The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen
Abstract
Several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years (Gyr) ago, and that it had reached considerable levels by 2.22 Gyr ago. Here we present evidence that the rise of atmospheric oxygen had occurred by 2.32 Gyr ago. We found that syngenetic pyrite is present in organic-rich shales of the 2.32-Gyr-old Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations, South Africa. The range of the isotopic composition of sulphur in this pyrite is large and shows no evidence of mass-independent fractionation, indicating that atmospheric oxygen was present at significant levels (that is, greater than 10(-5) times that of the present atmospheric level) during the deposition of these units. The presence of rounded pebbles of sideritic iron formation at the base of the Rooihoogte Formation and an extensive and thick ironstone layer consisting of haematitic pisolites and oölites in the upper Timeball Hill Formation indicate that atmospheric oxygen rose significantly, perhaps for the first time, during the deposition of the Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations. These units were deposited between what are probably the second and third of the three Palaeoproterozoic glacial events.
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“The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) at 2.45-2.22Ga (Bekker et al., 2004;Guo et al., 2009;Gumsley et al., 2017) marks the rapid appearance of free oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere (Anbar et al., 2007;Sessions et al., 2009)”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Although minor occurrences of low δ34S pyrite have recently been reported in late Archean strata by in situ analysis (58), samples studied here are the oldest samples that exhibit low δ34S values in bulk rock analyses (18, 59).”
From Rapid oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere 2.33 billion years ago (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“resolving the origin of the hydrocarbon biomarkers hosted in Archean rocks would either recast or solidify the late Archean framework in which we understand one of the most profound biologically mediated transformations of the planet-the Great Oxidation Event [GOE; ∼2.4 billion years ago (Ga)] (13).”
From Reappraisal of hydrocarbon biomarkers in Archean rocks (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In the rock record, this event is manifested by a number of changes (see Farquhar et al., 2011, 2014, for reviews), including (1) loss of easily oxidisable detrital uraninite, pyrite, and siderite from fluvial siliciclastic sediments at ca. 2.4 Ga”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“that effectively disappeared from the sedimentary record between 2.45 and 2.32 Ga (e.g., Bekker et al., 2004;Farquhar et al., 2000;2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“The disappearance of S-MIF is perhaps the most accepted evidence for the onset of widespread and permanent oxygenation of the Earth's surface to levels above 10 -5 times present atmospheric levels (PAL) (see Pavlov and Kasting, 2002;Bekker et al., 2004;Farquhar et al., 2000;2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
Citations
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Items 601–700 of 1,000
Vasilopoulos, M., Molnár, F., O'Brien, H. E., Lahaye, Y., Lefebvre, M. G., Richard, A., André‐Mayer, A., Ranta, J.-P., & Talikka, M. (2021) · Mineralium Deposita · doi:10.1007/s00126-020-01039-8 · Cited by 31
Little, C. T. S., Johannessen, K. C., Bengtson, S., Chan, C. S., Ivarsson, M., Slack, J. F., Broman, C., Thorseth, I. H., Grenne, T., Rouxel, O. J., et al. (2021) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12434 · Cited by 31
“Coin is 2.1 cm in diameter (e.g., Canfield, 1998; Bekker et al., 2004; Poulton et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005; Canfield et al., 2008; Meyer & Kump, 2008; Kendall et al., 2009; Poulton et al., 2010; Poulton & Canfield, 2011; Planavsky et al., 2011; Reinhard et al., 2013), which suggest that either…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA revised lower estimate of ozone columns during Earth’s oxygenated history
Cooke, G. J., Marsh, D. R., Walsh, C., Black, B. A., & Lamarque, J.-F. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.211165 · Cited by 44
Smith, A. J. B., & Beukes, N. J. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106922 · Cited by 37
Self-citationEcological and evolutionary genomics of marine photosynthetic organisms
Coelho, S. M., Simon, N., Ahmed, S., Cock, J. M., & Partensky, F. (2012) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.12000 · Cited by 31
“This diversification of habitats was however a critical event for the evolution of life on Earth, as it is thought to have triggered the sudden rise in atmospheric oxygen that occurred 2.3 Gyr ago (Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialKendall, B., van Acken, D., & Creaser, R. A. (2013) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.08.002 · Cited by 31
Phylogenomic Dating—The Relative Antiquity of Archaeal Metabolic and Physiological Traits
Blank, C. E. (2009) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2008.0248 · Cited by 31
“…lacked Cyanobacteria, these clades were constrained to have arisen after oxygenation of the atmosphere, 2.32 Ga [the age by which mass-independent isotopic fractionation of sulfur isotopes suggests that atmospheric chemistry became dominated by the presence of oxygen (Bekker et al., 2004)].”
InfluentialThe benefits and harm of transmitting into space
Haqq-Misra, J. D., Busch, M. W., Som, S. M., & Baum, S. D. (2013) · Space Policy · doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.11.006 · Cited by 36
“4 billion years ago [27] and the proliferation of photosynthesis [28].”
BackgroundKamennaya, N. A., Zemla, M., Mahoney, L. E., Chen, L., Holman, E. A., Holman, H. N., Auer, M., Ajo-Franklin, C. M., & Jansson, C. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04588-9 · Cited by 29
Thiemens, M. H., & Lin, M. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201812322 · Cited by 30
Geobiology of the Proterozoic Eon
Lyons, T. W., Reinhard, C. T., Love, G. D., & Xiao, S. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118280874.ch20 · Cited by 31
“32 Ga by the permanent loss of NMD behaviour (Fig. 20.2; Farquhar and Wing, 2003; Bekker et al., 2004; Papineau et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialKerrich, R. W., Said, N., Manikyamba, C., & Wyman, D. A. (2012) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.02.007 · Cited by 31
Pufahl, P. K., Anderson, S. L., & Hiatt, E. E. (2014) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.05.006 · Cited by 31
Fe isotopes of a 2.4 Ga hematite-rich IF constrain marine redox conditions around the GOE
Lantink, M. L., Oonk, P. B. H., Floor, G. H., Tsikos, H., & Mason, P. R. D. (2017) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.12.025 · Cited by 30
Cyanobacterial Siderophores: Ecological and Biotechnological Significance
Chakraborty, S., Verma, E., & Singh, S. S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814667-5.00019-2 · Cited by 30
Constraining the rise of oxygen with oxygen isotopes
Killingsworth, B. A., Sansjofre, P., Philippot, P., Cartigny, P., Thomazo, C., & Lalonde, S. V. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12883-2 · Cited by 34
The onset of oxidative weathering traced by uranium isotopes
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Self-citationPlanavsky, N. J., Reinhard, C. T., Isson, T. T., Ozaki, K., & Crockford, P. W. (2020) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2060 · Cited by 31
“…is the only known oxygen barometer that records a direct atmospheric signal—with the notable exception of the D 33 S sys-tem, which has transformed our understanding of atmospheric composition during Archean time (4.0–2.5 Ga) (Farquhar et al., 2000; Pavlov and Kasting, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004).”
InfluentialKokh, M., Assayag, N., Mounic, S., Cartigny, P., Gurenko, A. A., & Pokrovski, G. S. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.06.016 · Cited by 30
“914 The data obtained in this study account neither for findings of MIF 33S signatures in some post915 Archean magmatic-metamorphic sulfides (e.g., Farquhar et al., 2002; Bekker et al., 2009; Cabral et al., 2013; 916 Young et al., 2013; LaFlamme et al., 2018b) nor in experiments of sulfate reduction by amino-acids in…”
Martindale, R. C., Strauss, J. V., Sperling, E. A., Johnson, J. E., Kranendonk, M. J. V., Flannery, D. T., French, K. L., Lepot, K., Mazumder, R., Rice, M. S., et al. (2015) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.05.021 · Cited by 31
Lenhardt, N., Eriksson, P. G., Catuneanu, O., & Bumby, A. J. (2011) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.09.012 · Cited by 30
“Studies on pyrites in marine shales of the Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill Formations at the base of the Pretoria Group suggest that the first major increase in global atmospheric oxygen may have occurred during the deposition of these formations (Bekker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundAre the green algae (phylum Viridiplantae) two billion years old?
TEYSSÈDRE, B. (2006) · Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology) · doi:10.4267/2042/5836 · Cited by 30
Microbes and the Fossil Record: Selected Topics in Paleomicrobiology
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Moczydłowska, M., Pease, V., Willman, S., Wickström, L., & Agić, H. (2017) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s0016756817000085 · Cited by 30
“the Great Oxidation Event (c. 2.3 Ga; Holland, 2002; Bekker et al. 2004) or possibly earlier (Lyons, Reinhard & Planavsky, 2014; Jackson, 2015; Lalonde &”
BackgroundInfluentialAncient Fossil Record and Early Evolution (ca. 3.8 to 0.5 Ga)
López‐García, P., Moreira, D., Douzery, E., Forterre, P., van Zuilen, M. A., Claeys, P., & Prieur, D. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-45083-4_7 · Cited by 30
Changes in orogenic style and surface environment recorded in Paleoproterozoic foreland successions
Huang, B., Liu, M., Kusky, T., Johnson, T. E., Wilde, S. A., Fu, D., Deng, H., & Qian, Q. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43893-w · Cited by 29
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“…Selby & Creaser 2001), the geochronology of hydrocarbon formation (Selby & Creaser 2005), the determination of the source of metals in subductionrelated porphyry Cu–Au deposits (McInnes et al. 1999; Mathur et al. 2005) and the timing of oxygenation of the Earth’s atmosphere (Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundBusigny, V., Marin‐Carbonne, J., Muller, É., Cartigny, P., Rollion‐Bard, C., Assayag, N., & Philippot, P. (2017) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.05.002 · Cited by 29
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“Indeed, the shift from anoxic to oxic conditions also known as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) occurring at c. 2450–2200Ma (Bekker et al. 2004) caused a series of chemical and environmental changes, including the rise of oxygen in the atmosphere, the onset of oxidation during continental weathering…”
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“enables the determination of the atmospheric levels of oxygen (Bekker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundRate law of Fe(II) oxidation under low O2 conditions
Kanzaki, Y., & Murakami, T. (2013) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.06.014 · Cited by 29
Memories of Pre-Jurassic Lost Oceans: How To Retrieve Them From Extant Lands
Isozaki, Y. (2014) · Geoscience Canada · doi:10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.050 · Cited by 29
“…the Paleoproterozoic Makganayene diamictite deposited at low latitude (Beukes et al. 2013) is significantly younger than the claimed timing of disappearance of mass-independent fractionation of sulphur isotopes that supports the coeval Great Oxidation Event (Holland 2002; Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundChemical sedimentary protoliths in the >3.75Ga Nuvvuagittuq Supracrustal Belt (Québec, Canada)
Mloszewska, A. M., Mojzsis, S. J., Ernesto Pecoits, A., Papineau, D., Dauphas, N., & Konhauser, K. O. (2012) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.11.005 · Cited by 29
“An indirect consequence of this decrease in seawater Ni is thought to have been the Great Oxidation Event at ca. 2.4 Ga (Holland, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005; Holland, 2009; but cf. ; Law and Phillips, 2006; Ohmoto et al., 2006; Kerrich et al., in press), where a decrease in the…”
BackgroundInfluentialGilhooly, W., Reinhard, C. T., & Lyons, T. W. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.044 · Cited by 34
“4 billion years ago (Bekker et al., 2004), indicating that oxygen accumulated to significant concentrations in the atmosphere.”
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Carbon cycle evolution before and after the Great Oxidation of the atmosphere
Canfield, D. E. (2021) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/03.2021.01 · Cited by 28
A novel quinone biosynthetic pathway illuminates the evolution of aerobic metabolism
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Re-Os and S isotope evidence for the origin of Platreef mineralization (Bushveld Complex)
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Evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere during Late Veneer accretion
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“Nitrogen and argon isotope observations have been used to constrain the surface partial pressure of nitrogen to be pN2 ă 1.5 bar before 3 Gya (Marty et al. 2013), however more recent models suggest that pN2 was lower in the past (Lammer et al. 2018).”
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“The iron in BIF was likely sourced from submarine hydrothermal venting, where the ferrous iron (Fe) could have been transported great distances under the strongly anoxic conditions of the oceans during the Archaean (Holland, 1973; Bekker et al., 2004; Bekker and Holland, 2012).”
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“However, the only direct proxy to put a constraint on Archean atmospheric O2 concentrations has been the disappearance of mass-independent fractionation of S-isotopes (Farquhar et al., 2000; Bekker et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2009; Luo et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBiogeochemical cycles of sulfur and nitrogen in the Archean ocean and atmosphere
Shen, Y., Pinti, D. L., & HASHIZUME, K. (2006) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/164gm19 · Cited by 27
The Fossil Record of Microbial Life
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On the free energy that drove primordial anabolism
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“3 billion years ago [77,78].”
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“Along these lines, this study presents evidence that in reference to the studied μm to mm-scale botryoidal and spherulitic aragonite fabrics associated with microbial mats, similarities do exist and comparisons can be tentatively made with similar fabrics in the geological record, at least for those formed after the g…”
BackgroundMo isotopic composition of the mid-Neoproterozoic ocean: An iron formation perspective
Baldwin, G. J., Nägler, T. F., Greber, N. D., Turner, E. C., & Kamber, B. S. (2013) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.02.011 · Cited by 29
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Eco-evolutionary feedbacks mediated by bacterial membrane vesicles
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Moderate levels of oxygenation during the late stage of Earth's Great Oxidation Event
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Reconstructing Precambrian pCO2 and pO2 Using Paleosols
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Emerging views on the evolution of atmospheric oxygen during the Precambrian
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“(Bekker et al., 2004) may have a significant relation to the styles and rates of processes that might have caused the oxygenation as well as to the consequences of the oxygen rise, especially to the biological realm.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeister, P. H., Chapligin, B., Picard, A., Meyer, H., Fischer, C., Rettenwander, D., Amthauer, G., Vogt, C., & Aiello, I. W. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.035 · Cited by 27
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Estimates of atmospheric O2 in the Paleoproterozoic from paleosols
Kanzaki, Y., & Murakami, T. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.11.022 · Cited by 26
A biological switch at the ocean surface as a cause of laminations in a Precambrian iron formation
HASHIZUME, K., Pinti, D. L., Orberger, B., Cloquet, C., Jayananda, M., & SOYAMA, H. (2016) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.023 · Cited by 26
Sulfide oxidation affects the preservation of sulfur isotope signals
Findlay, A., Boyko, V., Pellerin, A., Avetisyan, K., Guo, Q., Yang, X., & Kamyshny, A. (2019) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g46153.1 · Cited by 26
Bennicelli, R. P., Gliński, J., Stępniewska, Z., & Stępniewski, W. (2008) · Cited by 26
Jaworowski, Z. (2008) · International Journal of Low Radiation · doi:10.1504/ijlr.2008.019919 · Cited by 26
Generation Mechanisms of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Plant Cell
Tiwari, S., Tiwari, S., Singh, M., Singh, A., & Prasad, S. M. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119324928.ch1 · Cited by 26
Xu, X., Li, C., Cao, W., Yan, L. E., Cao, L., Han, Q., Gao, M., Chen, Y., Shen, Z., Jiang, J., et al. (2024) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1093/ismejo/wrae157 · Cited by 26
Paiste, P., Lepland, A., Zerkle, A. L., Kirsimäe, K., Izon, G., Patel, N., McLean, F., Kreitsmann, T., Mänd, K., Bui, T. C. N., et al. (2018) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.09.025 · Cited by 25
“3 Ga during the Great Oxidation Event (GOE; Bekker et al., 2004; Holland, 2006; Guo et al., 2009; Luo et al., 2016; Gumsley et al., 2017; but see also Ohmoto et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrebiotic Pathway from Ribose to RNA Formation
Bánfalvi, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22083857 · Cited by 26
“Hadean produced a variety of other small organic compounds, including C1−C3 hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, acetone, and acetic acid [26,27].”
BackgroundRoué, L., Kurzweil, F., Wille, M., Wegwerth, A., Dellwig, O., Münker, C., & Schoenberg, R. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.013 · Cited by 25
Lévesque, J.-P., SUMMERS, K. M., Bisht, K., Millard, S. M., Winkler, I. G., & Pettit, A. R. (2021) · Experimental Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2021.08.011 · Cited by 26
Heard, A. W., Bekker, A., Kovalick, A., Tsikos, H., Ireland, T. J., & Dauphas, N. (2022) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117416 · Cited by 25
Self-citationThe Ancient Anoxic Biosphere Was Not As We Know It
Fallick, A. E., Melezhik, V. A., & Simonson, B. M. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68656-1_12 · Cited by 25
“and 398, respectively) and diagenetic carbonates occurring at c. 2000 Ma (Fig. 1) are evidence of the establishment of biologically induced diffusion gradients in the water and sediment columns, following significantly increased atmospheric oxygen levels (Baker and Fallick, 1989; Bekker et al., 2004; Karhu and Holland…”
BackgroundInvestigating the Paleoproterozoic glaciations with 3-D climate modeling
Teitler, Y., Hir, G. L., Fluteau, F., Philippot, P., & Yannick Donnadieu, A. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.044 · Cited by 26
“32 Ga in association with the second glacial event (Bekker et al., 2004; Papineau et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSun, X., Zhu, X., Tang, H., Zhang, Q., Luo, T., & Han, T. (2013) · Journal of Geochemical Exploration · doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.10.009 · Cited by 25
Frei, R., Dahl, P. S., Frandsson, M. M., Jensen, L. A., Hansen, T. R., Terry, M. P., & Frei, K. M. (2009) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2009.03.004 · Cited by 25
“Regarding sedimentation cycles in the Black Hills basin, t is not a question of whether oxygen levels were sufficiently igh to allow for such weathering because the depositional time rame here long postdated the first Great Oxygenation Event at .3–2.45 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004; Anbar et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialHORSCROFT, F. D. M., Mossman, D. J., Reimer, T. O., & Hennigh, Q. (2012) · SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) eBooks · doi:10.2110/sepmsp.101.075 · Cited by 25
“While this is not surprising, the presence of mass independent fractionation, according to Bekker et al. (2004), suggests that atmospheric oxygen was not present at significant levels.”
BackgroundBurron, I., da Costa, G., Sharpe, R., Fayek, M., Gauert, C. D. K., & Hofmann, A. (2018) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g39957.1 · Cited by 25
Warke, M. R., & Schröder, S. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.03.001 · Cited by 24
“geochemical archive of late Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic sedimentary successions from around the world (Bekker et al., 2004; Kump, 2008; Lyons et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPaiste, P., Lepland, A., Zerkle, A. L., Kirsimäe, K., Kreitsmann, T., Mänd, K., Romashkin, A. E., Рычанчик, Д. В., & Prave, A. R. (2020) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103230 · Cited by 26
Heard, A. W., Aarons, S. M., Hofmann, A., He, X., Ireland, T. J., Bekker, A., Qin, L., & Dauphas, N. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.12.005 · Cited by 25
“However, various geochemical proxies indicate transient oxygenation during deposition of the Mesoarchean ( 2.95 Ga) Pongola Supergroup, South Africa, which suggests that continental weathering could have also occurred under transiently oxic conditions before the GOE.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBlank, C. E. (2009) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2008.0247 · Cited by 25
“…were not present in the environment, these clades could have only originated after the rise in oxygen in the atmosphere, about 2.32 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004), when mass-independent isotopic fractionation of sulfur isotopes and conventional redox indicators show that atmospheric oxygen…”
InfluentialGuy, B. M., Ono, S., Gutzmer, J., Lin, Y., & Beukes, N. J. (2014) · Mineralium Deposita · doi:10.1007/s00126-014-0518-3 · Cited by 26
“7a) is consistent with low levels of sulfate in the Archean ocean (Habicht et al. 2002; Jamieson et al. 2012) since elevated concentrations of sulfate would have erased the photochemical signature (Bekker et al. 2004; Guo et al. 2009; Johnston 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTomiki, T., & Saitou, N. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-004-2610-2 · Cited by 25
“3 billion years ago (Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe search for habitable planets with biosignature gases framed by a ‘Biosignature Drake Equation’
Seager, S. (2017) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550417000052 · Cited by 23
“…oxygen has existed in Earth’s atmosphere for about half of its life (several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years ago but reached considerable levels by 2.22 billion years ago (Bekker et al. 2004)).”
BackgroundInfluentialKeyser, W., Ciobanu, C. L., Cook, N. J., Johnson, G., Feltus, H., Johnson, S., Dmitrijeva, M., Ehrig, K. J., & Nguyen, P. T. (2018) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.006 · Cited by 25
Gavelis, G. S., & Gile, G. (2018) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fny209 · Cited by 22
Cyanobacteria From Brazilian Extreme Environments
Genuário, D. B., Vaz, M. G. M. V., Santos, S. N., Kavamura, V. N., & de Melo, I. S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814849-5.00016-2 · Cited by 24
Fralick, P. W., Planavsky, N. J., Burton, J., Jarvis, I., Addison, W. D., Barrett, T. J., & Brumpton, G. R. (2016) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.12.014 · Cited by 25
“4 Ga) (Bekker et al., 2004), which is often referred to as the Great Oxidation Event or ‘‘GOE” (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialBange, H. W., & Uher, G. (2004) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.022 · Cited by 24
“However, the surface layer of the ocean in the Archean was anoxic prior to the onset of O2 accumulation in the atmosphere, which occurred at approximately 2.3 million years ago (Farquhar et al., 2000; Bekker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialLight-driven oxygen production from superoxide by Mn-binding bacterial reaction centers
Allen, J. P., Olson, T. L., Oyala, P. H., Lee, W.-J., Tufts, A. A., & Williams, J. C. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1115364109 · Cited by 24
“At that time, the oxygen level of the atmosphere has been estimated to be decreased by 10−5 compared to the present atmospheric level (24, 28, 29), yielding a concentration of dissolved oxygen of 3 nM.”
BackgroundParnell, J., Boyce, A. J., & Blamey, N. J. F. (2010) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550410000200 · Cited by 23
“The levels of fractionation observed on Earth now were not achieved during the first half of Earth’s history; the microbial processing of sulphur has evolved as the oxygen content of the atmosphere and the sulphate content of the oceans have increased (Bekker et al. 2004; Johnston et al. 2005).”
BackgroundThe Great Oxidation Event and Its Records in North China Craton
Chen, Y., & Tang, H. (2016) · Springer geology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1064-4_11 · Cited by 24
Burgsdorf, I., Handley, K. M., Bar‐Shalom, R., Erwin, P. M., & Steindler, L. (2019) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00057-19 · Cited by 24
An expanded shale δ98Mo record permits recurrent shallow marine oxygenation during the Neoarchean
Ostrander, C. M., Kendall, B., Olson, S. L., Lyons, T. W., Gordon, G. W., Romaniello, S. J., Zheng, W., Reinhard, C. T., Roy, M., & Anbar, A. D. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119391 · Cited by 24
Co-Evolution of Atmospheres, Life, and Climate
Grenfell, J. L., Rauer, H., Selsis, F., Kaltenegger, L., Beichman, C., Danchi, W. C., Eiroa, C., Fridlund, M. C., Henning, T. K., Herbst, T. M., et al. (2010) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 24
Sehlmeyer, K., Ruwisch, J., Roldán, N., & López-Rodríguez, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00943 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Bekker, A., Holland, H. D., Wang, P.-L., Rumble, D., Stein, H. J., Hannah, J. L., Coetzee, L. L., & Beukes, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Bekker, A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 427
- Issue
- 6970
- Pages
- 117-120
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2090027771
- Cited by
- 1,435
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 53.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Keywords
- Great Oxidation, atmospheric oxygen rise, sulfur isotopes, mass-independent fractionation, oolites, Neoproterozoic, Precambrian geochemistry
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Carbonates, Cold Climate, Geography, Ice, Iron, Isotopes, Oxygen, South Africa, Sulfides, Sulfur, Time Factors, Geologic Sediments
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