Cited by 2,895Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal AbnormalitiesChromosomal and Genetic Variations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Spatial partitioning of the regulatory landscape of the X-inactivation centre

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Abstract

In eukaryotes transcriptional regulation often involves multiple long-range elements and is influenced by the genomic environment. A prime example of this concerns the mouse X-inactivation centre (Xic), which orchestrates the initiation of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) by controlling the expression of the non-protein-coding Xist transcript. The extent of Xic sequences required for the proper regulation of Xist remains unknown. Here we use chromosome conformation capture carbon-copy (5C) and super-resolution microscopy to analyse the spatial organization of a 4.5-megabases (Mb) region including Xist. We discover a series of discrete 200-kilobase to 1 Mb topologically associating domains (TADs), present both before and after cell differentiation and on the active and inactive X. TADs align with, but do not rely on, several domain-wide features of the epigenome, such as H3K27me3 or H3K9me2 blocks and lamina-associated domains. TADs also align with coordinately regulated gene clusters. Disruption of a TAD boundary causes ectopic chromosomal contacts and long-range transcriptional misregulation. The Xist/Tsix sense/antisense unit illustrates how TADs enable the spatial segregation of oppositely regulated chromosomal neighbourhoods, with the respective promoters of Xist and Tsix lying in adjacent TADs, each containing their known positive regulators. We identify a novel distal regulatory region of Tsix within its TAD, which produces a long intervening RNA, Linx. In addition to uncovering a new principle of cis-regulatory architecture of mammalian chromosomes, our study sets the stage for the full genetic dissection of the X-inactivation centre.

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Metadata

Authors
Nora, E. P., Lajoie, B. R., Schulz, E. G., Giorgetti, L., Okamoto, I., Servant, N., Piolot, T., van Berkum, N. L., Meisig, J., Sedat, J., Gribnau, J., Barillot, E., Blüthgen, N., Dekker, J., & Heard, E.
Affiliations
  • Institut Curie (FR)
  • University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Inserm (FR)
  • Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
Corresponding author
Dekker, Job
Venue
Nature
Published
2012-04-11
Volume
485
Issue
7398
Pages
381-385
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
OpenAlex
W2161212572
Cited by
2,895
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 145 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 241 · 2021: 276 · 2020: 255 · 2019: 300 · 2018: 247 · 2017: 241 · 2016: 201 · 2015: 173 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 34
FWCI
50.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • W. M. Keck Foundation
  • European Commission (257082, 242129)
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-INBS-0009)
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG003143)
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (250367)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Keywords
X inactivation center, XIST, Tsix, topologically associating domains, 3D genome organization, long-range transcriptional regulation, X chromosome inactivation, chromatin interactions, embryonic stem cells, cell differentiation, lamina-associated domains, distal regulatory regions
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Differentiation, Female, Fibroblasts, Gene Expression Regulation, Histones, Male, Methylation, Molecular Sequence Data, Promoter Regions, Genetic, X Chromosome, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, DNA, Intergenic, RNA, Untranslated, Epigenesis, Genetic, X Chromosome Inactivation, Mice, Embryonic Stem Cells, Epigenomics, Transcriptome, RNA, Long Noncoding

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