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The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory
Open accessAbstract
The hippocampus is critical for encoding declarative memory, our repository of knowledge of who, what, where and when. Mnemonic information is processed in the hippocampus through several parallel routes involving distinct subregions. In the classic trisynaptic pathway, information proceeds from entorhinal cortex (EC) to dentate gyrus to CA3 and then to CA1, the main hippocampal output. Genetic lesions of EC (ref. 3) and hippocampal dentate gyrus (ref. 4), CA3 (ref. 5) and CA1 (ref. 6) regions have revealed their distinct functions in learning and memory. In contrast, little is known about the role of CA2, a relatively small area interposed between CA3 and CA1 that forms the nexus of a powerful disynaptic circuit linking EC input with CA1 output. Here we report a novel transgenic mouse line that enabled us to selectively examine the synaptic connections and behavioural role of the CA2 region in adult mice. Genetically targeted inactivation of CA2 pyramidal neurons caused a pronounced loss of social memory—the ability of an animal to remember a conspecific—with no change in sociability or several other hippocampus-dependent behaviours, including spatial and contextual memory. These behavioural and anatomical results thus reveal CA2 as a critical hub of sociocognitive memory processing.
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TL;DR
A newly generated Amigo2-Cre mouse line allowed selective targeting of hippocampal CA2 pyramidal neurons, showing that CA2 receives distinct entorhinal and subcortical inputs and projects mainly within hippocampus. Inactivating CA2 output with tetanus toxin selectively abolished social memory while sparing sociability, spatial memory, contextual/auditory fear memory, anxiety, locomotion, and olfaction.
Key findings
- The Amigo2-Cre line selectively labeled CA2 pyramidal neurons: 97.38 ± 0.31% of YFP+ cells co-stained for RGS14 (n = 4 mice, 2546 cells), 82.33 ± 2.37% of RGS14+ cells were YFP+ (n = 4 mice, 2992 cells), and only 0.16 ± 0.16% of YFP+ neurons were GABA+ (n = 3 mice, 1539 cells).
- CA2 inactivation with eGFP-TeNT blocked CA2→CA1 synaptic transmission: light-evoked monosynaptic PSPs in CA1 had mean latency 1.22 ± 0.06 ms (n = 119 observations) in controls, but TeNT co-expression produced little or no synaptic response.
- CA2-TeNT mice showed a profound social memory deficit: they failed to prefer a novel mouse in the three-chamber social novelty test, showed suppressed social memory in the direct interaction test after a 1-h inter-trial interval, and showed no habituation/dishabituation in the 5-trial social memory assay.
- CA2 inactivation did not alter sociability, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, Morris water maze spatial memory, contextual fear memory, auditory fear memory, novel object recognition, buried food detection, or olfactory habituation/dishabituation.
Methods
- Generated an Amigo2-Cre BAC transgenic mouse line, backcrossed to C57BL/6J at least 6 times; only Cre+ males >8 weeks old were used, with Cre-dependent AAVs stereotaxically injected into dorsal hippocampus and experiments performed 2–4 weeks later.
- Used Cre-dependent YFP for anatomical tracing, EnvA pseudotyped ΔG rabies virus for monosynaptic input mapping, immunohistochemistry/confocal microscopy for cell-type validation, and slice electrophysiology with ChR2 and TeNT to test CA2→CA1 transmission.
- Compared CA2-YFP controls with CA2-TeNT mice across open field, elevated plus maze, novel object, Morris water maze, fear conditioning, three-chamber sociability/social novelty, direct interaction, 5-trial social memory, buried food, and olfactory habituation/dishabituation tests; statistics used t-tests, 2-way ANOVA, or 2-way RM ANOVA with Holm-Sidak correction, P < 0.05.
Limitations
- The paper states that the results do not rule out a more general role for CA2 in hippocampal-dependent memory tasks; other hippocampal regions may compensate, or CA2 may be selectively required for more demanding non-social memory tasks.
- The paper notes that failure to observe vasopressinergic input to CA2 may reflect the rabies tracing system’s inability to label peptidergic inputs; absent CA2 output to supramammillary nucleus may reflect an inhibitory projection, and absent CA2 output to EC layer II may reflect weak connections not detected by anterograde tracing.
- Evident from the text: only male Cre+ mice were studied, and only dorsal CA2 was targeted; the Amigo2-Cre line also expresses Cre outside CA2 in adult brain and during development, requiring AAV restriction to CA2.
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24 Own result · 21 Own method · 15 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, there was no co-staining for a CA1 PN marker”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“We did not observe extra-hippocampal outputs.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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In the paper
“Increasing the light intensity recruited progressively larger PSPs, presumably due to an increase in the number of optically-activated CA2 axons (Fig. 3e, f).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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In the paper
“Low intensity illumination (using 2-ms pulses of 470 nm light at 3 mW·mm−2) focused on CA2 reliably triggered action potentials in CA2 PNs, as seen by the presence of fast action currents in cell-attached patch clamp recordings (Fig. 3a-c).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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“synaptic inputs were detected from medial septum and diagonal band (Fig. 2e), median raphe nucleus (Fig. 2f), and the supramammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (Fig. 2g).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Surprisingly, we observed only sparse labeling of EC layer III neurons with the rabies virus approach.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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“focal photostimulation delivered to CA1 SO and SR regions evoked robust monosynaptic PSPs (mean latency 1.22 ± 0.06 ms, n = 119 observations) in nearby CA1 PNs (Fig. 3e).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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“We confirmed that the Cre+ cells were indeed CA2 PNs by demonstrating co-staining for RGS1412 (97.38 ± 0.31% overlap; n = 4 mice, 2546 cells”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Lee, S. E. et al. RGS14 is a natural suppressor of both synaptic plasticity in CA2 neurons and hippocampal-based learning and memory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 16994–16998 (2010) source
boostedcorrelationaln = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“our AAV injections resulted in the targeting of the vast majority of CA2 PNs in the dorsal hippocampus, measured by the percentage of RGS14+ cells that were also YFP+ (82.33 ± 2.37%, n = 4 mice, 2992 cells).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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In the paper
“Moreover, the difference score (time spent exploring the novel mouse minus time spent exploring the familiar mouse) of the CA2-TeNT group was significantly less than that of the CA2-YFP group (Fig. 4b).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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In the paper
“the electrophysiological properties of the YFP+ neurons differed significantly from those of CA1 PNs (Extended Data Table 1) and largely matched the values previously reported for CA2 pyramidal neurons7”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Chevaleyre, V. & Siegelbaum, S. A. Strong CA2 pyramidal neuron synapses define a powerful disynaptic cortico-hippocampal loop. Neuron 66, 560–572 (2010) source
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In the paper
“We observed selective and robust YFP expression in CA2 PNs throughout dorsal hippocampus9-11”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Franklin, K. & Paxinos, G. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Academic, 2007)
- Not checked yetcites [10] Lein, E. S., Callaway, E. M., Albright, T. D. & Gage, F. H. Redefining the boundaries of the hippocampal CA2 subfield in the mouse using gene expression and 3-dimensional reconstruction. J. Comp. Neurol. 485, 1–10 (2005) source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Fanselow, M. S. & Dong, H. W. Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures? Neuron 65, 7–19 (2010) source
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In the paper
“Unilateral viral injections revealed bilateral inputs from CA3 and CA2 (Fig. 2a, b) and strong unilateral input from both lateral and medial EC layer II neurons (Fig. 2c, d).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Only a minute fraction of YFP+ neurons were also GABA+ (0.16 ± 0.16%; n = 3 mice, 1539 cells), demonstrating the specific targeting of CA2 excitatory PNs”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
boostedn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unilateral viral injections resulted in strong bilateral labeling in hippocampal CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions, with densest projections observed in stratum oriens (SO) and weaker projections detected in stratum radiatum (SR) (Fig. 2h, i).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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In the paper
“In contrast, the CA2-TeNT group showed no significant habituation during the four exposures to the stimulus mouse or dishabituation to the novel stimulus mouse”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The CA2-YFP control group of mice displayed normal social memory, as evidenced by a marked habituation (decreased exploration) during trials 1-4 and a striking dishabituation (increased exploration) upon presentation of a novel animal on the fifth trial.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Multiple comparison testing revealed that the CA2-YFP control group demonstrated a significant preference for the compartment containing the novel animal whereas the CA2-TeNT group did not (Fig. 4b).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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“Functional inactivation of dorsal CA2 did not alter locomotor activity or anxiety-like behavior (Extended Data Fig. 5).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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In the paper
“Nor was there any change in hippocampal-dependent contextual fear memory or amygdala-dependent auditory fear memory (Extended Data Fig. 7).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“CA2 silencing did not alter sociability as evidenced by the equal exploration times for trials 1 and 2 when a subject mouse encountered two different unfamiliar mice in successive trials (Fig. 4d).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“selective silencing of CA2 did not alter sociability as the CA2-TeNT and CA2-YFP groups displayed a significant and similar preference for the compartment containing the littermate (Fig. 4a).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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In the paper
“CA2 inactivation also had no effect on the ability of the mice to detect or discriminate either non-social or social odors.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test validly measures detection and discrimination of social and non-social odors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CA2-inactivation also did not significantly alter hippocampal-dependent spatial memory assessed by the Morris water maze (although there was a trend for the CA2-inactivated mice to learn the task more slowly; Extended Data Fig. 6).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This deficit was not due to a lack of interest in novelty, per se, as the CA2-TeNT mice demonstrated normal preference for a novel object as assayed by two different novel object recognition protocols (Extended Data Fig. 8).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because this line expresses Cre throughout the brain during early development, as well as in certain limited areas outside of CA2 in the adult”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we failed to observe vasopressinergic input to CA2 from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus13, which may reflect an inability of the transsynaptic rabies tracing system to label peptidergic inputs15.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Cui, Z., Gerfen, C. R. & Young, W. S. III. Hypothalamic and other connections with dorsal CA2 area of the mouse hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1844–1866 (2013) source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Wall, N. R., De La Parra, M., Callaway, E. M. & Kreitzer, A. C. Differential innervation of direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons. Neuron 79, 347–360 (2013) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, we did not observe CA2 output to EC layer II16, perhaps because the anterograde tracing failed to detect weak connections.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Rowland, D. C. et al. Transgenically targeted rabies virus demonstrates a major monosynaptic projection from hippocampal area CA2 to medial entorhinal layer II neurons. J. Neurosci. 33, 14889–14898 (2013) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These anatomical results generally support previous13,14 findings.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Cui, Z., Gerfen, C. R. & Young, W. S. III. Hypothalamic and other connections with dorsal CA2 area of the mouse hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1844–1866 (2013) source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Kohara, K. et al. Cell type-specific genetic and optogenetic tools reveal hippocampal CA2 circuits. Nature Neurosci. 10.1038/nn.3614. (2013) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We also did not observe CA2 output to the supramammillary nucleus13, suggesting this output may represent an inhibitory projection from CA2 as we selectively labeled PNs.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Cui, Z., Gerfen, C. R. & Young, W. S. III. Hypothalamic and other connections with dorsal CA2 area of the mouse hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1844–1866 (2013) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown that the mRNA for the vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) is strongly expressed in CA221”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Young, W. S., Li, J., Wersinger, S. R. & Palkovits, M. The vasopressin 1b receptor is prominent in the hippocampal area CA2 where it is unaffected by restraint stress or adrenalectomy. Neuroscience 143, 1031–1039 (2006) source
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In the paper
“suggests a potential role for CA2 in non-spatial hippocampal tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“unconditional deletion of this gene impairs social recognition memory22,23.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Wersinger, S. R., Ginns, E. I., O’Carroll, A. M., Lolait, S. J. & Young, W. S. III. Vasopressin V1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 975–984 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [23] DeVito, L. M. et al. Vasopressin 1b receptor knock-out impairs memory for temporal order. J. Neurosci. 29, 2676–2683 (2009) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, CA2 may be selectively required for performance of more demanding non-social memory tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“However, Avpr1b mRNA is also expressed outside hippocampus21 and its deletion results in changes in non-hippocampal dependent behaviors, including reduced aggression and decreased sociability22,23”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Young, W. S., Li, J., Wersinger, S. R. & Palkovits, M. The vasopressin 1b receptor is prominent in the hippocampal area CA2 where it is unaffected by restraint stress or adrenalectomy. Neuroscience 143, 1031–1039 (2006) source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Wersinger, S. R., Ginns, E. I., O’Carroll, A. M., Lolait, S. J. & Young, W. S. III. Vasopressin V1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 975–984 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [23] DeVito, L. M. et al. Vasopressin 1b receptor knock-out impairs memory for temporal order. J. Neurosci. 29, 2676–2683 (2009) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, other regions of hippocampus may be able to compensate for loss of any role that CA2 may normally play in performance of the water maze or contextual fear conditioning tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our results do not rule out the possibility that CA2 may participate more generally in hippocampal-dependent memory tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing the light intensity recruited progressively larger PSPs, presumably due to an increase in the number of optically-activated CA2 axons (Fig. 3e, f).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditionaln = 119- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cells with a 15% or greater change in series resistance were excluded from analysis.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Electrophysiology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This provided illumination over stratum oriens (SO), stratum pyramidale (SP), and stratum radiatum (SR) thus activating the CA2 projections to CA1 that course through SO and SR.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Electrophysiology
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data met assumptions of statistical tests and variance was similar between groups for all metrics measured except for AP duration (Extended Data Table 1), social novelty difference score (Fig. 4b), and direct interaction difference score (Fig. 4c).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first section was randomly chosen, and cells were assessed for double labeling in a single optical section taken near the middle of the slice.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The line was backcrossed to C57BL/6J a minimum of 6 times before any behavioral or physiological experiments were performed.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Generation of Amigo2-Cre mouse line
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All injections were verified histologically. No injections were mistargeted, hence no subjects were excluded from analysis due to injection failure.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Stereotaxic injection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mice > 8 weeks old were injected with virus under stereotactic control into the hippocampus proper to avoid Amigo2-Cre expression in mossy cells of the dentate gyrus.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Subjects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Series resistance, which was always less than 30 MΩ, was monitored and compensated throughout the experiment.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Electrophysiology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half of the mice in each home cage were injected with the YFP virus, while the other half were injected with the TeNT virus.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Subjects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experimenter was blind to the treatment groups.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To test the specificity of the rabies virus, a subset of animals was injected with 360 nl of the (EnvA)SAD-ΔG-mCherry rabies virus without prior injection of AAVs expressing TVA and G.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Stereotaxic injection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sample sizes were chosen based on previous studies.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data met assumptions of statistical tests and variance was similar between groups for all metrics measured except for AP duration (Extended Data Table 1), social novelty difference score (Fig. 4b), and direct interaction difference score (Fig. 4c).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identity of the groups was revealed only after testing was completed.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To blind the experimenter and randomize the treatment groups, virus aliquots were stored as pairs of coded cryotubes.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All pellets were consumed.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Buried food test
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The functional properties and behavioral role of CA2 are largely unknown.
“Although the CA2 region was first described by Lorente de Nó in 19348 relatively little is known about its functional properties and behavioral role.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test validly measures detection and discrimination of social and non-social odors.
“we used an olfactory habituation/dishabituation test (Extended Data Fig. 9b) and found that CA2 inactivation also had no effect on the ability of the mice to detect or discriminate either non-social or social odors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The novel object recognition protocols validly measure interest in novelty.
“the CA2-TeNT mice demonstrated normal preference for a novel object as assayed by two different novel object recognition protocols (Extended Data Fig. 8).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The buried food test validly measures non-social odor detection.
“CA2-TeNT mice showed no loss in the ability to detect the presence of food buried under a deep layer of cage bedding, a test of non-social odor detection (Extended Data Fig. 9a).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Contextual fear memory is hippocampal-dependent and auditory fear memory is amygdala-dependent.
“A 3-day delay fear conditioning protocol was employed to test hippocampal-dependent contextual fear memory and amygdala-dependent auditory fear memory.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The dorsal CA2 is the key centre for encoding, consolidation and recall phases of social memory [125–128].”
From The extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets in memory (2022) · cites this paper as [125]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Using the novel Amigo2-Cre transgenic driver line that targets pyramidal neurons specifically in the CA2 region, it was demonstrated that inactivation of this subregion selectively impaired social memory while leaving sociability and other forms of memory intact [72].”
From Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hitti, F. L., & Siegelbaum, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Siegelbaum, Steven A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-02-23
- Volume
- 508
- Issue
- 7494
- Pages
- 88-92
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4000264
- OpenAlex
- W2011504521
- Semantic Scholar
- a6576814ff321874b6fa9395eee21393bda3dfe6
- Cited by
- 976
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 17
- FWCI
- 29.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health (F30MH098633)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- social memory, neural inactivation, transgenic mice, entorhinal cortex, contextual memory, spatial memory, sociability, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, hippocampal subfields
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autistic Disorder, Electrophysiology, Female, Male, Memory, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Schizophrenia, Social Behavior, Space Perception, Synapses, Pyramidal Cells, Integrases, Mice, CA2 Region, Hippocampal
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