The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen
Abstract
Several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years (Gyr) ago, and that it had reached considerable levels by 2.22 Gyr ago. Here we present evidence that the rise of atmospheric oxygen had occurred by 2.32 Gyr ago. We found that syngenetic pyrite is present in organic-rich shales of the 2.32-Gyr-old Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations, South Africa. The range of the isotopic composition of sulphur in this pyrite is large and shows no evidence of mass-independent fractionation, indicating that atmospheric oxygen was present at significant levels (that is, greater than 10(-5) times that of the present atmospheric level) during the deposition of these units. The presence of rounded pebbles of sideritic iron formation at the base of the Rooihoogte Formation and an extensive and thick ironstone layer consisting of haematitic pisolites and oölites in the upper Timeball Hill Formation indicate that atmospheric oxygen rose significantly, perhaps for the first time, during the deposition of the Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations. These units were deposited between what are probably the second and third of the three Palaeoproterozoic glacial events.
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“The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) at 2.45-2.22Ga (Bekker et al., 2004;Guo et al., 2009;Gumsley et al., 2017) marks the rapid appearance of free oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere (Anbar et al., 2007;Sessions et al., 2009)”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Although minor occurrences of low δ34S pyrite have recently been reported in late Archean strata by in situ analysis (58), samples studied here are the oldest samples that exhibit low δ34S values in bulk rock analyses (18, 59).”
From Rapid oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere 2.33 billion years ago (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“resolving the origin of the hydrocarbon biomarkers hosted in Archean rocks would either recast or solidify the late Archean framework in which we understand one of the most profound biologically mediated transformations of the planet-the Great Oxidation Event [GOE; ∼2.4 billion years ago (Ga)] (13).”
From Reappraisal of hydrocarbon biomarkers in Archean rocks (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In the rock record, this event is manifested by a number of changes (see Farquhar et al., 2011, 2014, for reviews), including (1) loss of easily oxidisable detrital uraninite, pyrite, and siderite from fluvial siliciclastic sediments at ca. 2.4 Ga”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“that effectively disappeared from the sedimentary record between 2.45 and 2.32 Ga (e.g., Bekker et al., 2004;Farquhar et al., 2000;2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“The disappearance of S-MIF is perhaps the most accepted evidence for the onset of widespread and permanent oxygenation of the Earth's surface to levels above 10 -5 times present atmospheric levels (PAL) (see Pavlov and Kasting, 2002;Bekker et al., 2004;Farquhar et al., 2000;2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2004
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Caffarri, S., Tibiletti, T., Jennings, R. C., & Santabarbara, S. (2014) · Current Protein and Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/1389203715666140327102218 · Cited by 263
“4 billion years ago [1] and drastically changed life on earth due to the accumulation of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere and an equivalent reduction in carbon dioxide levels.”
Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C 4 plants
Osborne, C. P., & Beerling, D. J. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1737 · Cited by 255
“1995) and negligible amounts of O2 (Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundIntegrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life
Williams, T. A., Szöllősi, G. J., Spang, A., Foster, P. G., Heaps, S. E., Boussau, B., Ettema, T. J. G., & Embley, T. M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1618463114 · Cited by 233
Sulphur isotope evidence for an oxic Archaean atmosphere
Ohmoto, H., Watanabe, Y., Ikemi, H., Poulson, S. R., & Taylor, B. E. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05044 · Cited by 261
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“…was introduced into the atmosphere and oceans around 2.3 billion years ago (Ga) (commonly known as the ‘Great Oxidation Event’, or rise of oxygen) (Bekker et al., 2004; Hoffman, 2013), it is interesting that the world’s largest terrestrial manganese deposit—estimated to be 13,500 million metric…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeoproterozoic glaciation in the Earth System
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“17e) is the first appearance of sterane biomarkers for oxygenic photosynthesis from 2.7 Ga (Hayes & Waldbauer 2006; contra Kopp et al. 2005), well before evidence for significant accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere in the Great Oxidation Event (Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe cycling and redox state of nitrogen in the Archaean ocean
Godfrey, L. V., & Falkowski, P. G. (2009) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo633 · Cited by 243
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Self-citationBARLEY, M., BEKKER, A., & KRAPEZ, B. (2005) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.062 · Cited by 241
“4x suggesting that levels of atmospheric oxygen were N10 5 PAL at this time [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEvolutionary Trajectories and Biogeochemical Impacts of Marine Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
Katz, M. E., Finkel, Z. V., Grzebyk, D., Knoll, A. H., & Falkowski, P. G. (2004) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130137 · Cited by 245
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BackgroundTHE ROLE AND EVOLUTION OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASES IN ALGAE1
Wolfe‐Simon, F., Grzebyk, D., Schofield, O., & Falkowski, P. G. (2005) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00086.x · Cited by 239
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BackgroundCyanobacteria evolution: Insight from the fossil record
Demoulin, C., Lara, Y. J., Cornet, L., François, C., Baurain, D., Wilmotte, A., & Javaux, E. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.007 · Cited by 239
Modern proteomes contain putative imprints of ancient shifts in trace metal geochemistry
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Johnson, J. E., Webb, S. M., Thomas, K., Ono, S., Kirschvink, J. L., & Fischer, W. W. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305530110 · Cited by 238
“32 Ga (1, 2)—an interval supported by a broad range of geologic evidence (19, 25, 33).”
BackgroundRapid emergence of subaerial landmasses and onset of a modern hydrologic cycle 2.5 billion years ago
Bindeman, I. N., Zakharov, D., Palandri, J. L., Greber, N. D., Dauphas, N., Retallack, G. J., Hofmann, A., Lackey, J. S., & Bekker, A. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0131-1 · Cited by 239
Self-citationZinc transporters and their functional integration in mammalian cells
Kambe, T., Taylor, K. M., & Fu, D. (2021) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100320 · Cited by 233
“While zinc is fundamental to eukaryotic cellular biology, it is a later addition to proteomes after the advent of a geochemical shift of an ancient highsulfide ocean to the modern oxidizing, sulfate-rich one (3, 4).”
BackgroundCuney, M. (2010) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.553 · Cited by 237
The ins and outs of algal metal transport
Blaby, C., & Merchant, S. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.04.010 · Cited by 251
The Continuing Puzzle of the Great Oxidation Event
Sessions, A. L., Doughty, D. M., Welander, P. V., Summons, R. E., & Newman, D. K. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.054 · Cited by 244
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“Cyanobacteria forged two major evolutionary transitions with the invention of oxygenic photosynthesis and the bestowal of photosynthetic lifestyle upon eukaryotes through endosymbiosis.”
BackgroundTrace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution
Robbins, L. J., Lalonde, S. V., Planavsky, N. J., Partin, C. A., Reinhard, C. T., Kendall, B., Scott, C., Hardisty, D. S., Gill, B. C., Alessi, D. S., et al. (2016) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.013 · Cited by 227
“The disappearance of S-MIF is perhaps the most accepted evidence for the onset of widespread and permanent oxygenation of the Earth's surface to levels above 10 times present atmospheric levels (PAL) (see Pavlov and Kasting, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004; Farquhar et al., 2000, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSchopf, J., Kudryavtsev, A., Agresti, D., Czaja, A., & Wdowiak, T. (2005) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2005.5.333 · Cited by 227
“than 2,320 Ma ago when the advent of a stable oxygen-containing atmosphere (Bekker et al., 2004) would have rendered Miller/Urey-type organic syntheses inoperable, making it quite unlikely that any of these deposits contains non-biological organic matter derived from such reactions.”
Ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs in aquatic environments
Koblížek, M. (2015) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuv032 · Cited by 228
“For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com 854 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article-abstract/39/6/854/549577 by guest on 29 July 2018 atmosphere, reaching the present concentrations approximately 500 Myr ago (Bekker et al. 2004; Holland 2006).”
BackgroundGeological constraints on the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis
Farquhar, J., Zerkle, A. L., & Bekker, A. (2011) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1007/s11120-010-9594-0 · Cited by 223
“More recent studies (e.g., Farquhar et al. 2000; Bekker et al. 2004; Papineau et al. 2007; Guo et al. 2009) have argued for a change in the relationships between (33)S/(32)S and (34)S/(32)S ratios (D(33)S) and in some cases between (36)S/(32)S and (34)S/(32)S ratio (D(36)S).”
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Cavalier‐Smith, T. (2006) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19 · Cited by 224
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Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep17418 · Cited by 208
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Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Kasting, J. F., Johnston, D. T., & Farquhar, J. (2008) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.040 · Cited by 204
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“Data from Johnston Whitehouse (2007), Bekker et al. (2004), Ohmoto et al. (2006), Philippot et al. (2007), Bao et estimates of 2 sigma uncertainties.”
MethodGlobal Biogeochemical Changes at Both Ends of the Proterozoic: Insights from Phosphorites
Papineau, D. (2010) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2009.0360 · Cited by 207
Biogeochemical modelling of the rise in atmospheric oxygen
CLAIRE, M. W., CATLING, D. C., & ZAHNLE, K. J. (2006) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2006.00084.x · Cited by 200
“, 2006), which is a uraniferous sandstone deposited in a reduced environment prior to both the rise of oxygen (Bekker et al., 2004) and the Huronian glaciations (Young et al.”
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“32 billion years ago had sharply risen [38].”
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Fischer, W. W., & Knoll, A. H. (2006) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b26328.1 · Cited by 196
“…rock-based proxies suggest that very little if any O 2 was present in the atmosphere or oceans (atmospheric O 2 mixing ratio << 10 −5 ) (Rye and Holland, 1998; Rasmussen and Buick, 1999; Farquhar et al., 2000; Pavlov and Kasting, 2002; Ono et al., 2003; Bekker et al., 2004; Frimmel, 2005).”
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Planavsky, N., Rouxel, O., Bekker, A., Shapiro, R., Fralick, P., & Knudsen, A. (2009) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.033 · Cited by 195
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Genome evolution in cyanobacteria: The stable core and the variable shell
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“3 billion years ago (Ga) (1-4), that energy transduction pathway transformed Earth’s atmosphere and upper ocean, ultimately facilitating the development of complex life forms that are dependent on aerobic metabolism (5-7).”
BackgroundAn origin-of-life reactor to simulate alkaline hydrothermal vents
Herschy, B., Whicher, A., Camprubi, E., Watson, C., Dartnell, L., Ward, J., Evans, J. R. G., & Lane, N. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-014-9658-4 · Cited by 194
“There were two critical differences: oxygen was absent (Bekker et al. 2004; Kasting 2013); and the CO2 concentration in the oceans was substantially higher (although there is little consensus on how much higher; see Russell and Arndt 2005; Sleep 2010; Arndt and Nisbet 2012).”
BackgroundSzöllősi, G. J., Boussau, B., Abby, S. S., Tannier, É., & Daubin, V. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1202997109 · Cited by 202
“32 billion years ago (Ga) (31) is attributed to cyanobacteria (32), but many details of these associations continue to be investigated (33, 34); (ii) unambiguous microfossil evidence dates to ∼2.”
BackgroundProgrammed Cell Death in Unicellular Phytoplankton
Bidle, K. D. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.056 · Cited by 193
Iron isotope composition of some Archean and Proterozoic iron formations
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“These formations were deposited before the rise of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 2.4 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004) and are from both Algoma-type and Superior-type IF (Supplementary Table 1).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSpatio-temporal distribution and tectonic settings of the major iron deposits in China: An overview
Zhang, Z., Hou, T., Santosh, M., Li, H., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Song, X., & Wang, M. (2013) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.08.021 · Cited by 190
“The first great rise in atmospheric oxygen or the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) is generally thought to have occurred between ca. 2.45 and 2.2 Ga ago (e.g., Bekker and Kaufman, 2007; Bekker et al., 2004; Tang and Chen, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSulfur isotope measurement of sulfate and sulfide by high-resolution MC-ICP-MS
Craddock, P. R., Rouxel, O. J., Ball, L. A., & Bach, W. (2008) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.04.017 · Cited by 191
“32 Ga has been interpreted as reflecting an increase of seawater sulfate concentrations in the aftermath of the rise of atmospheric oxygen (Cameron, 1982; Canfield, 1998; Bekker et al., 2004; Kah et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe co-evolution of the nitrogen, carbon and oxygen cycles in the Proterozoic ocean
Fennel, K. (2005) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.305.6-8.526 · Cited by 185
Chemical biomarkers in aquatic ecosystems
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“Unlike their Archean and Paleoproterozoic counterparts, which formed at a time of low atmospheric O2 and pervasively anoxic deep oceans (Bekker et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005; Frei et al., 2009; Lyons and Reinhard, 2009), Neoproterozoic iron formation (NIF) developed at a time when pO2 should have…”
BackgroundYoung, G. M. (2012) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2012.07.003 · Cited by 184
“Why did metazoan evolution not take off after the Great Oxidation Event of the Paleoproterozoic?”
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“In addition to the disappearance of mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes (Farquhar et al., 2000; Bekker et al., 2004), post-GOE marine sediments”
BackgroundInfluentialBuilding the Biomarker Tree of Life
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“6 billion years ago (Ga); (b) anoxic, non-sulfi dic oceans; (c) onset of oxygenation of the atmosphere (Bekker et al. 2004; Holland 2004); (d) disappearance of banded iron formations as indicator of changing ocean chemistry (Holland 2004); (e) the informally defi ned “mid-Proterozoic” interval with possible widespread…”
BackgroundPalaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution
Reddy, S. M., Mazumder, R., Evans, D. A. D., & Collins, A. S. (2009) · Cited by 181
Basta, F. F., Maurice, A. E., Fontboté, L., & Favarger, P. ‐. (2011) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.03.011 · Cited by 183
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Melezhik, V. A., Huhma, H., Condon, D. J., Fallick, A. E., & Whitehouse, M. J. (2007) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g23764a.1 · Cited by 175
Schlesinger, W. H. (2013) · Oxford Bibliographies in Ecology · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0111 · Cited by 175
Pufahl, P. K., & Hiatt, E. E. (2011) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.12.002 · Cited by 173
Sukenik, A., & Kaplan, A. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071472 · Cited by 173
Reflections on O 2 as a Biosignature in Exoplanetary Atmospheres
Meadows, V. S. (2017) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1578 · Cited by 173
“…Earth’s surface environment (Kasting, 2001; Lyons et al., 2014)— evidently occurred somewhat later, between 2.45 and 2.2 Ga (Farquhar et al., 2000; Bekker et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005), with recent sulfur isotope studies (Luo et al., 2016) placing it at 2.33 Ga. Recent evidence suggests that…”
BackgroundInfluentialBekker, A., Karhu, J. A., & Kaufman, A. J. (2006) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2006.03.008 · Cited by 176
“Based on available geochronologic and chemostratigraphic constraints, we correlate these Chocolay Group carbonates with the Mooidraai Dolomite of the Postmasburg Group, South Africa.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMolybdenum isotope evidence for mild environmental oxygenation before the Great Oxidation Event
Duan, Y., Anbar, A. D., Arnold, G. L., Lyons, T. W., Gordon, G. W., & Kendall, B. (2010) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.035 · Cited by 172
Palaeoproterozoic supercontinents and global evolution: correlations from core to atmosphere
Reddy, S. M., & Evans, D. A. D. (2009) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp323.1 · Cited by 172
“The oldest strongly 13C-enriched carbonate units, in the Duitschland Formation of South Africa (Bekker et al. 2001), are older than 2316 + 7 Ma based on Re–Os of diagenetic pyrite from the stratigraphically overlying Timeball Hill shales (Bekker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialRasmussen, B., Bekker, A., & Fletcher, I. R. (2013) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.037 · Cited by 168
Asael, D., Tissot, F. L. H., Reinhard, C. T., Rouxel, O., Dauphas, N., Lyons, T. W., Ponzevera, E., Liorzou, C., & Chéron, S. (2013) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.08.003 · Cited by 168
“A significant increase inmass-dependent S isotope fractionation and decrease in Fe isotope fractionation in sedimentary pyrite after ~2.32 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005; Rouxel et al., 2005), and the first appearance of sedimentary sulfate evaporates (Reuschel et al., 2012) likely reflect…”
BackgroundInfluentialIizuka, T., Campbell, I. H., Allen, C. M., Gill, J. B., Maruyama, S., & Makoka, F. M. (2013) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.028 · Cited by 169
“22 Ga (e.g., Holland, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004; Canfield, 2005).”
Molecular evolution of hydrogen peroxide degrading enzymes
Zámocký, M., Gasselhuber, B., Furtmüller, P. G., & Obinger, C. (2012) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2012.01.017 · Cited by 172
Case, A. J. (2017) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox6040082 · Cited by 168
“These mass independent fractionations (MIF) of sulfur are not well understood, but thought only to occur through extrinsic forces such high energy ultraviolet and photochemical dissociation, which could occur in an atmosphere lacking significant quantities of oxygen and a protective ozone layer [8].”
BackgroundHabitability and Biosignatures of Hycean Worlds
Madhusudhan, N., Piette, A. A. A., & Constantinou, S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfd9c · Cited by 170
Claypool continued: Extending the isotopic record of sedimentary sulfate
Crockford, P. W., Kunzmann, M., Bekker, A., Hayles, J. A., Bao, H., Halverson, G. P., Peng, Y., Bui, T. C. N., Cox, G. M., Gibson, T. M., et al. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.02.030 · Cited by 169
Self-citationExtremely low oxygen concentration in mid-Proterozoic shallow seawaters
Tang, D., Shi, X., Wang, X., & Jiang, G. (2016) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.02.005 · Cited by 160
“During the Great Oxidation Event (GOE; Holland, 2002) round 2.4 Ga (e.g., Bekker et al., 2004), atmospheric oxygen may ave increased from <0.001% present atmospheric level (PAL) in rchean to >0.1% PAL (e.g., Farquhar et al., 2000; Pavlov and Kasting, 002; Holland, 2006) in Paleoproterozoic,…”
BackgroundInfluentialIron isotopes in an Archean ocean analogue
Busigny, V., Planavsky, N. J., Jézéquel, D., Crowe, S., Louvat, P., Moureau, J., Viollier, E., & Lyons, T. W. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.004 · Cited by 157
“Before the permanent rise of atmospheric oxygen [2.5–2.3 Ga (Bekker et al., 2004; Konhauser et al., 2011)], iron oxidation in an upwelling water mass could have been a protracted, incomplete process—allowing for burial of iron oxides with positive d56Fe values and leaving behind an isotopically…”
BackgroundInfluentialDvořák, P., Poulíčková, A., Hašler, P., Belli, M., Casamatta, D. A., & Papini, A. (2015) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0888-6 · Cited by 159
“On the basis of fossil records, Schopf (2000) estimated that cyanobacteria may have evolved 3.5 BYA, making them the oldest oxygen producing photosynthetic microbes, and significant contributors to the sudden increase in atmospheric oxygen during the Great Oxidation Event (Bekker et al. 2004; Kauff and Bu¨del 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnomalous Fractionations of Sulfur Isotopes During Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction
Watanabe, Y., Farquhar, J. D., & Ohmoto, H. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1169289 · Cited by 159
Life in the light: nucleic acid photoproperties as a legacy of chemical evolution
Beckstead, A. A., Zhang, Y., de Vries, M. S., & Kohler, B. (2016) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c6cp04230a · Cited by 153
Javaux, E. J., & Lepot, K. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.001 · Cited by 158
“ficiently in the ocean and atmosphere to be detected widely by a variety of geological and geochemical proxies (Bekker et al., 2004; Sessions et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialCyanobacterial evolution during the Precambrian
Schirrmeister, B. E., Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., & Wacey, D. (2016) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550415000579 · Cited by 165
“45 billion years (Ga) ago (Holland 1984, 2002; Bekker et al. 2004). Following an ancient endosymbiosis, cyanobacteria were fundamentally involved in the origin of plants during the Proterozoic (Sagan 1967). Even today cyanobacteria have an essential impact on carbon and nitrogen cycles within Earth’s biosphere. Nevert…”
InfluentialSedimentary Ce anomalies: Secular change and implications for paleoenvironmental evolution
Zhang, K., & Shields, G. (2022) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104015 · Cited by 162
The terrestrial biota prior to the origin of land plants (embryophytes): a review of the evidence
Wellman, C. H., & Strother, P. K. (2015) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12172 · Cited by 155
Biomass recycling and Earth’s early phosphorus cycle
Kipp, M. A., & Stüeken, E. E. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4795 · Cited by 157
O2constraints from Paleoproterozoic detrital pyrite and uraninite
Johnson, J. E., Gerpheide, A., Lamb, M. P., & Fischer, W. W. (2014) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b30949.1 · Cited by 154
“Also marked are redox constraints from mass-independent fractionation (MIF) of sulfur isotopes (Bekker et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2009), detrital pyrite and uraninite (England et al., 2002; Hofmann et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2013), and Mn deposits (Tsikos et al., 2003; Johnson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBiogenic Fe(III) minerals: from formation to diagenesis and preservation in the rock record
Posth, N. R., Canfield, D. E., & Kappler, A. (2014) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.012 · Cited by 153
“They precipitated primarily throughout the late Archean Eon (2.7–2.5 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic Eon (2.5– 1.8 billion years ago), but then reemerged in the Neoproterozoic Eon (~0.7 billion years ago) (Bekker et al., 2004, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialMazard, S., Penesyan, A., Ostrowski, M. D., Paulsen, I. T., & Egan, S. (2016) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md14050097 · Cited by 170
“Cyanobacteria are responsible for the Earth’s transition from a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere to the present relatively oxygen-rich atmosphere as a consequence of oxygenic photosynthesis [3].”
BackgroundNitrogen and sulfur assimilation in plants and algae
Giordano, M., & Raven, J. A. (2014) · Aquatic Botany · doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.06.012 · Cited by 161
Onset of the aerobic nitrogen cycle during the Great Oxidation Event
Zerkle, A. L., Poulton, S. W., Newton, R. J., Mettam, C., Claire, M. W., Bekker, A., & Junium, C. K. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature20826 · Cited by 151
Self-citationAn iodine record of Paleoproterozoic surface ocean oxygenation
Hardisty, D. S., Lu, Z., Planavsky, N. J., Bekker, A., Philippot, P., Zhou, X., & Lyons, T. W. (2014) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g35439.1 · Cited by 150
Self-citationMetal limitation of cyanobacterial N2fixation and implications for the Precambrian nitrogen cycle
ZERKLE, A. L., HOUSE, C. H., COX, R. P., & CANFIELD, D. E. (2006) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2006.00082.x · Cited by 149
“The rise in atmospheric oxygen between 2.5 and 2.2 Ga (Rye & Holland, 1998; Farquhar et al., 2000; Bekker et al., 2004) and the resulting change in ocean redox chemistry would have altered the speciation of nitrogen compounds, as well as other nutrients, including phosphate and bioactive metal…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe palaeobiology and geochemistry of Precambrian hydrocarbon source rocks
Craig, J., Biffi, U., Galimberti, R., Ghori, K. A. R., Gorter, J. D., Hakhoo, N., Heron, D. P. L., Thurow, J. W., & Vecoli, M. (2012) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.09.011 · Cited by 153
Papineau, D., Mojzsis, S. J., & Schmitt, A. K. (2007) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.015 · Cited by 154
“The demise of large magnitude MIFΔ(33)S values is known to have occurred before or during the early Paleoproterozoic glaciations [2,5,6].”
BackgroundInfluentialEvolutionary inheritance of elemental stoichiometry in phytoplankton
Quigg, A., Irwin, A. J., & Finkel, Z. V. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1356 · Cited by 144
Early Archean origin of Photosystem II
Cardona, T., Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., Rutherford, A. W., & Larkum, A. W. (2019) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12322 · Cited by 144
A Neoproterozoic Transition in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle
Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., Ridgwell, A. J., & Raven, J. A. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.041 · Cited by 144
“Understanding why a state of Mo limitation in the open ocean generally persisted throughout the late Paleoproterozoic and Mesozoic is complicated because organic matter production and subsequent degradation via sulfate reduction are required to generate free H2S and hence scavenge dissolved Mo from the water column (F…”
BackgroundInfluentialEndosymbiosis, cell evolution, and speciation
Kutschera, U. (2005) · Theory in Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.thbio.2005.04.001 · Cited by 146
Scott, C., Wing, B. A., Bekker, A., Planavsky, N. J., Медведев, П. В., Bates, S. M., Yun, M., & Lyons, T. W. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.010 · Cited by 147
“32 Ga (Holland, 2002; Bekker et al., 2004) during the onset of the so-called ‘Great Oxidation Event’ [GOE].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bekker, A., Holland, H. D., Wang, P.-L., Rumble, D., Stein, H. J., Hannah, J. L., Coetzee, L. L., & Beukes, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Bekker, A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 427
- Issue
- 6970
- Pages
- 117-120
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2090027771
- Cited by
- 1,435
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 53.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Keywords
- Great Oxidation, atmospheric oxygen rise, sulfur isotopes, mass-independent fractionation, oolites, Neoproterozoic, Precambrian geochemistry
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Carbonates, Cold Climate, Geography, Ice, Iron, Isotopes, Oxygen, South Africa, Sulfides, Sulfur, Time Factors, Geologic Sediments
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