Objectively Measured Sleep Characteristics among Early-Middle-Aged Adults
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence that sleep duration is a risk factor across diverse health and functional domains, little is known about the distribution and determinants of sleep. In 2003-2004, the authors used wrist activity monitoring and sleep logs to measure time in bed, sleep latency (time required to fall asleep), sleep duration, and sleep efficiency (percentage of time in bed spent sleeping) over 3 days for 669 participants at one of the four sites of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (Chicago, Illinois). Participants were aged 38-50 years, 58% were women, and 44% were Black. For the entire sample, mean time in bed was 7.5 (standard deviation (SD), 1.2) hours, mean sleep latency was 21.9 (SD, 29.0) minutes, mean sleep duration was 6.1 (SD, 1.2) hours, and mean sleep efficiency was 80.9 (SD, 11.3)%. All four parameters varied by race-sex group. Average sleep duration was 6.7 hours for White women, 6.1 hours for White men, 5.9 hours for Black women, and 5.1 hours for Black men. Race-sex differences (p < 0.001) remained after adjustment for socioeconomic, employment, household, and lifestyle factors and for apnea risk. Income was independently associated with sleep latency and efficiency. Sleep duration and quality, which have consequences for health, are strongly associated with race, sex, and socioeconomic status.
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Minority groups, particularly African Americans, have shorter habitual sleep duration and poorer habitual sleep quality based on objectively-measured wrist actigraphy compared to non-Hispanic whites.
“Minority groups, particularly African Americans, have shorter habitual sleep duration and poorer habitual sleep quality based on objectively-measured wrist actigraphy compared to non-Hispanic whites [11, 12]”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Lauderdale, D. S., Knutson, K. L., Yan, L. L., Rathouz, P. J., Hulley, S. B., Sidney, S., & Liu, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lauderdale, Diane S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-06-01
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-16
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2162496435
- Cited by
- 581
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 37.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc95095-66-0-1, n01hc48050-59-0-1, n01hc48048-58-0-1, n01hc48047-55-0-1, n01hc48049-61-0-1)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG011412, AG-11412)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01HC48050, N01 HC 95095, N01-HC48048, N01-HC-48-049, N01-HC-480-47)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, time in bed, socioeconomic status, income, Black people, young adults, sleep quality, CARDIA study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Black or African American, Chicago, Coronary Artery Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Sleep, Socioeconomic Factors, Telemetry, Time Factors, Wrist, Polysomnography, Risk Assessment, Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic, White People
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