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Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations
Open accessAbstract
It is well established that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a strong genetic component; however, for at least 70% of cases, the underlying genetic cause is unknown. Under the hypothesis that de novo mutations underlie a substantial fraction of the risk for developing ASD in families with no previous history of ASD or related phenotypes--so-called sporadic or simplex families--we sequenced all coding regions of the genome (the exome) for parent-child trios exhibiting sporadic ASD, including 189 new trios and 20 that were previously reported. Additionally, we also sequenced the exomes of 50 unaffected siblings corresponding to these new (n = 31) and previously reported trios (n = 19), for a total of 677 individual exomes from 209 families. Here we show that de novo point mutations are overwhelmingly paternal in origin (4:1 bias) and positively correlated with paternal age, consistent with the modest increased risk for children of older fathers to develop ASD. Moreover, 39% (49 of 126) of the most severe or disruptive de novo mutations map to a highly interconnected β-catenin/chromatin remodelling protein network ranked significantly for autism candidate genes. In proband exomes, recurrent protein-altering mutations were observed in two genes: CHD8 and NTNG1. Mutation screening of six candidate genes in 1,703 ASD probands identified additional de novo, protein-altering mutations in GRIN2B, LAMC3 and SCN1A. Combined with copy number variant (CNV) data, these results indicate extreme locus heterogeneity but also provide a target for future discovery, diagnostics and therapeutics.
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In the citing paper
“including that, prima facie , most proteins encoded by ASD risk genes are involved either in synaptic structure and function or chromatin modification and regulation of gene expression 38,46,47,58 (Fig. 3).”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“CNVs and SNPs have both been reported to play a major role in autism incidence (36–41).”
From Gene × Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“An analysis of publicly released whole exome sequence data (Iossifov et al., 2012; O’Roak et al., 2012; Sanders et al., 2012) showed a modest trend towards an excess of biallelic, inherited, rare (MAF<1%), protein-altering variants in cases (8/612 ) compared to control siblings (2/419) (p=0.21, Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed) in at least one of the genes we screened (Table S5).”
From Using Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Inherited Causes of Autism (2013) · cites this paper as O’Roak et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Hypomorphic, biallelic mutations, combined with CNVs and heterozygous stop mutations (Neale et al., 2012; O’Roak et al., 2012; Sanders et al., 2012) which completely inactivate one of two alleles, suggest that a common theme for ASD mutations in general might be partial loss of gene function and/or dosage sensitivity.”
From Using Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Inherited Causes of Autism (2013) · cites this paper as O’Roak et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Together, results from these papers demonstrate a significant role for rare SNVs in genetic liability for ASD”
From Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Exome and whole-genome sequencing studies have estimated at least another ∼6% contribution to ASD7–10,15”
From Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“and three other recent studies by Sanders et al.8, O’Roak et al.7 and Neale et al.23 (65 genes combined from all three; referred to as ‘SON-exomes’);”
From Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism (2014) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Various genetic approaches have been successful in identifying the causes of more than 1,000 Mendelian, and fewer non-Mendelian, forms of neurodevelopmental disorders: prototypical examples are intellectual disability62–68, autism spectrum disorder (ASD)69–77, epilepsy78,79 and schizophrenia80–82.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Genetic investigations in ASD have constructed seed-based networks with literature-curated PPIs to identify the convergence of ASD risk genes71,73.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“This approach was applied to identify a highly interconnected PPI subnetwork among rare de novo variants in ASD71.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Many strong neurobiological candidates have emerged from the genes disrupted by de novo mutations in these studies, including mutations in previously identified ASD/ID genes.”
From A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“We note that the strongest effects are observed for de novo loss-of-function (or truncating) mutations”
From A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Exome sequencing of ASD/ID families has revealed a significant excess of de novo mutations in probands when compared to unaffected siblings and has identified novel candidate genes contributing to the neurological deficits.”
From A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“New exome sequencing technology has identified novel rare variants and has found that sporadic cases of ASD/ID are enriched for disruptive de novo mutations.”
From A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Another striking candidate is DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A), for which three truncating mutations have been discovered in autism probands [24,44] and de novo structural variants in ID probands [54,55].”
From A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In summary, only three genes [CHD8, SCN2A, and synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1 (SYNGAP1)] had two independent truncating de novo mutations in any single study, and no gene had more than three mutations.”
From A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“one de novo frameshift of ARID1B was found in a sporadic ASD case [24]”
From A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In the case of paternal age, one mediating mechanism lies in the increased rate of de novo SNV and CNV with advancing paternal age (22,24,25,43,44).”
From Genetics and genomics of autism spectrum disorder: embracing complexity (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“TBR1 has been implicated in ASD (21,22,25,26) and ID (73).”
From Genetics and genomics of autism spectrum disorder: embracing complexity (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Qualitatively, recent studies of rare variants also find it challenging to distinguish risk variation from the background stochastic noise (12–15).”
From Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“De novo loss of function mutations in this gene had previously been identified in two patients by WES2 and targeted resequencing16 of patients with ASD. In those studies however, causal relationship did not reach locus-specific significance.”
From A SWI/SNF-related autism syndrome caused by de novo mutations in ADNP (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Albeit rare, de novo mutations have emerged as substantial contributors to ASD risk [83, 165, 166, 254, 261, 309].”
From Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models (2017) · cites this paper as [261]
In the citing paper
“Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8), encoding a chromatin modifying gene on chromosome 14q11.2, is one of the high-penetrance ASD risk genes recently identified by sequencing studies [83, 165, 261, 347].”
From Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models (2017) · cites this paper as [261]
In the citing paper
“no truncating coding-sequence variation within SHANK1 and SHANK3”
From Meta-analysis of SHANK Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Gradient of Severity in Cognitive Impairments (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Recent exome sequencing studies only reported one de novo SHANK2 mutation out of 965 patients [32], [36], [37]”
From Meta-analysis of SHANK Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Gradient of Severity in Cognitive Impairments (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“estimates from de novo exonic mutations (similar to those from SV data) suggest that ASD is highly polygenic (estimates ranged from 400–1000 genes). 84,85”
From Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
In the citing paper
“Three recent papers describe the results from exome sequencing of ~600 trios, and identify roles for de novo exonic mutations in SCN2A, KATNAL2, and CHD8 in the pathogenesis of ASD. 83–85”
From Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
In the citing paper
“Intriguingly, all three studies noted an increased rate of de novo exonic mutations in older parents (with the mutations generally being of paternal origin), 83–85”
From Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
In the citing paper
“However, a central finding from these papers was that only a minority of cases had a de novo putatively functional variant”
From Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
In the citing paper
“Unexpectedly, simplex and multiplex ASD pedigrees show relatively similar de novo mutation rates for SV 80,81 and exonic variation. 83–85”
From Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
In the citing paper
“Projections for ASD and SCZ suggest that variation at hundreds of different genes will ultimately be shown to be involved. 58,80,85”
From Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
In the citing paper
“The published results for ASD 83–85 and unpublished data on SCZ suggest these issues will be important and underscore the need for sequencing studies to have the same emphasis on statistical rigor and large sample sizes that has enabled GWAS to realize success for multiple psychiatric disorders. 154”
From Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
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Rare-disease genetics in the era of next-generation sequencing: discovery to translation
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Genetics of autism spectrum disorders
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“[32,36,37] and no truncating coding-sequence variation within SHANK1 and SHANK3.”
BackgroundDisentangling the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder through genetic findings
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“8,9,13 Exome or genome sequencing moves genetic analysis of patients to the level of the single base pair, expanding testing beyond individual or small groups of related genes, such as those usually detected by CMA.”
Excess of rare, inherited truncating mutations in autism
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“The second consisted of 31 autism quads and 168 trios.(17) Probands and siblings with fewer than 20 million reads and parents with fewer”
BackgroundSelf-citationCopy number variation detection and genotyping from exome sequence dataPreprint
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Self-citationAutistic-like behaviour in Scn1a+/− mice and rescue by enhanced GABA-mediated neurotransmission
Han, S., Tai, C., Westenbroek, R. E., Yu, F. H., Cheah, C. S., Potter, G. B., Rubenstein, J. L., Scheuer, T., de la Iglesia, H. O., & Catterall, W. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11356 · Cited by 643
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“For example, CHD8 was associated with autism with mental retardation (prevalence < 1/300) (52) based on the observation of de novo disruptive mutations in 3 of 1,078 cases (53, 54).”
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The bowel and beyond: The enteric nervous system in neurological disorders
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A scored human protein–protein interaction network to catalyze genomic interpretation
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Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Genomic Disorders and Rare Copy-Number Variants
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Self-citationUbiquitylation at the crossroads of development and disease
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Revising the human mutation rate: implications for understanding human evolution
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A spectral approach integrating functional genomic annotations for coding and noncoding variants
Ionita‐Laza, I., McCallum, K., Xu, B., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3477 · Cited by 602
“In total for ASD, we have n = 2,027 such mutations among which 1, 753 are missense [22, 23, 24, 25, 26].”
BackgroundThe valproic acid-induced rodent model of autism
Nicolini, C., & Fahnestock, M. L. (2017) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.017 · Cited by 622
Whole-Genome Sequencing in Autism Identifies Hot Spots for De Novo Germline Mutation
Michaelson, J. J., Shi, Y., Gujral, M., Zheng, H., Malhotra, D., Jin, X., Jian, M., Liu, G., Greer, D., Bhandari, A., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.019 · Cited by 544
“…correlated with mutation rate variation in a genome-wide data set from two trios (Conrad et al., 2011) (Figure 4B) and exome data sets from four independent trio-based studies of autism (Iossifov et al., 2012; Neale et al., 2012; O’Roak et al., 2011, 2012; Sanders et al., 2012) (Figures 4C and 4D).”
InfluentialSomatic mutation, genomic variation, and neurological disease
Poduri, A., Evrony, G. D., Cai, X., & Walsh, C. A. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1237758 · Cited by 584
Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models
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Revisiting an Old Riddle: What Determines Genetic Diversity Levels within Species?
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“, in humans [79,80]).”
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Genetic Causes and Modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Genetic architecture in autism spectrum disorder
Devlin, B., & Scherer, S. W. (2012) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2012.03.002 · Cited by 545
From neural development to cognition: unexpected roles for chromatin
Ronan, J. L., Wu, W., & Crabtree, G. R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3413 · Cited by 544
Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder
Yuen, R. K. C., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Merico, D., Walker, S., Tammimies, K., Hoang, N., Chrysler, C., Nalpathamkalam, T., Pellecchia, G., Liu, Y., et al. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3792 · Cited by 514
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“In addition to the SFARI list of genes, we also integrated genes associated with rare de novo variation (RDNV) and genes involved in intellectual disability (ID) compiled from four published whole-exome sequencing studies 5,7,8,23 and review articles 24 (Supplementary Data 7).”
InfluentialAutism-related deficits via dysregulated eIF4E-dependent translational control
Gkogkas, C. G., Khoutorsky, A., Ran, I., Rampakakis, E., Nevarko, T., Weatherill, D. B., Vasuta, C., Yee, S., Truitt, M., Dallaire, P., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11628 · Cited by 522
Neurodevelopmental disorders—the history and future of a diagnosticconcept
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Modeling Autism by SHANK Gene Mutations in Mice
Jiang, Y.-H., & Ehlers, M. D. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.016 · Cited by 488
Inherited and de novo genetic risk for autism impacts shared networks
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“, 2007), and de novo frameshift, splice acceptor, splice donor, or nonsense variants (collectively referred to as protein-truncating variants [PTVs]) (De Rubeis et al., 2014; Iossifov et al., 2012, 2014; O’Roak et al., 2012; Sanders et al., 2012) that increase ASD risk and account for an estimated 3%–5% of ASD cases (…”
BackgroundJiang, Y.-H., Yuen, R. K. C., Jin, X., Wang, M., Chen, N., Wu, X., Ju, J., Mei, J., Shi, Y., He, M., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.012 · Cited by 474
“We evaluated the approach by using the validation results of (1) all genomic de novo SNVs in one family (2-1266) and (2) Sanger”
MethodDeficient autophagy in microglia impairs synaptic pruning and causes social behavioral defects
Kim, H.-J., Cho, M.-H., Shim, W. H., Kim, J. K., Jeon, E.-Y., Kim, D.-H., & Yoon, S.-Y. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.103 · Cited by 475
Defining the genetic, genomic, cellular, and diagnostic architectures of psychiatric disorders
Sullivan, P. F., & Geschwind, D. H. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.015 · Cited by 452
“Despite these limitations, several studies in ASD and SCZ highlight the power of using transcriptional networks based on normal human brain tissue across development or brain regions ormore generalized PPIs (Hormozdiari et al., 2015; Li et al., 2014; Lin et al., 2015) to identify molecular pathways, developmental epoc…”
BackgroundPredicting the clinical impact of human mutation with deep neural networks
Sundaram, L., Gao, H., Padigepati, S. R., McRae, J. F., Li, Y., Kosmicki, J. A., Fritzilas, N., Hakenberg, J., Dutta, A., Shon, J. C., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0167-z · Cited by 505
Gene hunting in autism spectrum disorder: on the path to precision medicine
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Sequence Kernel Association Tests for the Combined Effect of Rare and Common Variants
Ionita-Laza, I., Lee, S., Makarov, V., Buxbaum, J. D., & Lin, X. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.015 · Cited by 433
Using Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Inherited Causes of Autism
Yu, T. W., Chahrour, M. H., Coulter, M. E., Jiralerspong, S., Okamura-Ikeda, K., Ataman, B., Schmitz-Abe, K., Harmin, D. A., Adli, M., Malik, A. N., et al. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.002 · Cited by 442
“An analysis of publicly released whole-exome sequence data (Iossifov et al., 2012;O’Roak et al., 2012; Sanders et al., 2012) showed amodest trend toward an excess of biallelic, inherited, rare (MAF < 1%), protein-altering variants in cases (8/612) compared to control siblings (2/419) (p = 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialDe novo gene mutations highlight patterns of genetic and neural complexity in schizophrenia
Xu, B., Ionita-Laza, I., Roos, J. L., Boone, B., Woodrick, S., Sun, Y., Levy, S., Gogos, J. A., & Karayiorgou, M. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2446 · Cited by 442
De Novo Mutations in Synaptic Transmission Genes Including DNM1 Cause Epileptic Encephalopathies
Appenzeller, S., Balling, R., Barisic, N., Baulac, S., Caglayan, H., Craiu, D., De Jonghe, P., Depienne, C., Dimova, P., Djémié, T., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.013 · Cited by 439
New insights into the generation and role of de novo mutations in health and disease
Acuña‐Hidalgo, R., Veltman, J. A., & Hoischen, A. (2016) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1110-1 · Cited by 474
“An enrichment for damaging de novo mutations has also been observed in individuals with milder phenotypes such as autism spectrum disorder without cognitive deficits [16, 18, 29, 30, 119].”
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“also proposed that age-related de-novo mutations in male germ contribute to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism [232,233].”
BackgroundThe Genetic Landscapes of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Huguet, G., Ey, E., & Bourgeron, T. (2013) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153431 · Cited by 486
Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders
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“Genetic investigations in ASD have constructed seed-based networks with literature-curated PPIs to identify the convergence of ASD risk genes 71,73 .”
BackgroundMethodGABA system dysfunction in autism and related disorders: From synapse to symptoms
Coghlan, S., Horder, J., Inkster, B., Méndez, M. A., Murphy, D., & Nutt, D. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.005 · Cited by 459
A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience
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“Although most studies utilizing NGS data to date have focused on ‘quads’ or ‘trios’ [47-51], studying large and/or consanguineous families can maximize the utility of filtering strategies and statistical approaches for identifying disease-contributory variants in genetic disease [52].”
BackgroundKrishnan, A., Zhang, R., Yao, V., Theesfeld, C. L., Wong, A. K., Tadych, A., Volfovsky, N., Packer, A. I., Lash, A., & Troyanskaya, O. G. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4353 · Cited by 438
“These pathways and sets include CHD8 targets, chromatin remodeling genes, FMRP targets, MAPK pathway genes, post-synaptic density genes, TOP1 targets and Wnt– β -catenin pathway genes.”
BackgroundInfluentialTopoisomerases facilitate transcription of long genes linked to autism
King, I. F. G., Yandava, C., Mabb, A. M., Hsiao, J. S., Huang, H., Pearson, B. L., Calabrese, J. M., Starmer, J., Parker, J. S., Magnuson, T., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12504 · Cited by 430
De Novo Mutations in Moderate or Severe Intellectual Disability
Hamdan, F. F., Srour, M., Capo-Chichi, J.-M., Daoud, H., Nassif, C., Patry, L., Massicotte, C., Ambalavanan, A., Spiegelman, D., Diallo, O., et al. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004772 · Cited by 419
“DNMs in TBR1 have been found in patients with ID and the variable presence of ASD or growth retardation [8,9,21,29,30].”
BackgroundCommon genetic variants, acting additively, are a major source of risk for autism
Klei, L., Sanders, S. J., Murtha, M. T., Hus, V., Lowe, J. K., Willsey, A. J., Moreno-De-Luca, D., Yu, T. W., Fombonne, E., Geschwind, D., et al. (2012) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-3-9 · Cited by 418
“Twin designs also fail to capture other features, such as maternal effects [49] and de novo mutations, which are an important component of ASD genetic architecture [4-11].”
InfluentialLesch, K.-P., & Waider, J. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.013 · Cited by 435
Regional missense constraint improves variant deleteriousness prediction
Samocha, K. E., Kosmicki, J. A., Karczewski, K. J., O’Donnell-Luria, A. H., Pierce-Hoffman, E., MacArthur, D. G., Neale, B. M., & Daly, M. J. (2017) · doi:10.1101/148353 · Cited by 351
Large-scale genomics unveils the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders
Gratten, J., Wray, N. R., Keller, M. C., & Visscher, P. M. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3708 · Cited by 363
The role of de novo mutations in the genetics of autism spectrum disorders
Ronemus, M., Iossifov, I., Levy, D., & Wigler, M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3585 · Cited by 390
MMP ‐9 in translation: from molecule to brain physiology, pathology, and therapy
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A SWI/SNF-related autism syndrome caused by de novo mutations in ADNP
Helsmoortel, C., Vulto-van Silfhout, A. T., Coe, B. P., Vandeweyer, G., Rooms, L., van den Ende, J., Schuurs-Hoeijmakers, J. H. M., Marcelis, C. L., Willemsen, M. H., Vissers, L. E. L. M., et al. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2899 · Cited by 354
“Variants were filtered by VariantDB (see URLs, manuscript in preparation) to exclude variants with (1) low quality, using thresholds based on correlation between NGS data and SNP-chip genotyping; (2) intronic or intergenic location, except splice sites; and (3) inheritance from the parents.”
MethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- O’Roak, B. J., Vives, L., Girirajan, S., Karakoc, E., Krumm, N., Coe, B. P., Levy, R., Ko, A., Lee, C., Smith, J. D., Turner, E. H., Stanaway, I. B., Vernot, B., Malig, M., Baker, C., Reilly, B., Akey, J. M., Borenstein, E., Rieder, M. J., Nickerson, D. A., Bernier, R., Shendure, J., & Eichler, E. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Santa Fe Institute (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shendure, Jay
- Eichler, Evan E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2012-04-04
- Volume
- 485
- Issue
- 7397
- Pages
- 246-250
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3350576
- OpenAlex
- W1964444099
- Cited by
- 2,165
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 198 · 2015: 219 · 2014: 262 · 2013: 212 · 2012: 118
- FWCI
- 131.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Simons Foundation
- University of Washington
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (137578)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-102924, RC2HL102926, RC2HL102923, UC2HL102924, HL 1029230, R01HL094976, HL094976, RC2HL102924, UC2HL102926, HL-102926)
- National Human Genome Research Institute
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (HHSN273200800010C)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD065285, R01HD065285)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Keywords
- de novo mutations, paternal age, protein-protein interaction network, β-catenin signaling, chromatin remodeling, CHD8, SCN2A, NTNG1, locus heterogeneity, simplex families, autism risk genes, parent-child trios, unaffected siblings, recurrent mutations, p53 pathway, copy number variation
- MeSH terms
- Netrins, Autistic Disorder, DNA-Binding Proteins, Exons, Humans, Laminin, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Parents, Stochastic Processes, Transcription Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Sodium Channels, Signal Transduction, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Point Mutation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Siblings, beta Catenin, GPI-Linked Proteins, Exome, Protein Interaction Maps, NAV1.1 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
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