The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen
Abstract
Several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years (Gyr) ago, and that it had reached considerable levels by 2.22 Gyr ago. Here we present evidence that the rise of atmospheric oxygen had occurred by 2.32 Gyr ago. We found that syngenetic pyrite is present in organic-rich shales of the 2.32-Gyr-old Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations, South Africa. The range of the isotopic composition of sulphur in this pyrite is large and shows no evidence of mass-independent fractionation, indicating that atmospheric oxygen was present at significant levels (that is, greater than 10(-5) times that of the present atmospheric level) during the deposition of these units. The presence of rounded pebbles of sideritic iron formation at the base of the Rooihoogte Formation and an extensive and thick ironstone layer consisting of haematitic pisolites and oölites in the upper Timeball Hill Formation indicate that atmospheric oxygen rose significantly, perhaps for the first time, during the deposition of the Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations. These units were deposited between what are probably the second and third of the three Palaeoproterozoic glacial events.
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“The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) at 2.45-2.22Ga (Bekker et al., 2004;Guo et al., 2009;Gumsley et al., 2017) marks the rapid appearance of free oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere (Anbar et al., 2007;Sessions et al., 2009)”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Although minor occurrences of low δ34S pyrite have recently been reported in late Archean strata by in situ analysis (58), samples studied here are the oldest samples that exhibit low δ34S values in bulk rock analyses (18, 59).”
From Rapid oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere 2.33 billion years ago (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“resolving the origin of the hydrocarbon biomarkers hosted in Archean rocks would either recast or solidify the late Archean framework in which we understand one of the most profound biologically mediated transformations of the planet-the Great Oxidation Event [GOE; ∼2.4 billion years ago (Ga)] (13).”
From Reappraisal of hydrocarbon biomarkers in Archean rocks (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In the rock record, this event is manifested by a number of changes (see Farquhar et al., 2011, 2014, for reviews), including (1) loss of easily oxidisable detrital uraninite, pyrite, and siderite from fluvial siliciclastic sediments at ca. 2.4 Ga”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“that effectively disappeared from the sedimentary record between 2.45 and 2.32 Ga (e.g., Bekker et al., 2004;Farquhar et al., 2000;2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“The disappearance of S-MIF is perhaps the most accepted evidence for the onset of widespread and permanent oxygenation of the Earth's surface to levels above 10 -5 times present atmospheric levels (PAL) (see Pavlov and Kasting, 2002;Bekker et al., 2004;Farquhar et al., 2000;2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
Citations
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Items 301–400 of 1,000
Blank, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12111 · Cited by 98
Early oxygenation of the terrestrial environment during the Mesoproterozoic
Parnell, J., Boyce, A. J., Mark, D. F., Bowden, S. A., & Spinks, S. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09538 · Cited by 94
Photoferrotrophy: Remains of an Ancient Photosynthesis in Modern Environments
Camacho, A., Walter, X. A., Picazo, A., & Zopfi, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00323 · Cited by 101
“Atmospheric oxygen accumulation, however, did not occur at a global scale before the Great Oxidation Event around 2.33 Ga ago (Bekker et al., 2004; Kaufman et al., 2008; Konhauser et al., 2009; Lyons et al., 2014; Luo et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialRickard, D. T. (2012) · Developments in sedimentology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52989-3.00006-4 · Cited by 95
Oxidative elemental cycling under the low O2 Eoarchean atmosphere
Frei, R., Crowe, S. A., Bau, M., Polat, A., Fowle, D. A., & Døssing, L. N. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep21058 · Cited by 94
Bekker, A., & Kaufman, A. J. (2007) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.009 · Cited by 98
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“…confidence intervals] (Farquhar et al., 2000a, 2007a; Hu et al., 2003; Mojzsis et al., 2003; Ono et al., 2003, 2006a,b, 2007; Savarino et al., 2003; Bekker et al., 2004; Johnston et al., 2005a, 2006, in press; Papineau et al., 2005, 2007; Whitehouse et al., 2005; Jamieson et al., 2006; Cates &…”
Proterozoic sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits and links to evolving global ocean chemistry
Lyons, T. W., Gellatly, A. M., McGoldrick, P. J., & Kah, L. C. (2006) · Geological Society of America eBooks · doi:10.1130/2006.1198(10 · Cited by 88
Chen, S., Sun, G., Rosen, B. P., Zhang, S., Deng, Y., Zhu, B., Rensing, C., & Zhu, Y. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08313-2 · Cited by 93
Dating phototrophic microbial lineages with reticulate gene histories
Magnabosco, C., Moore, K. R., Wolfe, J. M., & Fournier, G. P. (2018) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12273 · Cited by 83
“It is generally accepted that the loss of the mass- independent sulfur isotope fractionations from the sedimentary record ~2.4 to ~2.3 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004; Farquhar, Bao, & Thiemens, 2000; Luo et al., 2016) marks the transitional period prior to the stabilization of an oxygenated atmosphere…”
BackgroundInfluentialAtmospheric sulfur rearrangement 2.7 billion years ago: Evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis
Kurzweil, F., Claire, M., Thomazo, C., Peters, M., Hannington, M., & Strauss, H. (2013) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.028 · Cited by 91
Modulation of oxygen production in Archaean oceans by episodes of Fe(II) toxicity
Swanner, E. D., Mloszewska, A. M., Cirpka, O. A., Schoenberg, R., Konhauser, K. O., & Kappler, A. (2015) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2327 · Cited by 90
Parsons, C., Stüeken, E. E., Rosen, C. J., Mateos, K., & Anderson, R. E. (2021) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12419 · Cited by 91
Gaschnig, R. M., Rudnick, R. L., McDonough, W. F., Kaufman, A. J., Hu, Z., & Gao, S. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.002 · Cited by 89
“Curiously, the Timeball Hill formed post-GOE, whereas Duitschland formed preGOE (Bekker et al., 2001, 2004; Guo et al., 2009); the depositional age of the Makganyene diamictites is controversial”
BackgroundInfluentialKoehler, M. C., Stüeken, E. E., Kipp, M. A., Buick, R., & Knoll, A. H. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.050 · Cited by 90
Strongly Peraluminous Granites across the Archean–Proterozoic Transition
Bucholz, C. E., & Spencer, C. J. (2019) · Journal of Petrology · doi:10.1093/petrology/egz033 · Cited by 91
Bolhar, R., Hofmann, A., Siahi, M., Feng, Y., & Delvigne, C. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.026 · Cited by 90
Fiorentini, M. L., Bekker, A., Rouxel, O. J., Wing, B. A., Maier, W., & Rumble, D., III (2012) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/econgeo.107.1.105 · Cited by 89
Self-citationThe evolution of the 87sr/86sr of marine carbonates does not constrain continental growth
Flament, N., Coltice, N., & Rey, P. F. (2013) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.009 · Cited by 88
“Whilst further work is needed to uantify the effect of the emergence of the continents on the oxiation state of the atmosphere, we speculate that the Neoarchean mergence of the continents could have contributed to the great xidation event dated at ∼2.45 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelenium isotopes record extensive marine suboxia during the Great Oxidation Event
Kipp, M. A., Stüeken, E. E., Bekker, A., & Buick, R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1615867114 · Cited by 90
“32 Ga, which is now thought to mark the onset of the GOE (9, 10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOxygenic photosynthesis: history, status and perspective
Junge, W. (2019) · Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics · doi:10.1017/s0033583518000112 · Cited by 88
Insights Into the Evolution of Picocyanobacteria and Phycoerythrin Genes (mpeBA and cpeBA)
Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., Bianchini, G., Cesare, A. D., Callieri, C., & Chrismas, N. A. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00045 · Cited by 81
Biological regulation of atmospheric chemistry en route to planetary oxygenation
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“4 billion years ago (5, 6), sedimentary S-phases display mass-independent S-isotope fractionation (S-MIF; Δ(33)S and Δ(36)S≠ 0),* which is conspicuously absent in the younger geological record (5–7, 11).”
BackgroundTwo-step deoxygenation at the end of the Paleoproterozoic Lomagundi Event
Ossa Ossa, F., Eickmann, B., Hofmann, A., Planavsky, N. J., Asael, D., Pambo, F., & Bekker, A. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.01.009 · Cited by 90
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Chrismas, N. A. M., Barker, G., Anesio, A. M., & Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P. (2016) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2846-4 · Cited by 85
“4 Ga [1, 2].”
Wille, M., Nebel, O., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Schoenberg, R., Kleinhanns, I. C., & Ellwood, M. J. (2013) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.12.018 · Cited by 86
Evolution of the structure and impact of Earth’s biosphere
Planavsky, N. J., Crowe, S. A., Fakhraee, M., Beaty, B., Reinhard, C. T., Mills, B. J. W., Holstege, C., & Konhauser, K. O. (2021) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-020-00116-w · Cited by 102
Lithofacies control on multiple-sulfur isotope records and Neoarchean sulfur cycles
Ono, S., Kaufman, A. J., Farquhar, J. D., Sumner, D. Y., & Beukes, N. J. (2008) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.10.013 · Cited by 86
Self-citationLife before the rise of oxygen
Fischer, W. W. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4551051a · Cited by 91
Ushikubo, T., Williford, K. H., Farquhar, J. D., Johnston, D. T., Kranendonk, M. J. V., & Valley, J. W. (2014) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.06.006 · Cited by 85
“Small variability in the δ34S values of Archean sedimentary pyrite and expansion of variability in the δ34S values of sedimentary pyrite after ~2.4 Ga are considered as the result of increasing concentration of seawater sulfate due to atmospheric oxygenation across the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE: Holland, 1984, 1994…”
BackgroundInfluentialChemical and biological evolution of early Earth: Constraints from banded iron formations
Ohmoto, H., Watanabe, Y., Yamaguchi, K. E., Naraoka, H., Haruna, M., Kakegawa, T., Hayashi, K., & Kato, Y. (2006) · Geological Society of America eBooks · doi:10.1130/2006.1198(17 · Cited by 86
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“The absence of concurrent time estimates for the origin of cyanobacteria and the GOE based on the same data sets has prevented rigorously gauging the length of the lag period between the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis and the GOE, a time of “oxygen oases,” geochemical “whiffs of oxygen” (1), exceedingly extreme…”
InfluentialDecline in oceanic sulfate levels during the early Mesoproterozoic
Luo, G., Ono, S., Huang, J., Algeo, T. J., Li, C., Zhou, L., Robinson, A., Lyons, T. W., & Xie, S. (2014) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.12.014 · Cited by 88
Quantitative bounds on morphodynamics and implications for reading the sedimentary record
Ganti, V., Lamb, M. P., & McElroy, B. J. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4298 · Cited by 84
A model for Cryogenian iron formation
Cox, G. M., Halverson, G. P., Poirier, A., Heron, D. P. L., Strauss, J. V., & Stevenson, R. K. (2015) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.003 · Cited by 84
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Cornejo‐Castillo, F. M., Cabello, A. M., Salazar, G., Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., Lima‐Mendez, G., Hingamp, P., Alberti, A., Sunagawa, S., Peer Bork, B., de Vargas, C., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11071 · Cited by 83
Multiple sulfur isotopes of sulfides from sediments in the aftermath of Paleoproterozoic glaciations
Papineau, D., Mojzsis, S. J., Coath, C. D., Karhu, J. A., & McKeegan, K. D. (2005) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.07.005 · Cited by 82
“forthcoming to support these correlations (Bekker et al., 2004; Dorlan, 2004; Hannah et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialAerobic iron and manganese cycling in a redox-stratified Mesoarchean epicontinental sea
Ossa, F. O., Hofmann, A., Wille, M., Spangenberg, J. E., Bekker, A., Poulton, S. W., Eickmann, B., & Schoenberg, R. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.044 · Cited by 82
“Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sedimentary pyrites is the most compelling evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere (e.g., Farquhar et al., 2000; Pavlov and Kasting, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationStable Isotope Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits
Shanks, W. C. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01103-7 · Cited by 85
Adventures with cyanobacteria: a personal perspective
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“Geological and geochemical evidence clearly indicates that around this time, free molecular oxygen started to accumulate in significant amounts in the atmosphere (Figure 1; Bekker et al., 2004). Mass spectrometric evidence for a high driving force of O 2 evolution by PSII in cyanobacteria and higher plants has been pr…”
BackgroundResultPenniston‐Dorland, S. C., Wing, B. A., Nex, P. A. M., Kinnaird, J. A., Farquhar, J. D., Brown, M., & Sharman, E. R. (2008) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g25098a.1 · Cited by 79
“Sedimentary equivalents to the rocks in the Platreef footwall (the Transvaal Supergroup) were deposited from ca. 2.60 to ca. 2.30 Ga (Bekker et al., 2001, 2004; Hannah et al., 2004), which spans the abrupt diminution of the mass-independent S isotope signal ca. 2.45 Ga (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialChung, D., Zhou, M., Gao, J., & Chen, W. T. (2014) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.09.030 · Cited by 79
A Zn isotope perspective on the rise of continents
Pons, M. ‐., Fujii, T., Rosing, M., Quitté, G., Télouk, P., & Albarède, F. (2013) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12030 · Cited by 78
“…quiescence (Condie et al., 2009b), which must have been dominated by stable low-elevation continental expanses and (ii) the Great Oxygenation Event, documented by multiple redox-sensitive isotopic proxies (Farquhar et al., 2000; Bekker et al., 2004; Anbar et al., 2007; Konhauser et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSteep Rock Lake: Sedimentology and geochemistry of an Archean carbonate platform
Fralick, P. W., & Riding, R. (2015) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.006 · Cited by 79
Hofmann, A., Bekker, A., Dirks, P. H. G. M., Guéguen, B., Rumble, D., III, & Rouxel, O. J. (2013) · Mineralium Deposita · doi:10.1007/s00126-013-0476-1 · Cited by 78
“MIF of S isotopes in Archean 482 sulfides and sulfates has been attributed to the absence of an ozone shield in the anoxic 483 Archean atmosphere (Farquhar et al., 2000; Pavlov and Kasting, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKendall, B., Anbar, A. D., Kappler, A. A., & Konhauser, K. O. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118280874.ch6 · Cited by 80
“…abundant oxidized Fe(III) in paleosols between 2.5 and 2.0 Ga (Cloud, 1968; Chandler, 1980; Eriksson and Cheney, 1992; Rye and Holland, 1998; Bekker et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005; Holland, 2006; Farquhar et al., 2011; Murakami et al., 2011; Sekine et al., 2011), and a contemporaneous growth…”
BackgroundInfluentialSchröder, S., Bedorf, D., Beukes, N. J., & Gutzmer, J. (2011) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.11.007 · Cited by 77
Self-citationThomson, D., Rainbird, R. H., Planavsky, N., Lyons, T. W., & Bekker, A. (2015) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.02.007 · Cited by 76
Self-citationLimited oxygen production in the Mesoarchean ocean
Ossa, F. O., Hofmann, A., Spangenberg, J. E., Poulton, S. W., Stüeken, E. E., Schoenberg, R., Eickmann, B., Wille, M., Butler, M. J., & Bekker, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1818762116 · Cited by 74
“4 billion years ago (Ga) is marked by the disappearance of mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes, oxidation of detrital pyrite and uraninite, and the appearance of red beds, reflecting the irreversible transition from an anoxic to an oxic world (1, 2).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSQUID–SIMS is a useful approach to uncover primary signals in the Archean sulfur cycle
Fischer, W. W., Fike, D. A., Johnson, J. E., Raub, T. D., Guan, Y., Kirschvink, J. L., & Eiler, J. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1322577111 · Cited by 78
Cyanobacterial nitrogenases: phylogenetic diversity, regulation and functional predictions
Esteves-Ferreira, A. A., Cavalcanti, J. H. F., Vaz, M. G. M. V., de Alvarenga, L. V., Nunes‐Nesi, A., & Araújo, W. L. (2017) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0050 · Cited by 85
“On the other hand, soluble oxidized Mo started to become more available in the oceans (Hofmann, 1976; Bekker et al., 2004; Frei et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGenomic Changes Associated with the Evolutionary Transitions of Nostoc to a Plant Symbiont
Warshan, D., Liaimer, A., Pederson, E. R. A., Kim, S.-Y., Shapiro, N., Woyke, T., Altermark, B., Pawlowski, K., Weyman, P. D., Dupont, C. L., et al. (2018) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msy029 · Cited by 77
“As molecular dating requires a phylogenomic tree with fossil calibrations, the minimum and maximum ages for the cyanobacterial root were set to 2,320 Ma (Bekker et al. 2004) and 2,700 Ma (Brocks et al.”
BackgroundRaiswell, R., Reinhard, C. T., Derkowski, A., Owens, J. D., Bottrell, S. H., Anbar, A. D., & Lyons, T. W. (2010) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.013 · Cited by 76
“…record evidence for a rapid rise in atmospheric O2 (termed the Great Oxidation Event or GOE; see Holland, 1962, 1992, 2002; Karhu and Holland, 1994; Bekker et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005) between 2.45 and 2.32 Ga (1 Ga = 109 years), which enhanced oxidative weathering of pyrite on land and increased…”
BackgroundInfluentialWard, L. M., & Shih, P. M. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.049 · Cited by 80
Guy, B. M., Ono, S., Gutzmer, J., Kaufman, A. J., Lin, Y., Fogel, M. L., & Beukes, N. J. (2012) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.06.018 · Cited by 76
Self-citationLuo, G., Junium, C. K., Izon, G., Ono, S., Beukes, N. J., Algeo, T. J., Cui, Y., Xie, S., & Summons, R. E. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03361-2 · Cited by 75
Self-citationMaheshwari, A., Sial, A. N., Gaucher, C., Bossi, J., Bekker, A., Ferreira, V. P., & Romano, A. W. (2010) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.06.017 · Cited by 74
“The highly positive 13C values in early Paleoproterozoic carbonates coincide with the rise in atmospheric oxygen (Karhu and Holland, 1996; Bekker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe evolution of the global selenium cycle: Secular trends in Se isotopes and abundances
Stüeken, E. E., Buick, R., Bekker, A., Catling, D. C., Foriel, J., Guy, B. M., Kah, L. C., Machel, H. G., Montañez, I. P., & Poulton, S. W. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.033 · Cited by 74
“…Group immediately after one of the Paleoproterozoic glaciation 555 events, which may be a result of the proposed Lomagundi atmospheric O2 overshoot between 556 2.35 and 2.05 Gyr (Bekker et al., 2004; Bekker and Holland, 2012; Planavsky et al., 2012; 557 Hardisty et al., 2014; Scott et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationZircon Hf isotope evidence for an enriched mantle source for the Bushveld Igneous Complex
Zirakparvar, N. A., Mathez, E. A., Scoates, J. S., & Wall, C. J. (2014) · Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology · doi:10.1007/s00410-014-1050-2 · Cited by 74
“The Bushveld crystallized at approximately 2.06 Ga (see below) from an estimated 600,000 km3 of mainly mafic magmas (Cawthorn and Walraven 1998) that intruded the 2.6–2.3 Ga sedimentary Transvaal Supergroup (Bekker et al. 2001, 2004; Hannah et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialTurner, E. C., & Bekker, A. (2015) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b31268.1 · Cited by 75
Self-citationThe transition from a cyanobacterial to algal world and the emergence of animals
Brocks, J. J. (2018) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20180039 · Cited by 74
Shotgun Sequencing in the Sea: A Blast from the Past?
Falkowski, P. G., & de Vargas, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097146 · Cited by 72
Anoxic photogeochemical oxidation of manganese carbonate yields manganese oxide
Liu, W., Hao, J., Elzinga, E. J., Piotrowiak, P., Nanda, V., Yee, N., & Falkowski, P. G. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2002175117 · Cited by 74
Transient surface ocean oxygenation recorded in the ∼2.66-Ga Jeerinah Formation, Australia
Koehler, M. C., Buick, R., Kipp, M. A., Stüeken, E. E., & Zaloumis, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1720820115 · Cited by 72
“4 Ga (2, 3), which has been identified using combined trace metal and nitrogen isotope datasets collected at high stratigraphic resolution (4–6).”
BackgroundProtracted oxygenation of the Proterozoic biosphere
Kah, L. C., & Bartley, J. K. (2011) · International Geology Review · doi:10.1080/00206814.2010.527651 · Cited by 72
“(Bekker et al. 2004), biospheric oxygen levels rose above 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialMichaelian, K., & Simeonov, A. (2015) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-12-4913-2015 · Cited by 74
Haugaard, R. N., Ernesto Pecoits, A., Lalonde, S. V., Rouxel, O. J., & Konhauser, K. O. (2015) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.10.024 · Cited by 72
“Furthermore, by directly preceding the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) and the marked increase in Cr dissolution found in the Weeli Wolli Formation (see Konhauser et al., 2011), the Joffre BIF potentially covers the transition from an anoxic to a partially oxygenated Earth.”
BackgroundInfluentialImproved methods for isolating and validating indigenous biomarkers in Precambrian rocks
Sherman, L. S., Waldbauer, J. R., & Summons, R. E. (2007) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.08.012 · Cited by 71
How low can they go? Aerobic respiration by microorganisms under apparent anoxia
Berg, J. S., Ahmerkamp, S., Pjevac, P., Hausmann, B., Milucka, J., & Kuypers, M. M. M. (2022) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuac006 · Cited by 75
“O 2 has existed on Earth at least since the evolution of photosynthesis 2.7–2.5 billion years ago (Buick 2008; Farquhar, Zerkle and Bekker 2011), although O 2 likely did not begin to accumulate in the atmosphere until 2.45–2.32 billion years ago (Bekker et al. 2004).”
InfluentialNitrogen cycle in the Late Archean ferruginous ocean
Busigny, V., Lebeau, O., Ader, M., Krapež, B., & Bekker, A. (2013) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.06.023 · Cited by 71
“It is now well established that the first irreversible oxygenation of the atmosphere, the so called Great Oxidation Event (GOE), occurred between 2.4 and 2.3 Ga (Holland, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2009), although transient oxygenation could have occurred earlier.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationArchean Microbial Mat Communities
Tice, M. M., Thornton, D. C. O., Pope, M. C., Olszewski, T. D., & Gong, J. (2011) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152356 · Cited by 72
Williford, K. H., Ushikubo, T., Lepot, K., Kitajima, K., Hallmann, C., Spicuzza, M. J., Kozdon, R., Eigenbrode, J. L., Summons, R. E., & Valley, J. W. (2015) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12163 · Cited by 69
Fabre, S., Nédélec, A., Poitrasson, F., Strauß, H., Thomazo, C., & Nogueira, A. C. R. (2011) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.07.019 · Cited by 70
Schut, G. J., Zadvornyy, O. A., Wu, C.-H., Peters, J. W., Boyd, E. S., & Adams, M. W. W. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.01.010 · Cited by 69
“5 Ga came a marked increase in the availability and types of potential electron acceptor [58-60].”
Uyeda, J. C., Harmon, L. J., & Blank, C. E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162539 · Cited by 73
The rise of oxygen and the hydrogen hourglass
Zahnle, K. J., Catling, D. C., & Claire, M. W. (2013) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.08.004 · Cited by 73
“In Figure 1 we have put this event at 2.45 Ga, but a more conservative assessment of the sparse temporal record brackets the event between 2.32 and 2.45 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004).”
InfluentialEffects of Environmental and Pathological Hypoxia on Male Fertility
Li, Z., Wang, S., Gong, C., Hu, Y., Liu, J., Wang, W., Chen, Y., Liao, Q., He, B., Huang, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.725933 · Cited by 70
Bindeman, I. N., & Serebryakov, N. S. (2011) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.031 · Cited by 68
Organization and Evolution of the Biological Response to Singlet Oxygen Stress
Dufour, Y. S., Landick, R. C., & Donohue, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.017 · Cited by 68
“3 Ba).(44,45) For anoxygenic photosynthetic organisms, such as the ancestor of R.”
BackgroundDiversity and Evolutionary History of Iron Metabolism Genes in Diatoms
Groussman, R. D., Parker, M. S., & Armbrust, E. V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129081 · Cited by 70
“Event approximately 2.3 Gya [2] caused iron(III) to precipitate out of seawater, transforming iron from a readily-available nutrient to a scarce commodity.”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular Phylogeny of Heme Peroxidases
Zámocký, M., & Obinger, C. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12627-7_2 · Cited by 67
“32 billion years ago) [4] necessarily led to further sophisticated evolution of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic antioxidative stress responses, with peroxidases and catalases being among the most prominent enzymatic factors [5].”
BackgroundNeeds and opportunities in mineral evolution research
Hazen, R. M., Bekker, A., Bish, D. L., Bleeker, W., Downs, R. T., Farquhar, J. D., Ferry, J. M., Grew, E. S., Knoll, A. H., Papineau, D., et al. (2011) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am.2011.3725 · Cited by 69
“They describe a significant increase in U content in carbonaceous shales (possibly as nano-precipitates of uraninite and U4+-silicates) shortly after the rise of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 2.32 Ga (Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAharon, P. (2005) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2005.03.008 · Cited by 66
Partridge, M. A., Golding, S. D., Baublys, K. A., & Young, E. (2008) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.051 · Cited by 67
Thomassot, É., OʼNeil, J., Francis, D., Cartigny, P., & Wing, B. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1419681112 · Cited by 66
“32 gigayears ago (Ga) (2), after which S-MIF is almost completely lacking (3).”
BackgroundThe indigenous origin of Witwatersrand “carbon”
Mossman, D. J., Minter, W. E. L., Dutkiewicz, A., Hallbauer, D. K., George, S. C., Hennigh, Q., Reimer, T. O., & HORSCROFT, F. D. M. (2008) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.04.008 · Cited by 67
“Among the most impressive microbial structures now documented are microbial bedding plane surface marks (Banerjee and Kumar, 2005; Hagadorn and Bottjer, 1997), and numerous examples of microbial layering (Gerdes et al., 2000; Bekker et al., 2004; Scheiber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundDetecting natural selection in high-altitude human populations
Beall, C. M. (2007) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2007.05.013 · Cited by 69
Important roles for membrane lipids in haloarchaeal bioenergetics
Kellermann, M. Y., Yoshinaga, M. Y., Valentine, R. C., Wörmer, L., & Valentine, D. L. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.08.010 · Cited by 67
Cyanobacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates: A Sustainable Alternative in Circular Economy
Gradíssimo, D. G., Xavier, L. P., & Santos, A. V. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25184331 · Cited by 67
Climate change: biological and human aspects
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-5578 · Cited by 66
Energy metabolism in anaerobic eukaryotes and Earth's late oxygenation
Zimorski, V., Mentel, M., Tielens, A. G. M., & Martin, W. F. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.030 · Cited by 69
Global atmospheric oxygen variations recorded by Th/U systematics of igneous rocks
Liu, H., Zartman, R. E., Ireland, T. R., & Sun, W. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1902833116 · Cited by 68
“The starting time of the GOE was originally defined by the abrupt disappearance of NMD sulfur isotope fractionations in sedimentary rocks (10).”
BackgroundVolcanic emissions and the early Earth atmosphere
Martin, R. S., Mather, T. A., & Pyle, D. M. (2007) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.04.035 · Cited by 65
“A similar timing (2.32 Ga) was inferred by Bekker et al. (2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialCates, N. L., & Mojzsis, S. J. (2006) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.05.014 · Cited by 65
Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization
Egel, R., Mulkidjanian, A. Y., & Lankenau, D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21625-1 · Cited by 66
The Diversity Of Eukaryotes And The Root Of The Eukaryotic Tree
Brinkmann, H., & Philippe, H. (2008) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_2 · Cited by 67
Voorhies, A. A., Biddanda, B. A., Kendall, S. T., Jain, S., Marcus, D. N., Nold, S. C., Sheldon, N. D., & Dick, G. J. (2012) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00322.x · Cited by 64
“4 billion years ago known as the great oxidation event (GOE) (Bekker et al., 2004).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bekker, A., Holland, H. D., Wang, P.-L., Rumble, D., Stein, H. J., Hannah, J. L., Coetzee, L. L., & Beukes, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Bekker, A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 427
- Issue
- 6970
- Pages
- 117-120
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2090027771
- Cited by
- 1,435
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 53.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Keywords
- Great Oxidation, atmospheric oxygen rise, sulfur isotopes, mass-independent fractionation, oolites, Neoproterozoic, Precambrian geochemistry
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Carbonates, Cold Climate, Geography, Ice, Iron, Isotopes, Oxygen, South Africa, Sulfides, Sulfur, Time Factors, Geologic Sediments
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