The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 27 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory
Open accessAbstract
The hippocampus is critical for encoding declarative memory, our repository of knowledge of who, what, where and when. Mnemonic information is processed in the hippocampus through several parallel routes involving distinct subregions. In the classic trisynaptic pathway, information proceeds from entorhinal cortex (EC) to dentate gyrus to CA3 and then to CA1, the main hippocampal output. Genetic lesions of EC (ref. 3) and hippocampal dentate gyrus (ref. 4), CA3 (ref. 5) and CA1 (ref. 6) regions have revealed their distinct functions in learning and memory. In contrast, little is known about the role of CA2, a relatively small area interposed between CA3 and CA1 that forms the nexus of a powerful disynaptic circuit linking EC input with CA1 output. Here we report a novel transgenic mouse line that enabled us to selectively examine the synaptic connections and behavioural role of the CA2 region in adult mice. Genetically targeted inactivation of CA2 pyramidal neurons caused a pronounced loss of social memory—the ability of an animal to remember a conspecific—with no change in sociability or several other hippocampus-dependent behaviours, including spatial and contextual memory. These behavioural and anatomical results thus reveal CA2 as a critical hub of sociocognitive memory processing.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A newly generated Amigo2-Cre mouse line allowed selective targeting of hippocampal CA2 pyramidal neurons, showing that CA2 receives distinct entorhinal and subcortical inputs and projects mainly within hippocampus. Inactivating CA2 output with tetanus toxin selectively abolished social memory while sparing sociability, spatial memory, contextual/auditory fear memory, anxiety, locomotion, and olfaction.
Key findings
- The Amigo2-Cre line selectively labeled CA2 pyramidal neurons: 97.38 ± 0.31% of YFP+ cells co-stained for RGS14 (n = 4 mice, 2546 cells), 82.33 ± 2.37% of RGS14+ cells were YFP+ (n = 4 mice, 2992 cells), and only 0.16 ± 0.16% of YFP+ neurons were GABA+ (n = 3 mice, 1539 cells).
- CA2 inactivation with eGFP-TeNT blocked CA2→CA1 synaptic transmission: light-evoked monosynaptic PSPs in CA1 had mean latency 1.22 ± 0.06 ms (n = 119 observations) in controls, but TeNT co-expression produced little or no synaptic response.
- CA2-TeNT mice showed a profound social memory deficit: they failed to prefer a novel mouse in the three-chamber social novelty test, showed suppressed social memory in the direct interaction test after a 1-h inter-trial interval, and showed no habituation/dishabituation in the 5-trial social memory assay.
- CA2 inactivation did not alter sociability, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, Morris water maze spatial memory, contextual fear memory, auditory fear memory, novel object recognition, buried food detection, or olfactory habituation/dishabituation.
Methods
- Generated an Amigo2-Cre BAC transgenic mouse line, backcrossed to C57BL/6J at least 6 times; only Cre+ males >8 weeks old were used, with Cre-dependent AAVs stereotaxically injected into dorsal hippocampus and experiments performed 2–4 weeks later.
- Used Cre-dependent YFP for anatomical tracing, EnvA pseudotyped ΔG rabies virus for monosynaptic input mapping, immunohistochemistry/confocal microscopy for cell-type validation, and slice electrophysiology with ChR2 and TeNT to test CA2→CA1 transmission.
- Compared CA2-YFP controls with CA2-TeNT mice across open field, elevated plus maze, novel object, Morris water maze, fear conditioning, three-chamber sociability/social novelty, direct interaction, 5-trial social memory, buried food, and olfactory habituation/dishabituation tests; statistics used t-tests, 2-way ANOVA, or 2-way RM ANOVA with Holm-Sidak correction, P < 0.05.
Limitations
- The paper states that the results do not rule out a more general role for CA2 in hippocampal-dependent memory tasks; other hippocampal regions may compensate, or CA2 may be selectively required for more demanding non-social memory tasks.
- The paper notes that failure to observe vasopressinergic input to CA2 may reflect the rabies tracing system’s inability to label peptidergic inputs; absent CA2 output to supramammillary nucleus may reflect an inhibitory projection, and absent CA2 output to EC layer II may reflect weak connections not detected by anterograde tracing.
- Evident from the text: only male Cre+ mice were studied, and only dorsal CA2 was targeted; the Amigo2-Cre line also expresses Cre outside CA2 in adult brain and during development, requiring AAV restriction to CA2.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
24 Own result · 21 Own method · 15 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, there was no co-staining for a CA1 PN marker”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not observe extra-hippocampal outputs.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing the light intensity recruited progressively larger PSPs, presumably due to an increase in the number of optically-activated CA2 axons (Fig. 3e, f).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Low intensity illumination (using 2-ms pulses of 470 nm light at 3 mW·mm−2) focused on CA2 reliably triggered action potentials in CA2 PNs, as seen by the presence of fast action currents in cell-attached patch clamp recordings (Fig. 3a-c).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“synaptic inputs were detected from medial septum and diagonal band (Fig. 2e), median raphe nucleus (Fig. 2f), and the supramammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (Fig. 2g).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, we observed only sparse labeling of EC layer III neurons with the rabies virus approach.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“focal photostimulation delivered to CA1 SO and SR regions evoked robust monosynaptic PSPs (mean latency 1.22 ± 0.06 ms, n = 119 observations) in nearby CA1 PNs (Fig. 3e).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plaindirectn = 119- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We confirmed that the Cre+ cells were indeed CA2 PNs by demonstrating co-staining for RGS1412 (97.38 ± 0.31% overlap; n = 4 mice, 2546 cells”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Lee, S. E. et al. RGS14 is a natural suppressor of both synaptic plasticity in CA2 neurons and hippocampal-based learning and memory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 16994–16998 (2010) source
boostedcorrelationaln = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our AAV injections resulted in the targeting of the vast majority of CA2 PNs in the dorsal hippocampus, measured by the percentage of RGS14+ cells that were also YFP+ (82.33 ± 2.37%, n = 4 mice, 2992 cells).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the difference score (time spent exploring the novel mouse minus time spent exploring the familiar mouse) of the CA2-TeNT group was significantly less than that of the CA2-YFP group (Fig. 4b).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“the electrophysiological properties of the YFP+ neurons differed significantly from those of CA1 PNs (Extended Data Table 1) and largely matched the values previously reported for CA2 pyramidal neurons7”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Chevaleyre, V. & Siegelbaum, S. A. Strong CA2 pyramidal neuron synapses define a powerful disynaptic cortico-hippocampal loop. Neuron 66, 560–572 (2010) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We observed selective and robust YFP expression in CA2 PNs throughout dorsal hippocampus9-11”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Franklin, K. & Paxinos, G. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Academic, 2007)
- Not checked yetcites [10] Lein, E. S., Callaway, E. M., Albright, T. D. & Gage, F. H. Redefining the boundaries of the hippocampal CA2 subfield in the mouse using gene expression and 3-dimensional reconstruction. J. Comp. Neurol. 485, 1–10 (2005) source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Fanselow, M. S. & Dong, H. W. Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures? Neuron 65, 7–19 (2010) source
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unilateral viral injections revealed bilateral inputs from CA3 and CA2 (Fig. 2a, b) and strong unilateral input from both lateral and medial EC layer II neurons (Fig. 2c, d).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only a minute fraction of YFP+ neurons were also GABA+ (0.16 ± 0.16%; n = 3 mice, 1539 cells), demonstrating the specific targeting of CA2 excitatory PNs”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
boostedn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unilateral viral injections resulted in strong bilateral labeling in hippocampal CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions, with densest projections observed in stratum oriens (SO) and weaker projections detected in stratum radiatum (SR) (Fig. 2h, i).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the CA2-TeNT group showed no significant habituation during the four exposures to the stimulus mouse or dishabituation to the novel stimulus mouse”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CA2-YFP control group of mice displayed normal social memory, as evidenced by a marked habituation (decreased exploration) during trials 1-4 and a striking dishabituation (increased exploration) upon presentation of a novel animal on the fifth trial.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple comparison testing revealed that the CA2-YFP control group demonstrated a significant preference for the compartment containing the novel animal whereas the CA2-TeNT group did not (Fig. 4b).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Functional inactivation of dorsal CA2 did not alter locomotor activity or anxiety-like behavior (Extended Data Fig. 5).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nor was there any change in hippocampal-dependent contextual fear memory or amygdala-dependent auditory fear memory (Extended Data Fig. 7).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CA2 silencing did not alter sociability as evidenced by the equal exploration times for trials 1 and 2 when a subject mouse encountered two different unfamiliar mice in successive trials (Fig. 4d).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“selective silencing of CA2 did not alter sociability as the CA2-TeNT and CA2-YFP groups displayed a significant and similar preference for the compartment containing the littermate (Fig. 4a).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CA2 inactivation also had no effect on the ability of the mice to detect or discriminate either non-social or social odors.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test validly measures detection and discrimination of social and non-social odors.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CA2-inactivation also did not significantly alter hippocampal-dependent spatial memory assessed by the Morris water maze (although there was a trend for the CA2-inactivated mice to learn the task more slowly; Extended Data Fig. 6).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This deficit was not due to a lack of interest in novelty, per se, as the CA2-TeNT mice demonstrated normal preference for a novel object as assayed by two different novel object recognition protocols (Extended Data Fig. 8).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The novel object recognition protocols validly measure interest in novelty.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because this line expresses Cre throughout the brain during early development, as well as in certain limited areas outside of CA2 in the adult”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we failed to observe vasopressinergic input to CA2 from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus13, which may reflect an inability of the transsynaptic rabies tracing system to label peptidergic inputs15.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Cui, Z., Gerfen, C. R. & Young, W. S. III. Hypothalamic and other connections with dorsal CA2 area of the mouse hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1844–1866 (2013) source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Wall, N. R., De La Parra, M., Callaway, E. M. & Kreitzer, A. C. Differential innervation of direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons. Neuron 79, 347–360 (2013) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, we did not observe CA2 output to EC layer II16, perhaps because the anterograde tracing failed to detect weak connections.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Rowland, D. C. et al. Transgenically targeted rabies virus demonstrates a major monosynaptic projection from hippocampal area CA2 to medial entorhinal layer II neurons. J. Neurosci. 33, 14889–14898 (2013) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These anatomical results generally support previous13,14 findings.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Cui, Z., Gerfen, C. R. & Young, W. S. III. Hypothalamic and other connections with dorsal CA2 area of the mouse hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1844–1866 (2013) source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Kohara, K. et al. Cell type-specific genetic and optogenetic tools reveal hippocampal CA2 circuits. Nature Neurosci. 10.1038/nn.3614. (2013) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We also did not observe CA2 output to the supramammillary nucleus13, suggesting this output may represent an inhibitory projection from CA2 as we selectively labeled PNs.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Cui, Z., Gerfen, C. R. & Young, W. S. III. Hypothalamic and other connections with dorsal CA2 area of the mouse hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 521, 1844–1866 (2013) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown that the mRNA for the vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) is strongly expressed in CA221”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Young, W. S., Li, J., Wersinger, S. R. & Palkovits, M. The vasopressin 1b receptor is prominent in the hippocampal area CA2 where it is unaffected by restraint stress or adrenalectomy. Neuroscience 143, 1031–1039 (2006) source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggests a potential role for CA2 in non-spatial hippocampal tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“unconditional deletion of this gene impairs social recognition memory22,23.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Wersinger, S. R., Ginns, E. I., O’Carroll, A. M., Lolait, S. J. & Young, W. S. III. Vasopressin V1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 975–984 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [23] DeVito, L. M. et al. Vasopressin 1b receptor knock-out impairs memory for temporal order. J. Neurosci. 29, 2676–2683 (2009) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, CA2 may be selectively required for performance of more demanding non-social memory tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, Avpr1b mRNA is also expressed outside hippocampus21 and its deletion results in changes in non-hippocampal dependent behaviors, including reduced aggression and decreased sociability22,23”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Young, W. S., Li, J., Wersinger, S. R. & Palkovits, M. The vasopressin 1b receptor is prominent in the hippocampal area CA2 where it is unaffected by restraint stress or adrenalectomy. Neuroscience 143, 1031–1039 (2006) source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Wersinger, S. R., Ginns, E. I., O’Carroll, A. M., Lolait, S. J. & Young, W. S. III. Vasopressin V1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 975–984 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [23] DeVito, L. M. et al. Vasopressin 1b receptor knock-out impairs memory for temporal order. J. Neurosci. 29, 2676–2683 (2009) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, other regions of hippocampus may be able to compensate for loss of any role that CA2 may normally play in performance of the water maze or contextual fear conditioning tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our results do not rule out the possibility that CA2 may participate more generally in hippocampal-dependent memory tasks.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing the light intensity recruited progressively larger PSPs, presumably due to an increase in the number of optically-activated CA2 axons (Fig. 3e, f).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Abstract
hedgedconditionaln = 119- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cells with a 15% or greater change in series resistance were excluded from analysis.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Electrophysiology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This provided illumination over stratum oriens (SO), stratum pyramidale (SP), and stratum radiatum (SR) thus activating the CA2 projections to CA1 that course through SO and SR.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Electrophysiology
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data met assumptions of statistical tests and variance was similar between groups for all metrics measured except for AP duration (Extended Data Table 1), social novelty difference score (Fig. 4b), and direct interaction difference score (Fig. 4c).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first section was randomly chosen, and cells were assessed for double labeling in a single optical section taken near the middle of the slice.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The line was backcrossed to C57BL/6J a minimum of 6 times before any behavioral or physiological experiments were performed.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Generation of Amigo2-Cre mouse line
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All injections were verified histologically. No injections were mistargeted, hence no subjects were excluded from analysis due to injection failure.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Stereotaxic injection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mice > 8 weeks old were injected with virus under stereotactic control into the hippocampus proper to avoid Amigo2-Cre expression in mossy cells of the dentate gyrus.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Subjects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Series resistance, which was always less than 30 MΩ, was monitored and compensated throughout the experiment.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Electrophysiology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half of the mice in each home cage were injected with the YFP virus, while the other half were injected with the TeNT virus.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Subjects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experimenter was blind to the treatment groups.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To test the specificity of the rabies virus, a subset of animals was injected with 360 nl of the (EnvA)SAD-ΔG-mCherry rabies virus without prior injection of AAVs expressing TVA and G.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Stereotaxic injection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sample sizes were chosen based on previous studies.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data met assumptions of statistical tests and variance was similar between groups for all metrics measured except for AP duration (Extended Data Table 1), social novelty difference score (Fig. 4b), and direct interaction difference score (Fig. 4c).”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identity of the groups was revealed only after testing was completed.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To blind the experimenter and randomize the treatment groups, virus aliquots were stored as pairs of coded cryotubes.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Behavioral tests
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All pellets were consumed.”
§ The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory > Methods > Buried food test
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The functional properties and behavioral role of CA2 are largely unknown.
“Although the CA2 region was first described by Lorente de Nó in 19348 relatively little is known about its functional properties and behavioral role.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test validly measures detection and discrimination of social and non-social odors.
“we used an olfactory habituation/dishabituation test (Extended Data Fig. 9b) and found that CA2 inactivation also had no effect on the ability of the mice to detect or discriminate either non-social or social odors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The novel object recognition protocols validly measure interest in novelty.
“the CA2-TeNT mice demonstrated normal preference for a novel object as assayed by two different novel object recognition protocols (Extended Data Fig. 8).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The buried food test validly measures non-social odor detection.
“CA2-TeNT mice showed no loss in the ability to detect the presence of food buried under a deep layer of cage bedding, a test of non-social odor detection (Extended Data Fig. 9a).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Contextual fear memory is hippocampal-dependent and auditory fear memory is amygdala-dependent.
“A 3-day delay fear conditioning protocol was employed to test hippocampal-dependent contextual fear memory and amygdala-dependent auditory fear memory.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The dorsal CA2 is the key centre for encoding, consolidation and recall phases of social memory [125–128].”
From The extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets in memory (2022) · cites this paper as [125]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Using the novel Amigo2-Cre transgenic driver line that targets pyramidal neurons specifically in the CA2 region, it was demonstrated that inactivation of this subregion selectively impaired social memory while leaving sociability and other forms of memory intact [72].”
From Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates
Konsman, J. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00088-x · Cited by 16,796
The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G. (2001) · Cited by 12,859
A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain
Madisen, L., Zwingman, T. A., Sunkin, S. M., Oh, S. W., Zariwala, H. A., Gu, H., Ng, L. L., Palmiter, R. D., Hawrylycz, M. J., Jones, A. R., et al. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2467 · Cited by 6,907
Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity
Boyden, E. S., Zhang, F., Bamberg, E., Nagel, G., & Deisseroth, K. A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1525 · Cited by 5,015
Wickersham, I. R., Sullivan, H., & Seung, H. (2010) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.248 · Cited by 4,905
Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory
Vorhees, C. V., & Williams, M. T. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.116 · Cited by 4,629
Are the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Functionally Distinct Structures?
Fanselow, M. S., & Dong, H.-W. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.031 · Cited by 3,358
de Nó, R. L. (1934) · Cited by 1,974
The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory.
Tsien, J. Z., Huerta, P. T., & Tonegawa, S. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81827-9 · Cited by 1,782
Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3044 · Cited by 1,688
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Heintz, N. GENSAT Brain Atlas of gene expression in EGFP Transgenic Mice http://www.gensat.org (2003)
- Lein, E. S. ISH Data: Allen Brain Atlas: Mouse Brain http://mouse.brain-map.org/ (2007)
- de Jong, P. J. BAC Clones Distribution Center – BACPAC Resources Center https://bacpac.chori.org/ (2000)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future
Josselyn, S. A., & Tonegawa, S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaw4325 · Cited by 1,087
Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition
Lisman, J., Buzsáki, G., Eichenbaum, H., Nadel, L., Ranganath, C., & Redish, A. D. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4661 · Cited by 851
Ventral CA1 neurons store social memory
Okuyama, T., Kitamura, T., Roy, D. S., Itohara, S., & Tonegawa, S. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf7003 · Cited by 657
Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior
Froemke, R. C., & Young, L. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102320-102847 · Cited by 480
“…first-order neuromodulation and depolarization of principal neurons has been identified in rodent hippocampal area CA2, which is important for social recognition memory (Hitti & Siegelbaum 2014, Raam et al. 2017, Leroy et al. 2018, Lin et al. 2018, Cymerblit-Sabba et al. 2020, Donegan et al. 2020).”
BackgroundRediscovering area CA2: unique properties and functions
Dudek, S. M., Alexander, G. M., & Farris, S. (2016) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.22 · Cited by 333
Marmosets: A Neuroscientific Model of Human Social Behavior
Miller, C. T., Freiwald, W. A., Leopold, D. A., Mitchell, J. F., Silva, A. C., & Wang, X. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.018 · Cited by 338
Spatial Gene-Expression Gradients Underlie Prominent Heterogeneity of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
Cembrowski, M. S., Bachman, J. L., Wang, L., Sugino, K., Shields, B. C., & Spruston, N. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.013 · Cited by 328
Combined Social and Spatial Coding in a Descending Projection from the Prefrontal Cortex
Murugan, M., Jang, H. J., Park, M., Miller, E. M., Cox, J., Taliaferro, J. P., Parker, N. F., Bhave, V., Hur, H., Liang, Y., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.002 · Cited by 311
A hippocampal circuit linking dorsal CA2 to ventral CA1 critical for social memory dynamics
Meira, T., Leroy, F., Buss, E. W., Oliva, A., Park, J., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06501-w · Cited by 310
Self-citationA distributed network for social cognition enriched for oxytocin receptors
Mitre, M., Marlin, B. J., Schiavo, J. K., Morina, E., Norden, S. E., Hackett, T. A., Aoki, C. J., Chao, M. V., & Froemke, R. C. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2409-15.2016 · Cited by 305
Knierim, J. J., & Neunuebel, J. P. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.008 · Cited by 330
Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume
Hibar, D. P., Adams, H. H. H., Jahanshad, N., Chauhan, G., Stein, J. L., Hofer, E., Renteria, M. E., Bis, J. C., Arias-Vasquez, A., Ikram, M. K., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13624 · Cited by 299
Distinct Neural Circuits for the Formation and Retrieval of Episodic Memories
Roy, D. S., 北村, 貴., Okuyama, T., Ogawa, S. K., Sun, C., Obata, Y., Yoshiki, A., & Tonegawa, S. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.013 · Cited by 303
Hippocampal oxytocin receptors are necessary for discrimination of social stimuli
Raam, T., McAvoy, K. M., Besnard, A., Veenema, A. H., & Sahay, A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02173-0 · Cited by 292
Mapping Social Behavior-Induced Brain Activation at Cellular Resolution in the Mouse
Kim, Y., Venkataraju, K. U., Pradhan, K., Mende, C., Taranda, J., Turaga, S. C., Arganda‐Carreras, I., Ng, L., Hawrylycz, M., Rockland, K. S., et al. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.014 · Cited by 311
Social place-cells in the bat hippocampus
Omer, D. B., Maimon, S. R., Las, L., & Ulanovsky, N. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao3474 · Cited by 280
Hippocampal CA2 activity patterns change over time to a larger extent than between spatial contexts
Mankin, E. A., Diehl, G. W., Sparks, F. T., Leutgeb, S., & Leutgeb, J. K. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.001 · Cited by 279
A circuit from hippocampal CA2 to lateral septum disinhibits social aggression
Leroy, F., Park, J. M., Asok, A., Brann, D. H., Meira, T., Boyle, L. M., Buss, E. W., Kandel, E. R., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0772-0 · Cited by 290
Self-citationGating of hippocampal activity, plasticity, and memory by entorhinal cortex long-range inhibition
Basu, J., Zaremba, J. D., Cheung, S. K., Hitti, F. L., Zemelman, B. V., Losonczy, A., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa5694 · Cited by 274
Self-citationPerineuronal Nets Suppress Plasticity of Excitatory Synapses on CA2 Pyramidal Neurons
Carstens, K. E., Phillips, M. L., Pozzo-Miller, L., Weinberg, R. J., & Dudek, S. M. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0245-16.2016 · Cited by 271
Hippocampal CA2 sharp-wave ripples reactivate and promote social memory
Oliva, A., Fernández-Ruiz, A., Leroy, F., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2758-y · Cited by 268
Self-citationNeural mechanisms of aggression across species
Lischinsky, J. E., & Lin, D. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00715-2 · Cited by 273
Review: adult neurogenesis contributes to hippocampal plasticity
Toda, T., & Gage, F. H. (2017) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-017-2735-4 · Cited by 279
A hypothalamic novelty signal modulates hippocampal memory
Chen, S., He, L., Huang, A. J. Y., Boehringer, R., Robert, V., Wintzer, M. E., Polygalov, D., Weitemier, A. Z., Tao, Y., Gu, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2771-1 · Cited by 258
Spatial representations of self and other in the hippocampus
Danjo, T., Toyoizumi, T., & Fujisawa, S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao3898 · Cited by 262
Doorn, K. J., Moors, T., Drukarch, B., van de Berg, W. D., Lucassen, P. J., & van Dam, A.-M. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0090-1 · Cited by 254
The Corticohippocampal Circuit, Synaptic Plasticity, and MemoryPreprint
Basu, J., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021733 · Cited by 269
Self-citationA compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders
Ullman, M. T., & Pullman, M. Y. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.008 · Cited by 263
Targeted activation of the hippocampal CA2 area strongly enhances social memory
Smith, A. S., Williams Avram, S. K., Cymerblit-Sabba, A., Song, J., & Young, W. S. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.189 · Cited by 236
Bienkowski, M. S., Bowman, I., Song, M. Y., Gou, L., Ard, T., Cotter, K., Zhu, M., Benavidez, N. L., Yamashita, S., Abu-Jaber, J., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0241-y · Cited by 224
A hippocampal network for spatial coding during immobility and sleep
Kay, K., Sosa, M., Chung, J. E., Karlsson, M. P., Larkin, M. C., & Frank, L. M. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17144 · Cited by 235
Lesions to the CA 2 region of the hippocampus impair social memory in mice
Stevenson, E. L., & Caldwell, H. K. (2014) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12689 · Cited by 222
Role of Hippocampal CA2 Region in Triggering Sharp-Wave Ripples
Oliva, A., Fernández‐Ruiz, A., Buzsáki, G., & Berényi, A. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.008 · Cited by 230
Oxytocin and vasopressin: powerful regulators of social behavior
Caldwell, H. K. (2017) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858417708284 · Cited by 216
Tanimizu, T., Kenney, J. W., Okano, E., Kadoma, K., Frankland, P. W., & Kida, S. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3451-16.2017 · Cited by 214
Ko, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2017.00041 · Cited by 229
Ventral hippocampal projections to the medial prefrontal cortex regulate social memory
Phillips, M. L., Robinson, H. A., & Pozzo-Miller, L. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.44182 · Cited by 205
Pagani, J. H., Zhao, M., Cui, Z., Williams Avram, S. K., Caruana, D. A., Dudek, S. M., & Young, W. S. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.47 · Cited by 204
Montagrin, A., Saiote, C., & Schiller, D. (2017) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22797 · Cited by 211
Cognitive-Affective Functions of the Cerebellum
Rudolph, S., Badura, A., Lutzu, S., Pathak, S. S., Thieme, A. G., Verpeut, J. L., Wagner, M. J., Yang, Y., & Fioravante, D. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1451-23.2023 · Cited by 215
Social and novel contexts modify hippocampal CA2 representations of space
Alexander, G. M., Farris, S., Pirone, J. R., Zheng, C., Colgin, L. L., & Dudek, S. M. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10300 · Cited by 191
Schafer, M., & Schiller, D. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.006 · Cited by 186
Piskorowski, R. A., Nasrallah, K., Diamantopoulou, A., Mukai, J., Hassan, S. I., Siegelbaum, S. A., Gogos, J. A., & Chevaleyre, V. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.036 · Cited by 180
Self-citationBariselli, S., Hörnberg, H., Prévost-Solié, C., Musardo, S., Hatstatt-Burklé, L., Scheiffele, P., & Bellone, C. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05382-3 · Cited by 171
The extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets in memory
Fawcett, J. W., Fyhn, M., Jendelova, P., Kwok, J. C. F., Ruzicka, J., & Sorg, B. A. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01634-3 · Cited by 169
Lin, Y.-T., Hsieh, T.-Y., Tsai, T.-C., Chen, C.-C., Huang, C.-C., & Hsu, K.-S. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1896-17.2017 · Cited by 165
Lee, H., Wang, C., Deshmukh, S. S., & Knierim, J. J. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.012 · Cited by 173
Sun, Q., Sotayo, A. O., Cazzulino, A. S., Snyder, A. M., Denny, C. A., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.012 · Cited by 159
Self-citationNeurobiology of the lateral septum: regulation of social behavior
Menon, R., Süß, T., Oliveira, V. E. D. M., Neumann, I. D., & Bludau, A. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2021.10.010 · Cited by 163
Oxytocin transforms firing mode of CA2 hippocampal neurons
Tirko, N. N., Eyring, K. W., Carcea, I., Mitre, M., Chao, M. V., Froemke, R. C., & Tsien, R. W. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.008 · Cited by 157
Neuronal circuitry for recognition memory of object and place in rodent models
Chao, O. Y.-H., Nikolaus, S., Yang, Y., & Huston, J. P. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104855 · Cited by 171
Rescue of oxytocin response and social behaviour in a mouse model of autism
Hörnberg, H., Pérez-Garci, E., Schreiner, D., Hatstatt-Burklé, L., Magara, F., Baudouin, S., Matter, A., Nacro, K., Pecho-Vrieseling, E., & Scheiffele, P. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2563-7 · Cited by 154
Ding, S., & Hoesen, G. W. V. (2015) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23786 · Cited by 158
Putting Together Pieces of the Lateral Septum: Multifaceted Functions and Its Neural Pathways
Rizzi-Wise, C. A., & Wang, D. V. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0315-21.2021 · Cited by 161
Impaired calcium signaling in astrocytes modulates autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors in mice
Wang, Q., Kong, Y., Wu, D., Liu, J., Jie, W., You, Q.-L., Huang, L., Hu, J., Chu, H.-D., Gao, F., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23843-0 · Cited by 157
Topography of Place Maps along the CA3-to-CA2 Axis of the Hippocampus
Lu, L., Igarashi, K. M., Witter, M. P., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.007 · Cited by 163
Recapitulation and Reversal of Schizophrenia-Related Phenotypes in Setd1a-Deficient Mice
Mukai, J., Cannavò, E., Crabtree, G. W., Sun, Z., Diamantopoulou, A., Thakur, P., Chang, C., Cai, Y., Lomvardas, S., Takata, A., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.014 · Cited by 146
Qi, G., Zhang, P., Li, T., Li, M., Zhang, Q., He, F., Zhang, L., Cai, H., Lv, X., Qiao, H., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28190-2 · Cited by 151
Evidence for a subcircuit in medial entorhinal cortex representing elapsed time during immobility
Heys, J. G., & Dombeck, D. A. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0252-8 · Cited by 143
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus: history, regulation, and prospective roles
Fares, J., Diab, Z. B., Nabha, S. M., & Fares, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2018.1545771 · Cited by 145
The neural circuitry of social homeostasis: Consequences of acute versus chronic social isolation
Lee, C. R., Chen, A., & Tye, K. M. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.028 · Cited by 146
Long‐term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and ‘tagging’ between synapses
Bin Ibrahim, M. Z., Benoy, A., & Sajikumar, S. (2022) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16065 · Cited by 137
Glendining, K. A., & Jasoni, C. L. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20020329 · Cited by 140
Hippocampal 5-HT Input Regulates Memory Formation and Schaffer Collateral Excitation
Teixeira, C. M., Rosen, Z. B., Suri, D., Sun, Q., Hersh, M. A., Sargin, D., Dincheva, I., Morgan, A. A., Spivack, S., Krok, A. C., et al. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.030 · Cited by 140
Self-citationOrganization of neural circuits underlying social behavior: A consideration of the medial amygdala
Raam, T., & Hong, W. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2021.02.008 · Cited by 134
Lensjø, K. K., Christensen, A. C., Tennøe, S., Fyhn, M., & Hafting, T. (2017) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0379-16.2017 · Cited by 133
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the motivational forces that drive social behaviors
Caldwell, H. K., & Albers, H. E. (2015) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_390 · Cited by 129
Adult Neurogenesis and the Future of the Rejuvenating Brain Circuits
Lepousez, G., Nissant, A., & Lledo, P. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.002 · Cited by 136
A role for CA3 in social recognition memory
Chiang, M.-C., Huang, A. J. Y., Wintzer, M. E., Ohshima, T., & McHugh, T. J. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.019 · Cited by 133
Riga, D., Kramvis, I., Koskinen, M. K., van Bokhoven, P., van der Harst, J. E., Heistek, T. S., Jaap Timmerman, A., van Nierop, P., van der Schors, R. C., Pieneman, A. W., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8753 · Cited by 128
Dynamics of social representation in the mouse prefrontal cortex
Levy, D. R., Tamir, T., Kaufman, M., Parabucki, A., Weissbrod, A., Schneidman, E., & Yizhar, O. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0531-z · Cited by 135
Dynamic microglial modulation of spatial learning and social behavior
Torres, L., Danver, J., Ji, K., Miyauchi, J. T., Chen, D., Anderson, M. E., West, B. L., Robinson, J. K., & Tsirka, S. E. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.001 · Cited by 133
Adamowicz, D. H., Roy, S., Salmon, D. P., Galasko, D. R., Hansen, L. A., Masliah, E., & Gage, F. H. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3047-16.2016 · Cited by 133
Colzato, L. S., & Beste, C. (2020) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00057.2020 · Cited by 130
Female mice are protected from space radiation-induced maladaptive responses
Krukowski, K., Grue, K. A., Frias, E. S., Pietrykowski, J., Jones, T., Nelson, G. A., & Rosi, S. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.008 · Cited by 126
Parvalbumin interneuron in the ventral hippocampus functions as a discriminator in social memory
Deng, X., Gu, L., Sui, N., Guo, J., & Liang, J. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1819133116 · Cited by 130
Cellular and System Biology of Memory: Timing, Molecules, and Beyond
Körte, M., & Schmitz, D. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2015 · Cited by 132
Social Memory and the Role of the Hippocampal CA2 Region
Tzakis, N., & Holahan, M. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00233 · Cited by 139
Lopez‐Rojas, J., de Solis, C. A., Leroy, F., Kandel, E. R., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.028 · Cited by 133
Self-citationDrd3 Signaling in the Lateral Septum Mediates Early Life Stress-Induced Social Dysfunction
Shin, S., Pribiag, H., Lilascharoen, V., Knowland, D., Wang, X.-Y., & Lim, B. K. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.040 · Cited by 120
Wang, T., Chen, B., Luo, M., Xie, L., Lu, M., Lu, X., Zhang, S., Wei, L., Zhou, X., Yao, B., et al. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01656-1 · Cited by 118
Heritability and reliability of automatically segmented human hippocampal formation subregions
Whelan, C. D., Hibar, D. P., van Velzen, L. S., Zannas, A. S., Carrillo‐Roa, T., McMahon, K. L., Prasad, G., Kelly, S., Faskowitz, J., de Zubicaray, G. I., et al. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.039 · Cited by 124
Neurons in Vulnerable Regions of the Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Display Reduced ATM Signaling
Shen, X., Chen, J., Li, J., Kofler, J., & Herrup, K. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0124-15.2016 · Cited by 121
5-HT modulation of a medial septal circuit tunes social memory stability
Wu, X., Morishita, W., Beier, K. T., Heifets, B. D., & Malenka, R. C. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03956-8 · Cited by 116
Donegan, M. L., Stefanini, F., Meira, T., Gordon, J. A., Fusi, S., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00720-5 · Cited by 114
Self-citationShidore, M. M., Machhi, J., Shingala, K., Murumkar, P. R., Sharma, M. K., Agrawal, N., Tripathi, A., Parikh, Z. S., Pillai, P. P., & Yadav, M. R. (2016) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00426 · Cited by 114
Spatial coding and physiological properties of hippocampal neurons in the Cornu Ammonis subregions
Oliva, A., Fernández‐Ruiz, A., Buzsáki, G., & Berényi, A. (2016) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22659 · Cited by 121
Zou, D., Chen, L., Deng, D., Jiang, D., Dong, F., McSweeney, C., Zhou, Y., Liu, L., Chen, G., Wu, Y., et al. (2016) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524016666151222150024 · Cited by 112
The zebrafish subcortical social brain as a model for studying social behavior disorders
Geng, Y., & Peterson, R. T. (2019) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.039446 · Cited by 117
Borroto‐Escuela, D. O., Ambrogini, P., Chruścicka, B., Lindskog, M., Crespo‐Ramírez, M., Hernández-Mondragón, J. C., de la Mora, M. P., Schellekens, H., & Fuxé, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041927 · Cited by 114
GABAergic neuronal IL-4R mediates T cell effect on memory
Herz, J., Fu, Z., Kim, K., Dykstra, T., Wall, M. K., Li, H., Salvador, A. F., Zou, B., Yan, N., Blackburn, S. M., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.022 · Cited by 113
Chronic Loss of CA2 Transmission Leads to Hippocampal Hyperexcitability
Boehringer, R., Polygalov, D., Huang, A. J. Y., Middleton, S. J., Robert, V., Wintzer, M. E., Piskorowski, R. A., Chevaleyre, V., & McHugh, T. J. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.014 · Cited by 105
Park, G., Ryu, C., Kim, S., Jeong, S. J., Koo, J. W., Lee, Y., & Kim, S. J. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109104 · Cited by 109
Glover, M. E., & Clinton, S. M. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.04.008 · Cited by 109
Zinn, C. G., Clairis, N., Cavalcante, L. E. S., Furini, C. R. G., Myskiw, J. D. C., & Izquierdo, I. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609883113 · Cited by 107
The hippocampus in depth: a sublayer-specific perspective of entorhinal–hippocampal function
Valero, M., & de la Prida, L. M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.013 · Cited by 110
The Influence of Serum Uric Acid on the Brain and Cognitive Dysfunction
Mijailović, N. R., Vesić, K., & Borovčanin, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.828476 · Cited by 102
The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression: The hippocampal pathway
Morales‐Medina, J. C., Iannitti, T., Freeman, A. R., & Caldwell, H. K. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.029 · Cited by 101
Lin, Y.-T., & Hsu, K. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.10.003 · Cited by 102
Social memory engram in the hippocampus
Okuyama, T. (2018) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2017.05.007 · Cited by 95
Metadata
- Authors
- Hitti, F. L., & Siegelbaum, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Siegelbaum, Steven A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-02-23
- Volume
- 508
- Issue
- 7494
- Pages
- 88-92
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4000264
- OpenAlex
- W2011504521
- Semantic Scholar
- a6576814ff321874b6fa9395eee21393bda3dfe6
- Cited by
- 976
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 17
- FWCI
- 29.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health (F30MH098633)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- social memory, neural inactivation, transgenic mice, entorhinal cortex, contextual memory, spatial memory, sociability, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, hippocampal subfields
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autistic Disorder, Electrophysiology, Female, Male, Memory, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Schizophrenia, Social Behavior, Space Perception, Synapses, Pyramidal Cells, Integrases, Mice, CA2 Region, Hippocampal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
