H. J. (2019) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-019-0154-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Escobar, R., O'Donnell, K. A., Colalillo, S., Pawlby, S. J., Steiner, M. S., Meaney, M. J., Levitan, R. D., & Silveira, P. P. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.107 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Extreme or prolonged stress responses are related to a deregulation of the physiological systems involved in energetic balance, which can lead to obesity (Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar, & Heim, 2009; Vgontzas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundYang, T., Matthews, S. A., & Chen, V. Y.-J. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-013-9293-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Though it has been argued that subjective measures of stress and sleep duration are superior and better connected to wellbeing [2, 32], more efforts to explore the associations between subjective measures and obesity are still desirable.”
BackgroundResultSurvey of Sleep Status and its Related Factors among Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure.
Javadi‐Pashaki, N., Darvishpour, A., Mehrdad, N., & Lakeh, N. M. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Seixas, A. A., Vallon, J., Grant, A. B., Butler, M. J., Langford, A. T., Grandner, M. A., Schneeberger, A. R., Huthchinson, J., Zizi, F., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000011939 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Relationship between sleep duration and clustering of metabolic syndrome diagnostic components
Nakamura, Y., Katano, Nakamura, Murakami, Y., Tanaka, T., Takebayashi, T., Okayama, A., Miura, K., Okamura, & Ueshima, H. (2011) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s16147 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Previous studies indicated a clear association between short sleep duration and elevated BMI and obesity, 21–23 reduced leptin, and elevated ghrelin.”
BackgroundTom, S. E., & Berenson, A. B. (2013) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2013.06.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Most previous studies included an older age distribution of adults (Bidulescu et al., 2010; Fogelholm et al., 2007; Grandner et al., 2012; Lyytikainen, Lallukka, et al., 2011; Vgontzas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDu, C., Wang, W., Hsiao, P. Y., Ludy, M., & Tucker, R. M. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11050069 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Navia, B., Aparicio, A., Perea, J. M., Pérez‐Farinós, N., Villar-Villalba, C., Labrado, E., & Anta, R. M. O. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7361 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lallukka, T. M., Haario, P., Lahelma, E. T., & Rahkonen, O. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.020 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Insomnia may also be associated with obesity [6,11,12] but most studies have been cross-sec-”
BackgroundSt‐Onge, M., Campbell, A., Aggarwal, B., Taylor, J. L., Spruill, T. M., & RoyChoudhury, A. (2020) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2020.02.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Crawford, M., Chirinos, D. A., Iurcotta, T., Edinger, J. D., Wyatt, J. K., Manber, R., & Ong, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.6666 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Others have reported an association between obesity, insomnia, and emo - tional stress, 73 and psychological stress has been associated with changes in the production of appetite regulating hor - mones, such as ghrelin.”
Smart-Pillow: An IoT Based Device for Stress Detection Considering Sleeping Habits
Rachakonda, L., Mohanty, S. P., Kougianos, E., Karunakaran, K. B., & Ganapathiraju, M. K. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES) · doi:10.1109/ises.2018.00043 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In a study conducted in a random sample of 1300 middle-aged men and women, shorter duration of sleep, higher incidence of subjective sleep disturbances and chronic emotional stress were observed in obese individuals [37].”
BackgroundDebeuf, T., Verbeken, S., Boelens, E., Volkaert, B., Malderen, E. V., Michels, N., & Braet, C. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-4020-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Is poor sleep associated with obesity in older adults? A narrative review of the literature
Norton, M. C., Eleuteri, S., Cerolini, S., Ballesio, A., Conte, S. C., Falaschi, P., & Lucidi, F. (2017) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-017-0453-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Alahmary, S. A., Alduhaylib, S. A., Alkawii, H. A., Olwani, M. M., Shablan, R. A., Ayoub, H., Sebastian, T., Abuzaid, O., & Khattab, R. Y. (2019) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827619870476 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Polysomnographically determined sleep and body mass index in patients with insomnia
Huang, L., Zhou, J., Sun, Y., Li, Z., Lei, F., Zhou, G., & Tang, X. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For example, neither in the study of objectively measured TST by PSG nor in the study that monitored participants’ wrist activity were such associations found (Lauderdale et al., 2006; Vgontzas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultLeptin Replacement Restores Supraspinal Cholinergic Antinociception in Leptin-Deficient Obese Mice
Wang, W., Baghdoyan, H. A., & Lydic, R. (2009) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.02.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Alligier, M., Barrès, R., Blaak, E. E., Boirie, Y., Bouwman, J., Brunault, P., Campbell, K., Clément, K., Farooqi, I. S., Farpour‐Lambert, N. J., et al. (2020) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000505342 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nonrestorative sleep is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in the general Japanese population
Otsuka, Y., Kaneita, Y., Tanaka, K., Itani, O., Kaneko, Y., Suzuki, M., Matsumoto, Y., & Kuriyama, K. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-00999-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of Emotional Eating and Short Sleep Duration on Weight Gain in Female Employees
van Strien, T., & Koenders, P. G. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000172 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cole, H. V. S., Owusu‐Dabo, E., Iwelunmor, J., Newsome, V., Meeks, K. A. C., Agyemang, C. O., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.03.008 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vgontzas, A. N., Lin, H.-M., Papaliaga, M., Calhoun, S., Vela-Bueno, A., Chrousos, G. P., & Bixler, E. O.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Vgontzas, A N
- ORCID
- Vgontzas, A N
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2008-02-05
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 801-809
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W1988109969
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 19.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pennsylvania State University
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01 51931, R01 64415, R01 40916)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- short sleep duration, obesity, emotional stress, sleep disorders, insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, body mass index, self-reported sleep, sex differences, chronic stress
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sleep Wake Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Polysomnography
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