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From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala
Open accessAbstract
The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single structure be crucial for such different functions? With recent technological advances that allow for causal investigations of specific neural circuit elements, we can now begin to map the complex anatomical connections of the amygdala onto behavioural function. Understanding how the amygdala contributes to a wide array of behaviours requires the study of distinct amygdala circuits.
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In the citing paper
“More recently, more in-depth research has illustrated that alterations in the HPA axis have been associated with the process of dealing with stress, especially toxic stress-induced negative health outcomes (83).”
From Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma (2019) · cites this paper as [83]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A growing appreciation for the complexity of the amygdala complex has resulted in a more nuanced understanding of this region’s role in fear learning, appetitive learning, and value encoding (Janak and Tye, 2015), and it is clear that the amygdala promotes adaptive behavioral responses to both positive and negative environmental stimuli.”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Janak and Tye, 2015
In the citing paper
“In addition to a role in fear and threat conditioning, the amygdala also regulates anxiety.”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Janak and Tye, 2015
In the citing paper
“Since the amygdala is central to processing these forms of information (Janak and Tye, 2015), aberrant communication of anxiety-related information from amygdala to VS could mediate anxiety-driven compulsive behavior.”
From A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors (2015) · cites this paper as Janak and Tye, 2015
In the citing paper
“The BNST and the CeA have been implicated in diverse behavioral functions (Davis et al., 2010, Janak and Tye, 2015, Kim et al., 2013)”
From Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation (2016) · cites this paper as Janak and Tye, 2015
In the citing paper
“In particular, given its access to primary sensory information, the CeA could orchestrate appropriate behavioral responses to salient stimuli with different valences [88,93].”
From Oxytocin Signaling in the Central Amygdala Modulates Emotion Discrimination in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [93]
In the citing paper
“Processing of this sensory information in the BLA results in the formation of associations between neutral predictive stimuli and outcomes of positive or negative valence56 via Hebbian mechanisms57-59.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“This interpretation is in part dictated by the individual’s previous experience and includes the assignment of valence to the stimulus via BLA circuits56.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“the valence detection function of BLA projection neurons56 fits within the interpretation circuits described here, helping to determine whether a given stimulus is threatening or appetitive.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“The BLA is critical for associative learning”
From Infraslow histaminergic dynamics govern priming states to gate moment-to-moment memory accessibility (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
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Citations
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BackgroundA bidirectional corticoamygdala circuit for the encoding and retrieval of detailed reward memories
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“The finding that CeA inactivation disrupted both contextual and cued fear is supported by decades of work demonstrating that the CeA is critical to the expression of conditioned responses (Janak and Tye, 2015; Killcross et al., 1997; Ressler et al., 2020).”
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“On a functional level, the hippocampus might be primarily involved in spatial learning in theMWM [58], while the amygdala is more heavily implicated in fear memory [59].”
BackgroundStress peptides sensitize fear circuitry to promote passive coping
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“In the context of fear behavior, the overarching view is that CEl neurons (potentially PKCδ+ neurons (11)) gate amygdala function by antagonizing BLA-to-CEm signalling, which, in turn, drives freezing (5, 16).”
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“Great advances have been made in our understanding of the neurobiology of associative learning in humans and animals by using aversive/threat conditioning in which the US is unpleasant or threatening (for reviews see Fanselow & Poulos 2005; Janak & Tye 2015; LeDoux 2014).”
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“Specifically, we determined the effects of LM-4131 on cellular and synaptic physiology in the BLA, given its key role in regulating anxiety and stress-response integration (Janak and Tye, 2015; Pape and Pare, 2010).”
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“Although the CeA is well known for its role in fear conditioning, increasing evidence indicates that the CeA also can control other cognitiveand reward-related processes (18, 21, 24).”
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“The underlying neuronal mechanisms may involve precise interactions between specific functional subpopulations through intra-BLA recurrent inhibitory and excitatory circuits (3, 33, 34) under the control of neuromodulatory inputs (35, 36).”
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“The amygdala appears to have a central role in emotional regulation processes, particularly negative emotions, such as fear or anxiety (12).”
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“Reportedly, the amygdala, which is a rapid detector of aversive environmental stimuli and gives rise to affective or behavioral states to allow for adaptive responses to potential threats [56], becomes strongly activated as a result of gazing at the eye region in individuals with anxiety disorder [57] and individuals…”
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“Its role in learned fear is well recognized and has been reviewed extensively [24,27].”
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“These regions are anatomically linked (Janak and Tye, 2015) with oxytocin fibers found within the OFC (Rogers et al.”
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“In this fear response, sensory information is funneled into the basal and basomedial cell groups, and the central nucleus of the amygdala (Janak and Tye, 2015).”
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“In addition to the central amygdala, the lateral and basal amygdalae also project back to the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, which are believed to regulate memory and social behavior (Lee et al., 2013; Janak and Tye, 2015).”
BackgroundHow contexts promote and prevent relapse to drug seeking
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“There is also renewed interest in anatomical- and functional-based segregation of BLA output circuits (Beyeler et al. 2016; Janak & Tye 2015) and these have been shown to influence extinction and reinstatement in other learning preparations (Herry et al. 2008; Senn et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAmygdala Nuclei Volume and Shape in Military Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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“This work in humans is generally consistent with extensive investigations in animal models that reveal two broad subdivisions of nuclei from the BLA and the centromedial amygdala complexes, with differential functional connectivity and separable roles in threat processing (18).”
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“The BLA integrates sensory afferents from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), thalamus, and sensory association cortex and relays this information to the ventral hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), or CeA by projects that can either promote or diminish the expression of anxietylike behavior (Phelps and L…”
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“In contextual fear learning, initial learning about the context occurs in the hippocampus and then coordinated activity in the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala allows association of the context with the aversive stimulus and fear expression (reviewed by Maren et al. 2013; Janak and Tye 2015).”
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“The mechanisms involved in fear can help us better understand different anxiety disorders [93].”
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“…behavioral signs that emerge following chronic ethanol vapor exposure, neurophysiological adaptations also occur in the lateral/basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region that is an integral component of the fear/anxiety circuit (Janak and Tye, 2015; Davis et al., 1994; Phillips and LeDoux, 1992).”
BackgroundStriatopallidal neurons control avoidance behavior in exploratory tasks
LeBlanc, K. H., London, T. D., Szczot, I., Bocarsly, M. E., Friend, D. M., Nguyen, K. P., Mengesha, M. M., Rubinstein, M., Alvarez, V. A., & Kravitz, A. V. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0051-3 · Cited by 46
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“78 The amygdala plays a pivotal role in the cortex, striatum, and subcortex, 79 and its afferent fibers originate from NBM cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, olfactory bulb, preolfactory nucleus, ventromedial hypo-thalamic nucleus, and other nuclei.”
BackgroundCersosimo, M. G. (2017) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-017-2733-6 · Cited by 49
“The amygdala is a group of multiple heterogeneous interconnected nuclei located deep and medially in the temporal lobes (Bzdok et al. 2013; Janak and Tye 2015; Yilmazer-Hanke 2012).”
BackgroundDissociable medial temporal pathways for encoding emotional item and context information
Ritchey, M., Wang, S.-F., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.015 · Cited by 49
“However, note that the basolateral subregion described here is only a subset of the area thought to be homologous to the so-called basolateral amygdala in rodents (Janak and Tye, 2015).”
Kuniishi, H., Yamada, D., Wada, K., Yamada, M., & Sekiguchi, M. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0837-3 · Cited by 47
Medeiros, G. C., Rush, A. J., Jha, M. K., Carmody, T. J., Furman, J. L., Czysz, A. H., Trombello, J. M., Cooper, C. M., & Trivedi, M. H. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23006 · Cited by 50
Neuronal basis for pain-like and anxiety-like behaviors in the central nucleus of the amygdala
Chen, W., Lien, C., & Chen, C. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002389 · Cited by 49
Convergent Coding of Recent and Remote Fear Memory in the Basolateral Amygdala
Liu, J., Totty, M. S., Melissari, L., Bayer, H., & Maren, S. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.018 · Cited by 50
The Human Basolateral Amygdala Is Indispensable for Social Experiential Learning
Rosenberger, L. A., Eisenegger, C., Naef, M., Terburg, D., Fourie, J., Stein, D. J., & van Honk, J. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.078 · Cited by 48
“amygdala nuclei [5], and there is no translational research on its role in experiential learning.”
BackgroundChildhood trauma and amygdala nuclei volumes in youth at risk for mental illness
Nogovitsyn, N., Addington, J., de Souza, R. M., Placsko, T. J., Stowkowy, J., Wang, J., Goldstein, B. I., Bray, S., Lebel, C. A., Taylor, V. H., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003177 · Cited by 54
“Preclinical studies consistently report that the BLA is a storage site for fear memories and is involved in the regulation of fear extinction (Janak & Tye, 2015; Sah et al., 2003), suggesting that the BLA may be heavily involved in modulation of anxietylike behaviours associated with past stressful…”
BackgroundCRHCeA→VTA inputs inhibit the positive ensembles to induce negative effect of opiate withdrawal
Jiang, C., Yang, X., He, G., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Xu, W., Ma, L., Ma, L., & Wang, F. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01321-9 · Cited by 49
Pastor, V., & Medina, J. H. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15168 · Cited by 50
“The amygdala is considered a brain hub for integration of sensory and nociceptive information (Janak & Tye, 2015; Sigurdsson et al., 2007).”
BackgroundGABAA(δ) receptor hypofunction in the amygdala-hippocampal circuit underlies stress-induced anxiety
Qin, X., Pan, H., Huang, S.-H., Zou, J., Zheng, Z.-H., Liu, X., You, W.-J., Liu, Z.-P., Cao, J., Zhang, W.-H., et al. (2021) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.007 · Cited by 48
Genetic Moderation of Stress Effects on Corticolimbic Circuitry
Bogdan, R., Pagliaccio, D., Baranger, D. A. A., & Hariri, A. R. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.216 · Cited by 53
“The central structure, or hub, within this network is the amygdala, which has extensive afferent and efferent connections with other corticolimbic circuitry nodes including the thalamus, sensory cortex, autonomic and neuromodulatory brainstem nuclei, hypothalamus, insula, hippocampal formation, and prefrontal cortex (…”
BackgroundLi, X., Wang, H., Tian, Y., Zhou, S., Li, X., Wang, K., & Yu, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00250 · Cited by 48
“In addition there was no significant valence × group interaction [F(4, 100) = 0.427, p = 0.789, Pillai’s Trace)].”
BackgroundInfluentialGABA Cells in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Promote Cataplexy
Snow, M. B., Fraigne, J. J., Thibault‐Messier, G., Chuen, V. L., Thomasian, A., Horner, R. L., & Peever, J. H. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4070-15.2017 · Cited by 47
“This idea stems from the fact that the amygdala plays a role in processing emotional stimuli (Murray, 2007; Bonnet et al., 2015; Janak and Tye, 2015) and that cataplexy is typically elicited by positive stimuli (Nishino and Mignot, 1997; España et al., 2007; Clark et al., 2009; Overeem et al.,…”
BackgroundGating of visual processing by physiological need
Burgess, C. R., Livneh, Y., Ramesh, R. N., & Andermann, M. L. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.020 · Cited by 48
Addiction and the itch‐scratch cycle. What do they have in common?
Ishiuji, Y. (2019) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14029 · Cited by 51
Evolution, Emotion, and Episodic Engagement
Pine, D. S., Wise, S. P., & Murray, E. A. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081187 · Cited by 52
“Janak PH, Tye KM: From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala.”
Early-life inflammation with LPS delays fear extinction in adult rodents
Doenni, V. M., Song, C. M., Hill, M. N., & Pittman, Q. J. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.022 · Cited by 50
Distinct Processing of Aversive Experience in Amygdala Subregions
Michely, J., Rigoli, F., Rutledge, R. B., Hauser, T. U., & Dolan, R. J. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.07.008 · Cited by 46
Fu, J., Yu, X.-D., Zhu, Y., Xie, S., Tang, M., Yu, B., & Li, X. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00545-z · Cited by 49
Diversity of interneurons in the lateral and basal amygdala
Polepalli, J. S., Gooch, H. M., & Sah, P. (2020) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-020-0071-z · Cited by 51
“To examine synaptic properties, EPSCs were recorded in voltage-clamp at holding potentials of −60 and +40mV, to determine: (1) NMDAR-to-AMPAR ratio; (2) AMPAR rectification in the presence of the NMDAR blocker AP5 (30 μM); (3) kinetics of the NMDAR mediated EPSC in the presence of the AMPAR blocker 2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nit…”
Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations
Hernández-Ávalos, I., Mota‐Rojas, D., Mendoza-Flores, J. E., Casas-Alvarado, A., Flores-Padilla, K., Miranda-Cortés, A. E., Torres-Bernal, F., Gómez-Prado, J., & Mora‐Medina, P. (2021) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2021.2984-2995 · Cited by 47
“These structures codify the information to produce the real, conscious experience of pain (Figure-1) – whether sensory (localization, character, discrimination) or affective (emotional) – which occurs when the nervous impulse reaches the specific brain structures (hypothalamus and thalamus) that modulate nociception […”
BackgroundDemaestri, C., Brenhouse, H. C., & Honeycutt, J. A. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.005 · Cited by 42
“While the BLA is a well-known and highly studied locus of anxiety-related behavioral states (Tye et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Janak & Tye, 2015; Perusini et al., 2015), the BNST also plays an important role in an organism’s response to anxiety-inducing stimuli (Walker et al., 2003; Kim et al.,…”
An emotional-response model of bipolar disorders integrating recent findings on amygdala circuits
Bigot, M., Alonso, M., Houenou, J., Sarrazin, S., Dargél, A., Lledo, P., & Henry, C. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.037 · Cited by 48
“nected to the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Janak and Tye, 2015).”
Maternal Obesity and Gut Microbiota Are Associated with Fetal Brain Development
Basak, S., Das, R. K., Banerjee, A., Paul, S., Pathak, S., & Duttaroy, A. K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214515 · Cited by 55
“The structural and functional alterations of the amygdala are associated with neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders ranging from anxiety [139] to autism spectrum disorder [140].”
BackgroundTang, Q., Wu, Y., Tao, Q., Shen, Y., An, X., Liu, D., & Xu, Z. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01748-4 · Cited by 52
“The CeA is termed as the “ nociceptive amygdala ” and serves as the output for the amygdala [16].”
Li, W., Chen, R., Feng, L., Dang, X., Liu, J., Chen, T., Yang, J., Su, X., Lv, L., Li, T., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01746-y · Cited by 48
“The amygdala, a region that is important for emotion and motivation, has been reported to be critical for anxiety and fear 6,8–11 , suggesting the crucial role of the amygdala in anxiety disorders.”
Whole-Brain Monosynaptic Afferent Inputs to Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System
Hu, R. K., Jin, S., He, X., Xu, F., & Hu, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2016.00098 · Cited by 49
“The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a neural component of the extended amygdala (Jennings et al., 2013), is a key integrator of diverse motivational states through its interactions with various synaptic targets, including the LH, a brain region historically implicated in reward and…”
BackgroundInterpersonal violence in posttraumatic women: brain networks triggered by trauma-related pictures
Neumeister, P., Feldker, K., Heitmann, C. Y., Helmich, R., Gathmann, B., Becker, M. P. I., & Straube, T. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw165 · Cited by 53
“Due to its strong connections to the amygdala’s centromedial nucleus, which is crucial for behavioral output processes, the BLA is able to potentiate fear responses via these projections (Janak and Tye, 2015).”
BackgroundGoetschius, L. G., Hein, T. C., Mattson, W. I., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Dotterer, H. L., Welsh, R. C., Mitchell, C. M., Hyde, L. W., & Monk, C. S. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.009 · Cited by 49
“Rather, they may more broadly guide the regulation of emotion (Cunningham et al., 2008; Janak and Tye, 2015).”
The neural bases of expressive suppression: A systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies
Sikka, P., Stenberg, J., Vorobyev, V., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104708 · Cited by 53
“Also, relatively stable individual differences, for example in trait emotion regulation or trait anxiety, as well as the differential involvement of the various sub-regions of amygdala and insula (Janak and Tye, 2015; Orem et al., 2019) may underlie conflicting results.”
ResultCell-type specific changes in PKC-delta neurons of the central amygdala during alcohol withdrawal
Dilly, G. A., Kittleman, C. W., Kerr, T. M., Messing, R. O., & Mayfield, R. D. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02063-0 · Cited by 47
The neurobiology of safety and threat learning in infancy
Dębiec, J., & Sullivan, R. M. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.015 · Cited by 49
Common Biological Mechanisms of Alcohol Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Suh, J. (2018) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v39.2.04 · Cited by 46
McGinnis, M. M., Parrish, B. C., Chappell, A. M., Alexander, N. J., & McCool, B. A. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0132-19.2019 · Cited by 45
“Importantly, both the anatomy and function of the BLA is highly conserved across species (Janak and Tye, 2015), allowing for the use of translational animal models to study human conditions.”
BackgroundYang, Y., Wu, Q., & Morys, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121587 · Cited by 45
“However, accumulating evidence indicates that the amygdala also plays a prominent role in mediating positive/reward stimuli processing [100].”
BackgroundA nociceptive neuronal ensemble in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex underlies pain chronicity
Qi, X., Cui, K., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Tong, J., Sun, W., Shao, S. H., Wang, J., Wang, C., Sun, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111833 · Cited by 44
Social memory deficit caused by dysregulation of the cerebellar vermis
Chao, O. Y.-H., Pathak, S. S., Zhang, H., Augustine, G. J., Christie, J. M., Kikuchi, C., Taniguchi, H., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41744-2 · Cited by 43
“5) is likely through their intense crosstalk with other brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex 61,62 .”
BackgroundTakahashi, H., Komatsu, S., Nakahachi, T., Ogino, K., & Kamio, Y. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2593-4 · Cited by 49
“The amygdala has long been associated with ASR (Koch 1999), as well as motivation (Janak and Tye 2015).”
BackgroundTransdiagnostic brain responses to disorder-related threat across four psychiatric disorders
Feldker, K., Heitmann, C. Y., Neumeister, P., Tupak, S. V., Schrammen, E., Moeck, R., Zwitserlood, P., Bruchmann, M., & Straube, T. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002634 · Cited by 45
“The amygdala can be divided into lateral, basal and central components, with the lateral part functioning mainly as an entrance region for sensory information while the central region mediates behavioural and autonomous reactions via various output pathways (LeDoux, 2007; Janak & Tye, 2015).”
BackgroundInvestigating the Neural Correlates of Emotion–Cognition Interaction Using an Affective Stroop Task
Raschle, N. M., Fehlbaum, L. V., Menks, W. M., Euler, F., Sterzer, P., & Stadler, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01489 · Cited by 49
“…amygdala to affective processing and particularly fear conditioning, strong evidence points toward a more integral role of the amygdala as a key node for valence processing during different aversive states, including fear, anxiety, or reward processing (Murray et al., 2014; Janak and Tye, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Janak, P. H., & Tye, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Janak, Patricia H.
- Tye, Kay M.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-01-14
- Volume
- 517
- Issue
- 7534
- Pages
- 284-292
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4565157
- OpenAlex
- W1989982790
- Cited by
- 2,011
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 210 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 234 · 2020: 225 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 56
- FWCI
- 13.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PMC
- Funders
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
- JPB Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA014925, AA17072, AA014925, P50AA017072, R01AA016835)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH102441, MH102441, R37MH102441)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA015096, R01DA015096, R01DA035943)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP2DK102256)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- amygdala, neural circuits, emotions, motivation, fear, reward, behavioural function, structural connectivity, causal manipulation
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Behavior, Biological Evolution, Fear, Humans, Memory, Neural Pathways, Reward
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