The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 55 of the 65 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000 and 1,400 bc, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a 'Basal Eurasian' lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local hunter-gatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter-gatherers of Europe to greatly reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those of Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Genome-wide ancient DNA from ancient Near Easterners shows that early populations had substantial “Basal Eurasian” ancestry with little if any Neanderthal admixture, and that the first farmers of the southern Levant and Zagros/Iran were strongly genetically differentiated and descended from local hunter-gatherers. Later admixture among these farmer populations and with European hunter-gatherers reduced West Eurasian genetic differentiation and spread Near Eastern-related ancestry into Europe, East Africa, the Eurasian steppe, and South Asia.
Key findings
- Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East, with highest estimates in Iran Mesolithic (66±13%), Iran Neolithic (48±6%), and Levant Epipaleolithic Natufians (44±8%). Basal Eurasian ancestry was negatively correlated with Neanderthal allele sharing; extrapolation gave Basal Eurasian Neanderthal ancestry at 9±26% relative to non-Basal Eurasians, with a 95% CI of −42 to 60%, truncated to 0–60%.
- The earliest West Eurasian populations were extremely differentiated: FST among the four “corners” of PCA was 0.08–0.15, comparable to 0.09–0.13 between present-day West Eurasians and Han. By the Bronze Age, differentiation had fallen to present-day levels, with FST ≤0.025 for 95% of West Eurasian population pairs and ≤0.046 for all pairs. Levantine farmers shared more alleles with Natufians than with Iran farmers (f4 Z=13.6), and Iran/Caucasus farmers shared more with local hunter-gatherers than with Levant farmers (Z>6).
- Levant first farmers traced ~2/3 of their ancestry to Natufian-related people and ~1/3 to Anatolian farmer-related people. Iran Chalcolithic-related ancestry contributed ~44% to Levantine Bronze Age, ~33% to Chalcolithic northwest Anatolians, and ~43% to early Bronze Age steppe populations. European early farmers were not directly descended from southern Levant farmers (f4 Z=15), and East African West Eurasian ancestry was better modelled by Levantine early farmers. In South Asia, ANI was modelled as a mix of Iran early farmer and Bronze Age steppe ancestry; Mala had ~18% steppe-related ancestry and Kalash ~50%. ANE ancestry ranged from ~40% in Native Americans to no less than ~5–10% in diverse East Asian groups, with EHG deriving ~3/4 of ancestry from ANE.
Methods
- The study generated genome-wide ancient DNA from newly reported ancient Near Eastern individuals dating ~12,000–1,400 BCE from the southern Caucasus (Armenia), northwestern Anatolia, Iran, and the southern Levant. The abstract reports 44 ancient Near Easterners; the main text reports genome-wide data passing quality control for 45 individuals, with median coverage of 172,819 SNPs and radiocarbon dates for 26 individuals (22 newly generated).
- DNA was extracted mainly from the inner-ear petrous bone, converted into barcoded libraries, and enriched by in-solution hybridization for ~1.2 million SNP targets. The new data were merged with previously published ancient data to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals and with 2,583 present-day people genotyped on the Affymetrix Human Origins array (238 newly genotyped).
- Analyses included PCA, ADMIXTURE, outgroup f3, f4-statistics, qpAdm, qpWave, qpGraph, FST estimation, and a ghost-population cline-intersection method; ancient individuals were represented in pseudo-haploid form.
Limitations
- Stated: poor DNA preservation in warm climates had previously made it impossible to study the first farmers; the authors could not test for a link to present-day North Africans; the spatial distribution of Anatolian/European-like farmer populations is unknown, so an Anatolian origin of European farming cannot be exclusively proven; one individual had a radiocarbon date inconsistent with its archaeological context and was also a genetic outlier.
- Stated: the authors were concerned that conclusions might be biased by which populations happened to be sampled, and they tested robustness by withholding major populations and using ghost-population modelling.
- Evident from the text: sampling is uneven across time and geography, many key ancient populations are unsampled or inferred as “ghosts,” and several conclusions depend on qpAdm/qpWave/qpGraph models and the available reference populations.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
55 of 65 cited sources checked · 20 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The finding of little if any Neanderthal ancestry in Basal Eurasians could be explained if the Neanderthal admixture into modern humans 50,000-60,000 years ago11 largely occurred after the splitting of the Basal Eurasians from other non-Africans.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [11] Fu, Q. et al. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445–449 (2014) source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these populations, which we confirmed using qpWave7 (Supplementary Information, section 7).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extreme regional differentiation in the ancient Near East
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s main text (page unavailable in our copy) describes WHG- and EHG-related ancestry and models Yamnaya as a mixture of EHG and a Near Eastern-related population. It does not establish the proposed four streams, identify Neolithic Levant/Natufian and Neolithic Iran as sources, or model diverse ancient West Eurasians in those terms. The citing authors’ statement that they confirmed the hypothesis with qpWave is their own result, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“We obtain the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipaleolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses Near Eastern-related ancestry in the Yamnaya, and Extended Data Table 1 lists the study's ancient samples. Neither gives qpAdm estimates of Basal Eurasian ancestry for Iran or Natufians. Searches for those populations, the quoted percentages, and “Basal Eurasian” found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The qpAdm/f4 reference populations used in the analyses are appropriate proxies for the ancestral populations they represent.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Almost all ancient and present-day West Eurasians have evidence of significant admixture between two or more ancestral populations, as documented by statistics of the form f3(Test; Reference1, Reference2) which if negative, show that a Test population's allele frequencies tend to be intermediate between two Reference populations16 (Extended Data Table 2).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > How diverse first farmers of the Near East mixed to form the region's later populations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Patterson, N. et al. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics 192, 1065–1093 (2012) source
The citation is attached to the explanation of the f3 test, not to the citing authors’ finding about almost all ancient and present-day West Eurasians, which is tied to their Extended Data Table 2. In “The three-population test and introduction of f-statistics” (page unavailable), the source says a significantly negative f3(C; A, B) is evidence of a complex history in the test population. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“We computed squared allele frequency differentiation between all pairs of ancient West Eurasians28 (Methods; Fig. 3; Extended Data Fig. 2b; Extended Data Fig. 4), and found that the populations at the four corners of the quadrangle had differentiation of FST=0.08-0.15, comparable to the value of 0.09-0.13 seen between present-day West Eurasians and East Asians (Han) (Supplementary Data Table 3).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extreme regional differentiation in the ancient Near East
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] Fernández, E. et al. Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 B.C. near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004401 (2014) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on Genetic distances and Principal Component Analysis report FST comparisons and a PCA of haplogroup frequencies, but do not identify four corners of a PCA quadrangle or report FST=0.08–0.15 for those populations. Searches for the quadrangle and the Han comparison also found no passage giving the claimed 0.09–0.13 benchmark. The cited paper therefore does not verify the numerical comparison in the quoted claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We combined our data with previously published ancient data7,8,9,10,8,10-15 to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not available) says the authors combined their data with previously published ancient samples, supporting that part of the claim. It reports a total of 94 ancient Europeans, not 281 ancient individuals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [8] Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–503 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Genome-wide ancient DNA from West Eurasia’ section says the authors combined 67 previously published samples with newly reported data. But it gives the resulting dataset as 230 ancient individuals, not 281; the cited paper therefore supports the combination but not the claimed total. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [9] Jones, E. R. et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat. Commun. 6, 8912 (2015) source
The citation is attached to “previously published ancient data,” not to the citing authors’ total of 281 individuals. The source’s Results (‘Samples, sequencing and authenticity’; page unavailable) reports ancient genomes from Satsurblia, Kotias and Bichon, so it supports its role as a source of published ancient data. It does not establish the citing authors’ dataset size. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Allentoft, M. E. et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522, 167–172 (2015) source
- Supportedcites [11] Fu, Q. et al. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445–449 (2014) source
The citation supports the ‘previously published ancient data’ part of the sentence: the paper’s Abstract reports a genome sequence from a roughly 45,000-year-old individual from Siberia. The total of 281 individuals describes the citing authors’ combined dataset, not a result attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Günther, T. et al. Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA (2015) source
- Supportedcites [13] Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) source
The citation is attached to “previously published ancient data,” not to the citing authors’ total of 281 individuals. The source is an ancient-genome study: its Online Methods describe sequencing Loschbour, Stuttgart and Motala samples, so it supports its use as a source of previously published ancient data. The 281-person total is the citing authors’ own dataset size. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [14] Olalde, I. et al. A common genetic origin for early farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK cultures. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 3132–3142 (2015) source
The Introduction reports ancient genomic data from six Cardial Iberian individuals, so this paper is a source of previously published ancient data. The figure of 281 describes the citing authors’ combined dataset, not a dataset attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [15] Raghavan, M. et al. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505, 87–91 (2014) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section ('Genome sequencing and read processing'; page unavailable) says the study processed its ancient genomes alongside previously published ancient datasets. It does not report a combined dataset of 281 ancient individuals, so the cited paper supports the combination but not that total. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, we sampled from the inner ear region of the petrous bone3,4 that can yield up to ~100 times more endogenous DNA than other skeletal elements4.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Gamba, C. et al. Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Nat. Commun. 5, 5257 (2014) source
The Results section, “The petrous bone and differential DNA yields” (page unavailable), reports that petrous samples yielded up to 183-fold more endogenous DNA than other bones, supporting the claim’s approximate 100-fold comparison. The passage calls the sampled material the petrous portion of the temporal bone rather than specifying the inner-ear region. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [4] Pinhasi, R. et al. Optimal ancient DNA yields from the inner ear part of the human petrous bone. PLoS One 10, e0129102 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports substantially higher endogenous DNA yields from petrous samples than from a metatarsal bone of the same individual, supporting the comparison with another skeletal element. But the reported difference is 267- to 410-fold, not an upper limit of approximately 100-fold; the paper also notes that this comparison rests on a single non-petrous bone. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“PCA on present-day West Eurasian populations (Methods) (Extended Data Fig. 1) on which we projected the ancient individuals (Fig. 1b) replicates previous findings of a Europe-Near East contrast along the horizontal Principal Component 1 (PC1) and parallel clines (PC2) in both Europe and the Near East (Extended Data Fig. 1)7,8,13.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extreme regional differentiation in the ancient Near East
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper's PCA discussion (page unavailable) says that an analysis including 777 present-day West Eurasians replicates the positioning of present-day Europeans relative to the Near East, supporting the broad geographic contrast. It does not describe that contrast as horizontal PC1 or report parallel PC2 clines in Europe and the Near East. The Online Methods (page unavailable) confirm that ancient samples were projected onto a PCA using present-day West Eurasians. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [8] Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–503 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (‘Population history analysis’; page not provided) confirm that the paper performed PCA on 777 West Eurasian individuals and projected ancient individuals onto it. The passages in our copy do not describe a Europe–Near East contrast on PC1 or parallel European and Near Eastern clines on PC2, so they do not support those specific findings. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [13] Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The PCA results passage (labeled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) reports a Europe–Near East discontinuity and north–south clines in both regions, supporting the main pattern. It does not specify that the contrast lies on horizontal PC1 or that the clines lie on PC2, so those axis assignments are not verified by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“West Eurasians harbour significantly less Neanderthal ancestry than East Asians19-21, which could be explained if West Eurasians (but not East Asians) have partial ancestry from a source diluting their Neanderthal inheritance22.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [19] Prufer, K. et al. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505, 43–49 (2014) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Denisovan gene flow in mainland Asia” (page unavailable), the paper says populations in Asia and America appear to have more regions of Neandertal origin than populations in Europe. This supports the direction of the comparison, but the passage does not establish statistical significance for Neandertal ancestry or address West Eurasians as a whole. The reported Z-score concerns Denisovan, not Neandertal, ancestry. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [20] Meyer, M. et al. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 338, 222–226 (2012) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Denisovan and Neandertal gene flow,” the paper estimates 24% less Neandertal ancestry in Europe than in eastern Asia and South America (95% CI 12–36%), supporting a significant difference for the populations studied. Its European samples were French and Sardinian; it does not establish the claim for West Eurasians as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [21] Wall, J. D. et al. Higher levels of neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Genetics 194, 199–209 (2013) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The D-statistics and estimates of f section reports significantly higher frequencies of putative Neanderthal haplotypes in East Asians than in Europeans; the Discussion likewise reports a higher admixture rate in East Asians. The paper establishes this comparison for Europeans, not for West Eurasians as a whole. The proposed dilution explanation is attached to a different citation and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Supporting this theory, we observe a negative correlation between Basal Eurasian ancestry and the rate of shared alleles with Neanderthals19 (Supplementary Information, section 5; Fig. 2).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [19] Prufer, K. et al. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505, 43–49 (2014) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s ‘Neandertal gene flow into modern humans’ section reports Neanderthal-derived DNA in people outside Africa, and its Discussion describes allele sharing between Neanderthals and non-African populations (page not supplied). It does not report a correlation with Basal Eurasian ancestry. The citing sentence presents that correlation as the citing authors’ own observation (‘we observe’), rather than a finding of this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“The UDG treatment strategy is (by-design) inefficient at removing terminal uracils, allowing the mismatch rate to the human genome at the terminal nucleotide to be used for authentication38.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Methods > Ancient DNA data
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [38] Briggs, A. W. et al. Removal of deaminated cytosines and detection of in vivo methylation in ancient DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, e87 (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Repair of Neandertal DNA) say UDG/endoVIII treatment drastically reduced end-of-fragment C/G→T/A mismatches, with removal almost complete in mtDNA. The Results (Neandertal CpG methylation) attribute most remaining terminal C→T mismatches in nuclear DNA to CpG sites, not to deliberately inefficient removal of terminal uracils. The paper does not describe preserving terminal mismatches for authentication. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa24,25”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] Ferembach, D. Squelettes du Natoufien d’Israel., etude anthropologique. Anthropologie 65, 46–66 (1961)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [25] Fadhlaoui-Zid, K. et al. Genome-wide and paternal diversity reveal a recent origin of human populations in North Africa. PLoS One 8, e80293 (2013) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses genetic affinities of present-day North Africans, and the Discussion mentions lithic similarities between North Africa and the Middle East. Neither addresses Natufians or craniometric affinity. Searches for Natufians and cranial morphology found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia (Supplementary Information, section 6) 7,8.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed paper’s Y-chromosome passage (labelled Abstract; page unavailable) reports haplogroups R1a and R1b in ancient European males, not haplogroup E in Natufians or Levantine Neolithic populations. Searches for Natufians, haplogroup E, African origin, and ancient West Eurasian males found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Could not verifycites [8] Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–503 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Insight into population transformations’ section reports Y-chromosome haplogroup G2a in Anatolian Neolithic individuals, not haplogroup E in Natufians or Levantine Neolithic populations (page unavailable). Searches for Natufians, Levantine Neolithic haplogroup E, and the claimed African origin found no passage in our copy addressing those points or the asserted absence in other ancient West Eurasian males. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We then further merged with 2,583 present-day people genotyped on the Affymetrix Human Origins array13,16 (238 new) (Supplementary Data Table 2; Supplementary Information, section 2).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) source
The Online Methods section, ‘Human Origins dataset curation’ (page unavailable), describes the Human Origins array and a dataset of individuals genotyped on it. In the citing sentence, the citation identifies the array and dataset source; the 2,583-person merge and 238 new individuals describe the citing authors’ dataset. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [16] Patterson, N. et al. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics 192, 1065–1093 (2012) source
The citation is attached to the Affymetrix Human Origins array, which this paper says it developed (Simulations to test rolloff). The counts of 2,583 people and 238 new individuals describe the citing authors’ merged dataset, not a result attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,583Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The two Caucasus Hunter Gatherers (CHG)9 are less extreme along PC1 than the Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from Iran, while individuals from Chalcolithic Anatolia, Iran, and Armenia, and Bronze Age Armenia occupy intermediate positions.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extreme regional differentiation in the ancient Near East
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] Jones, E. R. et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat. Commun. 6, 8912 (2015) source
The citation is attached to the identification of the two Caucasus hunter-gatherers, not to the subsequent PC1 comparisons. The Results section, “Continuity across the Palaeolithic–Mesolithic boundary” (page unavailable), identifies Kotias and Satsurblia as the two CHG. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We merged the newly generated data with data from 2,345 individuals previously genotyped on the same array13.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Methods > Affymetrix Human Origins genotyping data
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) source
The Online Methods section, “Human Origins dataset curation” (page unavailable), describes a Human Origins array dataset filtered to 2,345 individuals. The citation identifies the previously genotyped dataset used in the citing authors’ merger; it need not document the citing authors’ own merging step. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,345Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Migrations from the Near East also occurred towards the southwest into East African populations which experienced West Eurasian admixture ~1,000 BCE31,32.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Pickrell, J. K. et al. Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 2632–2637 (2014) source
- Could not verifycites [32] Keller, A. et al. New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Nat Commun 3, 698 (2012) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The SNP analysis discusses the Iceman’s ancestry using European, North African, and Qatari comparison samples; the Discussion addresses Neolithic migration around the Mediterranean. Neither section addresses migration into East Africa or dates West Eurasian admixture there to approximately 1,000 BCE (searched both the claim’s terms and a paraphrase). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We genotyped 238 present-day individuals from 17 diverse West Eurasian populations on the Affymetrix Human Origins array16, and applied quality control analyses as previously described13 (Supplementary Data Table 2).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Methods > Affymetrix Human Origins genotyping data
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Patterson, N. et al. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics 192, 1065–1093 (2012) source
The citation attached to “Affymetrix Human Origins array” identifies the array, not the citing authors’ sample count or quality-control procedures. In “Simulations to test rolloff,” the source says it developed the SNP array released under that name. The quality-control citation is attached separately to “previously described.” (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [13] Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) source
The citation to this paper is attached to the Human Origins array, not to the citing authors’ count of 238 individuals from 17 populations or their quality-control procedures. The paper’s Online Methods (‘Human Origins dataset curation’; page not provided) describes the array and its use with present-day individuals, supporting that identification. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“We can rule out the hypothesis that European farmers stem directly from a population related to the ancient farmers of the southern Levant29,30, however, since they share more allele with Anatolian Neolithic farmers than with Levantine farmers as attested by the positive statistic f4(Europe_EN, Chimp; Anatolia_N, Levant_N) (Z=15).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Ammerman, A. J., Pinhasi, R. & Banffy, E. Comment on Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old Neolithic sites. Science 312, 1875; author reply 1875 (2006) source
- Could not verifycites [30] Pagani, L. et al. Ethiopian genetic diversity reveals linguistic stratification and complex influences on the Ethiopian gene pool. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 91, 83–96 (2012) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
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- Rests on an assumption: The qpAdm/f4 reference populations used in the analyses are appropriate proxies for the ancestral populations they represent.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Scandinavian hunter-gatherers7,8,13 (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG;”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Broader insights into population transformations across West Eurasia and beyond
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract (page not provided) places Swedish hunter-gatherers (SHG) between EHG and WHG on a hunter-gatherer genetic cline. It does not establish that SHG are a mixture of those two groups; the paper elsewhere notes that an intermediate genetic position need not imply a particular mixture model. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Could not verifycites [8] Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–503 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Twelve signals of selection’ section describes Scandinavian hunter-gatherers from Motala as closely related to western hunter-gatherers, but does not say they were a mix of WHG and EHG. The passages on EHG admixture concern steppe populations, not SHG; searches for SHG admixture and Motala ancestry found no passage establishing the claimed mixture. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Partly supportedcites [13] Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper identifies Scandinavian hunter-gatherers (SHG) and reports that Motala12 (SHG) fits a mixture of WHG and Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry (Abstract; page not provided). It does not identify the second component as EHG, so the specific EHG–WHG mixture attributed to it is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial, as the Mala, a south Indian population with minimal ANI along the ‘Indian Cline’ of such ancestry34,35 is inferred to have ~18% steppe-related ancestry, while the Kalash of Pakistan are inferred to have ~50%, similar to present-day northern Europeans7.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] Reich, D., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Price, A. L. & Singh, L. Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature 461, 489–494 (2009) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [35] Fu, Q. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The qpAdm/f4 reference populations used in the analyses are appropriate proxies for the ancestral populations they represent.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“(b) Levantine ancestry in different Eastern African population in the dataset of Pagani et al. (2012); the remainder of the ancestry is a clade with Mota, a ~4,500 year old sample from Ethiopia50.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extended Data
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Pagani et al. (2012) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) find that the non-African component of Semitic and Cushitic Ethiopian populations is closer to populations inhabiting the Levant than to Yemen, supporting the Levantine-affinity part of the claim. The paper distinguishes an African component but does not mention Mota or establish that this component forms a clade with a ~4,500-year-old Ethiopian sample. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The spread of Near Eastern ancestry into the Eurasian steppe was previously inferred7 without access to ancient samples, by hypothesizing a population related to present-day Armenians as a source7,8.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015) source
The paper’s main text (indexed under Abstract; page unavailable) models the ancient Yamnaya as a mixture of eastern European hunter-gatherers and present-day Near Eastern populations such as Armenians. That supports the Armenian-related source hypothesis for which this paper is cited; the separate claim about an earlier inference without ancient samples is attached to citation 7. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Supportedcites [8] Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–503 (2015) source
The citation to this paper supports the Armenian-related source proposed for Near Eastern ancestry in steppe populations. In “Insight into population transformations” (page unavailable), the paper reports that Bronze Age steppe groups had 48–58% ancestry from an “Armenian-like Near Eastern source.” The separate assertion about an earlier inference without ancient samples is attached to citation 7, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Previously, the West Eurasian population known to be the best proxy for this ancestry was present-day Sardinians32, who resemble Neolithic Europeans genetically13,33.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [32] Keller, A. et al. New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Nat Commun 3, 698 (2012) source
This source is cited for the clause that present-day Sardinians genetically resemble Neolithic Europeans, not for the preceding claim about East African ancestry. The SNP analysis finds that the Neolithic Iceman clusters closest to contemporary samples from Sardinia, and the Discussion describes genomic proximity to modern Sardinian groups (page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [13] Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) source
This citation is attached to the claim that present-day Sardinians genetically resemble Neolithic Europeans, not to the preceding claim about East African ancestry. The paper identifies an Early European Farmer cluster that includes Neolithic individuals (Abstract) and estimates substantial Early European Farmer ancestry in Sardinians (Extended Data Table 3). (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Could not verifycites [33] Moorjani, P. et al. Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 422–438 (2013) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The F4 Ratio Estimation section identifies Georgians as a close West Eurasian comparison for Ancestral North Indian ancestry, not for East African ancestry. The Simulations table includes Sardinians as a reference population, but does not identify them as the best proxy for East African West Eurasian ancestry. Searches for Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans found no passage establishing the claimed genetic resemblance. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data document continuity across the hunter-gatherer / farming transition, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus-Iran highlands.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Continuity between pre-farming hunter-gatherers and early farmers of the Near East
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The newly reported ancient individuals date to ~12,000-1,400 BCE and come from the southern Caucasus (Armenia), northwestern Anatolia (Turkey), Iran, and the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) (Supplementary Data Table 1, Fig. 1a).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Abstract
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In the paper
“The early farmers of the Caucasus-Iran highlands similarly share significantly more alleles with the hunter-gatherers of this region than with the early farmers from the Levant: the statistic f4(Iran_N, Chimp; Caucasus or Iran highland hunter-gatherers, Levant_N) is significantly positive (Z>6).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Continuity between pre-farming hunter-gatherers and early farmers of the Near East
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians (Extended Data Table 1).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ancient samples from the Levant project at one end of the Near Eastern cline, and ancient samples from Iran at the other.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extreme regional differentiation in the ancient Near East
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran: the statistic f4(Levant_N, Chimp; Natufian, Iran_N) is significantly positive (Z=13.6).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Continuity between pre-farming hunter-gatherers and early farmers of the Near East
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, by the Bronze Age, genetic differentiation between pairs of West Eurasian populations had reached its present-day low levels (Fig. 3): today, FST is ≤0.025 for 95% of the pairs of West Eurasian populations and ≤0.046 for all pairs (Fig. 3).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extreme regional differentiation in the ancient Near East
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We assembled radiocarbon dates for 26 individuals (22 new generated for this study) (Supplementary Data Table 1).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 26Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter-gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b; Extended Data Fig. 1; Extended Data Fig. 3).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Continuity between pre-farming hunter-gatherers and early farmers of the Near East
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(c) EHG ancestry in Eastern Eurasians”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extended Data
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The population structure of the ancient Near East was not independent of that of Europe (Supplementary Information, section 4), as evidenced by the highly significant (Z=−8.9) statistic f4(Iran_N, Natufian;WHG, EHG) which suggests gene flow in ‘northeastern’ (Neolithic Iran/EHG) and ‘southwestern’ (Levant/WHG) interaction spheres (Fig. 4d).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Broader insights into population transformations across West Eurasia and beyond
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(d) Afontova Gora (AG2) ancestry in Eastern Eurasians; the remainder of their ancestry is a clade with Onge.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extended Data
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Western Iranian first farmers cluster with the likely Mesolithic HotuIIIb individual and more remotely with hunter-gatherers from the southern Caucasus (Fig. 1b)”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > How diverse first farmers of the Near East mixed to form the region's later populations
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it can be modelled as a mix of ancestry related to both early farmers of western Iran and to people of the Bronze Age Eurasian steppe; all sampled South Asian groups are inferred to have significant amounts of both ancestral types.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The qpAdm/f4 reference populations used in the analyses are appropriate proxies for the ancestral populations they represent.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, our analysis shows that East African ancestry is significantly better modelled by Levantine early farmers than by Anatolian or early European farmers, implying that the spread of this ancestry to East Africa was not from the same group that spread Near Eastern ancestry into Europe (Extended Data Fig. 5; Supplementary Information, section 8).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The qpAdm/f4 reference populations used in the analyses are appropriate proxies for the ancestral populations they represent.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Admixture from populations related to the Chalcolithic people of western Iran had a wide impact, consistent with contributing ~44% of the ancestry of Levantine Bronze Age populations in the south and ~33% of the ancestry of the Chalcolithic northwest Anatolians in the west.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > How diverse first farmers of the Near East mixed to form the region's later populations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The qpAdm/f4 reference populations used in the analyses are appropriate proxies for the ancestral populations they represent.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas of high shared genetic drift are ‘yellow’ and include from top-right to bottom-left along the diagonal: early Anatolian and European farmers; European hunter-gatherers, Steppe populations and ones admixed with steppe ancestry; populations from the Levant from the Epipaleolithic (Natufians) to the Bronze Age; populations from Iran from the Mesolithic to the Late Neolithic.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extended Data
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In the paper
“However, we find most of them to be negative in sign and all of them to be non-significant (|Z|<3), providing no evidence that Natufians differ from other ancient samples with respect to African populations.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extended Data
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results point to a demographic process that established high differentiation across West Eurasia and then reduced this differentiation over time.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Extreme regional differentiation in the ancient Near East
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By extrapolation, we infer that the Basal Eurasian population had lower Neanderthal ancestry than non-Basal Eurasian populations and possibly none (ninety-five percent confidence interval truncated at zero of 0-60%; Fig. 2; Methods).”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Basal Eurasian ancestry was pervasive in the ancient Near East and associated with reduced Neanderthal ancestry
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In the paper
“Between 10,000-9,000 BCE, humans began practicing agriculture in the Near East1.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Barker, G. & Goucher, C. The Cambridge World History Volume II: A World with agriculture, 12,000 BCE–500 CE (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015) source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and share alleles at an equal rate with Anatolian and Levantine early farmers (Supplementary Information, section 7), highlighting the long-term isolation of western Iran.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > How diverse first farmers of the Near East mixed to form the region's later populations
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is consistent with an Anatolian origin of farming in Europe, but does not reject other sources, since the spatial distribution of the Anatolian/European-like farmer populations is unknown.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > The Near Eastern contribution to Europeans, East Africans and South Asians
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In the paper
“During subsequent millennia, the early farmer populations of the Near East expanded in all directions and mixed, as we can only model populations of the Chalcolithic and subsequent Bronze Age as having ancestry from two or more sources.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > How diverse first farmers of the Near East mixed to form the region's later populations
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In the paper
“Applying this while withholding major populations, we validated some of our key inferences, successfully inferring mixture proportions consistent with those obtained when the populations are included in the analysis.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Broader insights into population transformations across West Eurasia and beyond
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, the spread of ideas and farming technology moved faster than the spread of people, as we can determine from the fact that the population structure of the Near East was maintained throughout the transition to agriculture.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The relative homogeneity of present-day West Eurasians reflects extensive migration and admixture that homogenized geographically and genetically disparate sources of ancestry.
- Rests on an assumption: The spread of the world's first farmers from the Near East was a mechanism for homogenizing West Eurasian ancestry.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Methods
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In the paper
“The experiments were not randomized and the investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments and outcome assessment.”
§ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The relative homogeneity of present-day West Eurasians reflects extensive migration and admixture that homogenized geographically and genetically disparate sources of ancestry.
“The relative homogeneity of present-day West Eurasians in a world context2 suggests the possibility of extensive migration and admixture that homogenized geographically and genetically disparate sources of ancestry.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The spread of the world's first farmers from the Near East was a mechanism for homogenizing West Eurasian ancestry.
“The spread of the world's first farmers from the Near East would have been a mechanism for such homogenization.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The qpAdm/f4 reference populations used in the analyses are appropriate proxies for the ancestral populations they represent.
“We used qpAdm7 to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population.”
“We used this approach to carry out a systematic survey of ancient West Eurasian populations to explore their possible sources of admixture (Fig. 4; Supplementary Information, section 7).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Basal Eurasians had no less Neanderthal admixture than Mbuti from sub-Saharan Africa.
“We truncated to 0-60% on the assumption that Basal Eurasians had no less Neanderthal admixture than Mbuti from sub-Saharan Africa.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous ancient DNA studies published genome-scale data for 13 individuals from four Bronze Age sites in the Southern Levant: three individuals from ‘Ain Ghazal in present-day Jordan, dated to ~2300 BCE (Intermediate Bronze Age) (Lazaridis et al., 2016); five from Sidon in present-day Lebanon, dated to ~1750 BCE (Middle Bronze Age) (Haber et al., 2017); two from Tel Shadud in present-day Israel,”
From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Lazaridis et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two previous studies of Bronze Age individuals from ‘Ain Ghazal and Sidon modeled them as derived from a mixture of earlier local groups (Levant_N) and groups related to peoples of the Chalcolithic Zagros mountains (Iran_ChL) (Haber et al., 2017; Lazaridis et al., 2016).”
From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Lazaridis et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These groups were estimated to harbor around 56%±3% and 48%±4% Neolithic Levant-related ancestry for ‘Ain Ghazal (Lazaridis et al., 2016) and Sidon (Haber et al., 2017), respectively.”
From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Lazaridis et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lazaridis et al.24 showed that the Levant Bronze Age population from the site of 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan (2490–2300 BCE) could be fit statistically as a mixture of around 56% ancestry from a group related to Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic agriculturalists (represented by ancient DNA from Motza, Israel and 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan; 8300–6700 BCE) and 44% related to populations of the Iranian Chalcolithic (”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as Lazaridis et al.24
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous genome-wide ancient DNA studies from the Near East have revealed that at the time when agriculture developed, populations from Anatolia, Iran, and the Levant were approximately as genetically differentiated from each other as present-day Europeans and East Asians are today24,25.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“relative to a previously reported median pairwise FST of 0.098 (range: 0.023–0.153) observed between populations in pre-Neolithic periods, 0.015 (range: 0.002–0.045) in the Bronze Age periods, and 0.011 (range: 0–0.046) in present-day West Eurasian populations24.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It was striking to us that previously published Bronze Age Levantine samples from the sites of 'Ain Ghazal in present-day Jordan (Levant_BA_South) and Sidon in present-day Lebanon (Levant_BA_North) can be modeled as two-way admixtures, without the Anatolia_N contribution that is required to model the Levant_ChL population24,26.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In what follows, we treat Levant_BA_South and Levant_BA_North as separate populations for analysis, since the symmetry statistic f4(Levant_BA_North, Levant_BA_South; A, Chimp) is significant for a number test populations A (|Z| ≥ 3) (Supplementary Data 5), consistent with the different estimated proportions of Levant_N and Iran_ChL ancestry reported in24,26.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by haplogroup E24”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“we compiled frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups in this geographical area and their changes over time in a dataset of ancient and modern Levantine populations (Figure S12), and note, similarly to Lazaridis et al.,13 that haplogroup J was absent in all Natufian and Neolithic Levant male individuals examined thus far, but emerged during the Bronze Age in Lebanon and Jordan along with ancestry”
From Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, FAs could have acted as a population that diluted NE ancestry in western Eurasia (text S4), as previously suggested (16, 17).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The ancestry of these individuals could be modeled as a mixture of earlier local groups and groups related to the Chalcolithic people of the Zagros Mountains, located in present-day Iran and designated in previous studies as Iran_ChL (Haber et al., 2017; Lazaridis et al., 2016).”
From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Lazaridis et al., 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Earlier genetic analyses modeled the genomes of Middle to Late Bronze Age people of the Southern Levant as having almost equal shares of earlier local populations (Levant_N) and populations that are related to the Chalcolithic Zagros (Feldman et al., 2019; Haber et al., 2017; Lazaridis et al., 2016), suggesting a movement from the northeast into the Southern Levant.”
From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Lazaridis et al., 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“By the Bronze Age, however, expansion of different Near Eastern agriculturalist populations—Anatolian, Iranian, and Levantine—in all directions and admixture with each other substantially homogenized populations across the region, thereby contributing to the relatively low genetic differentiation that prevails today24.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Measured in terms of the average coverage at SNPs, the increase is even more pronounced due to the higher quality of the data reported here than in previous studies of ancient Near Easterners24,26.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The placement of the Levant_ChL cluster is consistent with a previously observed pattern whereby chronologically later Levantine populations are shifted towards the Iran Chalcolithic (Iran_ChL) population compared to earlier Levantine populations, Levant_N (Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic agriculturalists from present-day Israel and Jordan) and Natufians (Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers from”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been proposed that the early FAs are partly genetically derived from the previously identified “basal Eurasian” lineage (16, 17, 51).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This lineage is thought to have diverged from other Eurasian HG populations before the latter mixed with the NE, and therefore had a lower NE ancestry (16, 17, 51).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Model-based clustering using ADMIXTURE37 (Fig. 4b, Supplementary Fig. 4) further supports these results and reveals that the three ancient Egyptians differ from modern Egyptians by a relatively larger Near Eastern genetic component, in particular a component found in Neolithic Levantine ancient individuals36 (Fig. 4b).”
From Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods (2017) · cites this paper as [36]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“We additionally find that the Levant_ChL population does not serve as a likely source of the Levantine-related ancestry in present-day East African populations (see Supplementary Note 4)24.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to haplogroup J24,26.”
From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The PCA shows that Sidon_BA clusters with three individuals from Early Bronze Age Jordan (Jordan_BA) found in a cave above the Neolithic site of ‘Ain Ghazal and probably associated with an Early Bronze Age village close to the site.13”
From Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“…Near-East populations such as Neolithic Iranians 196 (Iran_GanjDareh_N), Neolithic Anatolians (Anatolia_N) and Natufians (Israel_Natufian) 197 alongside various combinations of ancient European Hunter Gatherer populations (WHG, 198 EHG, CHG and SHG) as mentioned in Lazaridis et al. (2016) [23].”
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Nikitin, A. G., & Іванова, С. (2022) · doi:10.33774/coe-2022-7m315 · Cited by 4
A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze AgePreprint
Nikitin, A. G., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N. J., Іванова, С., Videiko, M. Y., Dergachev, V., Kotova, N., Lillie, M. C., Potekhina, I. D., Krenz‐Niedbała, M., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589600 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPatterns of population structure and genetic variation within the Saudi Arabian populationPreprint
Malomane, D. K., Williams, M. P., Tian, L., Tang, J., Huber, C. D., Mangul, S., Abedalthagafi, M., & Chiang, C. W. K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632500 · Cited by 5
“The AP is also hypothesized (Lazaridis et al. 2014; Lazaridis et al. 2016; Ferreira et al. 2021) to be one of the most likely homelands of a hypothesized deeply diverged “ghost” ancestry, the Basal Eurasians, who are thought to have diverged from the non-Africans shortly after the OOA.”
Heraclides, A., & Fernández‐Domínguez, E. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094651 · Cited by 3
Bone Adhered Sediments as a Source of Target and Environmental DNA and Proteins
de-Dios, T., Bonucci, B., Barbieri, R., Kushniarevich, A., D’Atanasio, E., Dittmar, J. M., Cessford, C., Solnik, A., Robb, J., Warinner, C., et al. (2025) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf202 · Cited by 6
“The pseudo-haploid-called nuclear genome overlapped 8,580 SNPs from the Human Origins (HO) dataset (Lazaridis et al. 2016).”
Gill, H., Seidualy, M., Lee, J., Lee, J., Moon, H., Walter, A., Bianco, R. A., Kurmangaliev, A. K., Рахманкулов, Е., Самашев, З., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw8219 · Cited by 3
Self-citationGenome of an early Okhotsk individual reveals ancient admixture between Jomon and Kamchatka lineages
Sato, T. K., Kubo, D., Hirasawa, Y., Yoneda, M., Kimura, R., Tajima, A., & Kato, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21522-4 · Cited by 3
Tendencies in the Tempo of Prehistoric Agricultural Expansions
Fort, J. (2025) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-025-09212-1 · Cited by 3
“All values are also reported in Table 1. the Zagros was the cradle of the eastern Neolithic spread into South Asia (Broushaki et al. 2016; Lazaridis et al. 2016).”
Hasanpour, A., Asgari, S., Khalili, D., Azizi, F., & Hadaegh, F. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38614-4 · Cited by 3
Bioarchaeology-related studies in the Arabian Gulf: potentialities and shortcomings
Baldoni, M., Hashmi, M. A., Bianchi, A. E., Sakal, F., Al-Naimi, F. A., Leisten, T., Martínez‐Labarga, C., & Tomei, S. (2021) · HOMO · doi:10.1127/homo/2021/1282 · Cited by 3
Vilà-Valls, L., Abdeli, A., Lucas-Sánchez, M., Bekada, A., Calafell, F., Benhassine, T., & Comas, D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60568-8 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAn explanation for the sister repulsion phenomenon in Patterson's f -statistics
Atağ, G., Waldman, S., Carmi, S., & Somel, M. (2024) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyae144 · Cited by 3
Technological and Evolutionary Principles for the Domestication of Fermenting Microorganisms
Claudino, P. H., Bolsan, A. C., Trentin, A. B., Leite, D. C. D. A., & Gabiatti, N. C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72000-0_5 · Cited by 2
The Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in The Southern Levant
Ibáñez, J. J., Abdo, K., Arranz‐Otaegui, A., et al. (2025) · Paléorient · doi:10.4000/145z7 · Cited by 3
Skourtanioti, E., Jia, X., Tavartkiladze, N., Bitadze, L., Shengelia, R., Tushabramishvili, N., Aslanishvili, V., Gasparyan, B., Kandel, A. W., Naumann, D., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.07.013 · Cited by 7
Self-citationtidypopgen : Tidy population genetics in R
Carter, E. J., Tysall, E. E., Hodgson, J., et al. (2025) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.70204 · Cited by 3
“FIGURE 4 Principal components analysis using data from Lazaridis et al. (2016).”
La paléogénétique en tant qu’approche archéométrique au cours des 30 dernières années
Geigl, E.-M. (2018) · ArchéoSciences · doi:10.4000/archeosciences.5575 · Cited by 3
Investigating the West Eurasian ancestry of Pakistani Hazaras
Das, R., & Upadhyai, P. (2019) · Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12041-019-1093-2 · Cited by 3
Koganebuchi, K., & Oota, H. (2021) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.2011302 · Cited by 3
Barbujani, G. (2021) · Human Population Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.47248/hpgg2101010005 · Cited by 3
Historical genomes elucidate European settlement and the African diaspora in Delaware
Fleskes, R. E., Owsley, D. W., Bruwelheide, K. S., Barca, K. G., Griffith, D. R., Cabana, G. S., & Schurr, T. G. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.069 · Cited by 3
Aoki, K., Takahata, N., Oota, H., Wakano, J. Y., & Feldman, M. W. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 · Cited by 4
Linden, M. V. (2023) · British Academy eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197267509.003.0011 · Cited by 3
Evolutionary origin of germline pathogenic variants in human DNA mismatch repair genes
Lei, H., Li, J., Zhao, B., Kou, S. H., Xiao, F., Chen, T., & Wang, S. M. (2024) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-024-00573-0 · Cited by 3
“It was identified in two ancient individuals, one dated to 4440–4250 BP in southwest Asia (’Ain Ghazal, Jordan) [43] and the other 1400–900 BP in northeast Asia (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russian) [44].”
Genetic transitions in the Neolithic and Bronze Age at Mas d’en Boixos (Catalonia, Spain)
Roca‐Rada, X., Cuesta‐Aguirre, D. R., Vinueza‐Espinosa, D. C., Davidson, R., Ravishankar, S., Taufik, L., Armentano, N., Esteve, X., Souilmi, Y., Teixeira, J. C., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112871 · Cited by 4
Niger-Congo archaeolinguistics, including Bantu
Bostoen, K. A. G., Coutros, P. R., & Schlebusch, C. M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.30 · Cited by 4
Sino-Tibetan archaeolinguistics
Bradley, D. T. C., Li, L., Ning, C., & Martello, R. D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.22 · Cited by 3
Ancient genomes provide evidence of demographic shift to Slavic-associated groups in Moravia
Schulz, I., Zlámalová, D., Reyna-Blanco, C. S., Morris, S., Gnecchi‐Ruscone, G. A., Eckel, R., Přichystalová, R., Ingrová, P., Dresler, P., Traverso, L., et al. (2025) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03700-9 · Cited by 2
“0 and the modern ones from a reference genome-wide panel of 2280 modern individuals genotyped with the microarray technology using the commercial HumanOrigins chip [68–70].”
The sequencing and interpretation of the genome obtained from a Serbian individual
Ismail, W. M., Pagel, K. A., Pejaver, V. R., Zhang, S. V., Casasa, S., Mort, M. E., Cooper, D. N., Hahn, M. W., & Predrag Radivojac, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208901 · Cited by 3
“and geographic origin [33, 23]. Therefore, the characterization of genetic variation has been of major interest for diverse research fields, including medical, biological and anthropological sciences [5, 33, 14, 23, 22, 29]. Sequencing of the first human genomes revealed that most genetic variation is derived from singl…”
InfluentialRecent migration and sample representativeness in a Danish genetic study
Athanasiadis, G. I. (2017) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2017.1336253 · Cited by 3
“…still to be asserted, the scientific consensus is that Danes, like most present-day Europeans, owe a great deal of their genetics, adaptations and, ultimately, survival to several waves of migration in pre-historic and historical times (Lazaridis et al., 2014, 2016; Skoglund et al., 2012, 2014).”
A new self-learning computational method for footprints of early human migration processes
Juhász, Z., Dudás, E., & Pamjav, H. (2018) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-018-1469-7 · Cited by 5
Cabrera, V. M. (2022) · DNA · doi:10.3390/dna2020008 · Cited by 4
Kosinski, T. J. (2023) · Advances in Anthropology · doi:10.4236/aa.2023.132008 · Cited by 3
Targeted re-sequencing reveals the genomic signatures of multiple barley domesticationsPreprint
Pankin, A., Altmüller, J., Becker, C., & von Korff, M. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/070078 · Cited by 3
“Recent evidence predicting migration between the early agriculturalist settlements of the east and the west of the Fertile Crescent hints at a likelihood of such scenario (Lazaridis et al., 2016).”
A geostatistical approach to modelling human Holocene migrations in Europe using ancient DNAPreprint
Racimo, F., Woodbridge, J., Fyfe, R., Sikora, M., Sjögren, K.-G., Kristiansen, K., & Linden, M. V. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/826149 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of methods handling missing data in PCA on genotype data : Applications for ancient DNA
Ausmees, K. (2019) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) · Cited by 3
Žegarac, A., Winkelbach, L., Blöcher, J., Diekmann, Y., Gavrilović, M. K., Porčić, M., Stojković, B., Milašinović, L., Schreiber, M., Wegmann, D., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101337 · Cited by 3
“For inferences about genetic affinities and ancestry, we computed a PCA with LASER (52) against a reference space of modern European individuals (53) and f-statistics with qp3Pop, qpDstat in f4 mode and qpAdm from the ADMIXTOOLS package (54) (SI 5).”
Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the LevantPreprint
Srigyan, M., Bolívar, H., Ureña, I., Santana, J., Petersen, A., Iriarte, E., Jakobsson, M., Smith, C. I., Ibáñez, J. J., Götherström, A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.281261 · Cited by 3
Modelling complex population structure using F -statistics and Principal Component AnalysisPreprint
Peter, B. M. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452141 · Cited by 3
Gelabert, P., Blazyte, A., Chang, Y., Fernandes, D., Jeon, S., Hong, J. G., Yoon, J., Ko, Y., Oberreiter, V., Cheronet, O., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.465563 · Cited by 3
“The final dataset is composed of 645 present-day Eurasian (47, 64) samples and 237 ancient individuals.”
Self-citationY Chromosome STR Variation Reveals Traditional Occupation Based Population Structure in IndiaPreprint
Sequeira, J. J., Chaitra, M., R, A. R. N., Sudeepthi, M., Shalini, R., Mustak, M. S., Khanna, J., Sharma, S., Chilukuri, R. V. E., van Driem, G. L., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610024 · Cited by 3
“Due to the availability of ancient DNA in Europe, recent studies were able to reconstruct the impact of agricultural expansion in Anatolia and Europe 21,23,24 .”
The genetic history of Portugal over the past 5,000 yearsPreprint
Roca‐Rada, X., Davidson, R., Williams, M. P., Ravishankar, S., Collen, E., Haarkötter, C., Taufik, L., Carvalho, A. F., Villalba‐Mouco, V., Cuesta‐Aguirre, D. R., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612544 · Cited by 3
Genomic history and selection in Roman and early medieval BritainPreprint
Silva, M. S. D., Booth, T. J., Anastasiadou, K., McCabe, J., Barrington, C., Kelly, M., Williams, M., Mohamedy, Y., Masters, M., Gilardet, A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.28.721361 · Cited by 3
Agwamba, K., Smith, L. L., Gabriel, S. I., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.2709 · Cited by 2
“We also observed a strong effect of IBD in mouse populations (figure 2), mirroring patterns seen in humans from these same regions [34,36,65,66].”
Unique demographic history and population substructure among the Coorgs of Southern India
Mukhopadhyay, A., Kumar, L., Sran, K., Kumarasamy Thangaraj, K., & Thelma, B. K. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08073-0 · Cited by 3
Cameron, C. M. (2025) · Avar An Interdisciplinary Journal of Life and Society in the Ancient Near East · doi:10.33182/aijls.v4i1.2863 · Cited by 2
Croze, M., Paladin, A., Zingale, S., Alemanno, S., Nicolis, F., Mottes, E., Maixner, F., Pedrotti, A., Günther, T., Zink, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61601-8 · Cited by 4
“This haplogroup was not found in the comparative dataset and appears to be rare in ancient samples and mostly restricted to the eastern Mediterranean, Caucasus and Asia, where it may have originated by reach-ingwesternEuropeduringtheNE 48,53,54 .”
Slab Grave expansion disrupted long co-existence of distinct Bronze Age herders in central Mongolia
Lee, J., Brosseder, U. B., Moon, H., Stahl, R., Semerau, L., Gantulga, J.-O., Magail, J., Bemmann, J., Yeruul-Erdene, C., Warinner, C., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63789-1 · Cited by 2
Sun, Q., Feng, Y., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Luo, L., Cheng, J., Bu, F., Yu, L., Liu, Y., Liu, C., et al. (2025) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-025-02784-4 · Cited by 2
Sudan’s complex genetic admixture history drives adaptation to malaria in Sudanese Copts
Vilà-Valls, L., Garcia-Calleja, J., Prado-Martinez, J., Bosch, E., Andrés, A. M., Netea, M., Comas, D., & Hassan, H. Y. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2516263123 · Cited by 3
Self-citationResutik, P., Gysi, M., Lemmin, T., Kratzer, A., Haas, C., & Arora, N. (2026) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2026.103433 · Cited by 3
Ancient genomes provide insight into the Paleolithic-to-Neolithic transition in northern East Asia
Zhang, G., Zhao, C., Wang, T., Wang, T., Bennett, E. A., Cui, T., Guo, J., Yu, J., Liu, J., Cao, P., et al. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.02.004 · Cited by 2
Self-citationUncovering a Medieval Pogrom: Genetic History of a Jewish Community in Catalonia (Spain)
Pallarés-Viña, L., Cuesta‐Aguirre, D. R., Campoy-Caballero, M. R., Armentano, N., Colet, A., Morera, A. M., & dos Santos, C. M. P. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17030358 · Cited by 2
“G1a1a lineages appeared in Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Iran [65,66] and 15–17th-century Turkey [66].”
Evidence from Buhais Rockshelter for human settlement in Arabia between 60,000 and 16,000 years ago
Bretzke, K., Kim, S., Jasim, S. A., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70681-z · Cited by 2
“It has been shown that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread in ancient SW Asia, which could be the result of a long-lasting presence in the region 68 .”
Gleize, Y., Mercier, É., Lacourarie, C., Goude, G., Branca, N. M., Deguilloux, M., Mendisco, F., & Pemonge, M. (2026) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.4000/16pu8 · Cited by 2
Untangling Neolithic and Bronze Age mitochondrial lineages in South Asia
Silva, M., Justeau, P., Rodrigues, S., Oteo‐García, G., Dulias, K., Foody, M. G. B., Fichera, A., Yau, B., Rito, T., Wilson, J. F., et al. (2019) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1623319 · Cited by 2
“The oldest H2 genome known is a H2a1 lineage from the Russian Steppe Eneolithic (Mathieson et al. 2018), dating to earlier than 6 ka, with other H2a1 lineages from the Armenian Chalcolithic and Ukrainian Eneolithic dating to 6 ka (Lazaridis et al. 2016; Mathieson et al. 2018).”
Self-citationThe genetic scenario of Mercheros: an under-represented group within the Iberian Peninsula
Flores-Bello, A., Font‐Porterias, N., Aizpurua-Iraola, J., Duarri‐Redondo, S., & Comas, D. (2021) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08203-y · Cited by 2
Self-citationPaleogenomics: The demographic past of prehistoric Europeans
Choin, J., & Quintana‐Murci, L. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.081 · Cited by 2
Analyse de la structure génétique et patronymique de la France métropolitaine (XIXe-XXe siècles)
Darlu, P., & Chareille, P. (2022) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.4000/bmsap.9972 · Cited by 2
Palaeogenomic insights into the origins of early settlers on the island of Cyprus
Heraclides, A., Aristodemou, A., Georgiou, A. N., Antoniou, M., Ilgner, E., & Davranoglou, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60161-z · Cited by 2
“…, Anatolia 18 , the Zagros 17 , the Caucasus 37 , Southeast Europe 39 , and North Africa 38 ; (ii) Pre-Pottery Neolithic populations from the Levant 17,18,21 , Anatolia 18,19,29 , Upper Mesopotamia 21,22,28 , Northwest Zagros 28 , Central Zagros 17,23 , and Cyprus 28 ; (iii) Pottery Neolithic…”
InfluentialBurial of two closely related infants under a “dragon stone” from prehistoric Armenia
Bobokhyan, A. A., Iraeta-Orbegozo, M., McColl, H., Mkrtchyan, R., Սիմոնյան, Հ., Ramos‐Madrigal, J., Valtueña, A. A., Hnila, P., Gilibert, A., & Margaryan, A. (2024) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104601 · Cited by 3
Chataigner, C. (2024) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109061 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G., Merrett, D. C., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., Gamarra, B., Sirak, K., Connell, S., Stewardson, K., Harney, E., Fu, Q., Gonzalez-Fortes, G., Jones, E. R., Roodenberg, S. A., Lengyel, G., Bocquentin, F., Gasparian, B., Monge, J. M., Gregg, M., Eshed, V., Mizrahi, A.-S., Meiklejohn, C., Gerritsen, F., Bejenaru, L., Blüher, M., Campbell, A., Cavalleri, G., Comas, D., Froguel, P., Gilbert, E., Kerr, S. M., Kovacs, P., Krause, J., McGettigan, D., Merrigan, M., Merriwether, D. A., O'Reilly, S., Richards, M. B., Semino, O., Shamoon-Pour, M., Stefanescu, G., Stumvoll, M., Tönjes, A., Torroni, A., Wilson, J. F., Yengo, L., Hovhannisyan, N. A., Patterson, N., Pinhasi, R., & Reich, D.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Whitman College (US)
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Miskolc (HU)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (AM)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Israel Antiquities Authority (IL)
- The University of Winnipeg (CA)
- Netherlands Institute in Turkey (TR)
- University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- IFB Adiposity Diseases (DE)
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology (DE)
- Binghamton University (US)
- University of Huddersfield (GB)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer (GB)
- Yerevan State University (AM)
- Corresponding author
- Lazaridis, Iosif
- Pinhasi, Ron
- Reich, David
- ORCID
- Lazaridis, Iosif
- Nadel, Dani
- Rollefson, Gary
- Merrett, Deborah C.
- Rohland, Nadin
- Mallick, Swapan
- Fernandes, Daniel
- Novak, Mario
- Gamarra, Beatriz
- Sirak, Kendra
- Connell, Sarah
- Fu, Qiaomei
- Jones, Eppie R.
- Lengyel, György
- Bocquentin, Fanny
- Monge, Janet M.
- Eshed, Vered
- Meiklejohn, Christopher
- Gerritsen, Fokke
- Blüher, Matthias
- Campbell, Archie
- Cavalleri, Gianpiero
- Comas, David
- Froguel, Philippe
- Gilbert, Edmund
- Kerr, Shona M.
- Kovacs, Peter
- Krause, Johannes
- Merriwether, D. Andrew
- Richards, Martin B.
- Semino, Ornella
- Tönjes, Anke
- Torroni, Antonio
- Wilson, James F.
- Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.
- Patterson, Nick
- Pinhasi, Ron
- Reich, David
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-07-25
- Volume
- 536
- Issue
- 7617
- Pages
- 419-424
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5003663
- OpenAlex
- W2504121104
- Semantic Scholar
- deb2c4ca6d44354a21769b4038e80d90691c16e0
- Cited by
- 955
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 74.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1455744, 1032255)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Geographic Society (#8915-11)
- Scottish Government (CZD/16/6)
- Leverhulme Trust
- Scottish Funding Council (HR03006)
- Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC 1052, 01EO1501)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (L1524016)
- Irish Research Council (GOIPG/2013/36, GOIPD/2013/1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (FKZ 01EO1501, 01EO1501)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Università degli Studi di Pavia
- National Institutes of Health (GM100233)
- Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorate (CZD/16/6)
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM100233, R01 GM100233)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (263441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Neolithic transition, ancient Near East, Neanderthal admixture, Levant, Zagros Mountains, population substructure, hunter-gatherer to agricultural transition, human migration, Eurasian steppe, East Africa, South Asia
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Eastern, Agriculture, Animals, Armenia, Asia, DNA, Europe, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Phylogeny, Turkey, Genomics, Racial Groups, History, Ancient, Phylogeography, Neanderthals, Human Migration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-26, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-26 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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