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Understanding immunosenescence to improve responses to vaccines
Open accessAbstract
In the older adult, the benefits of vaccination to prevent infectious disease are limited, mainly because of the adaptive immune system's inability to generate protective immunity. The age-dependent decrease in immunological competence, often referred to as 'immunosenescence', results from the progressive deterioration of innate and adaptive immune responses. Most insights into mechanisms of immunological aging have been derived from studies of mouse models. In this Review, we explore how well such models are applicable to understanding the aging process throughout the 80-100 years of human life and discuss recent advances in identifying and characterizing the mechanisms that underlie age-associated defective adaptive immunity in humans.
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“These and other models, for which it has been shown that accelerated aging depends, at least partly, on cellular senescence, are valuable for studying the impact of senescence on health and lifespan”
From Guidelines for minimal information on cellular senescence experimentation in vivo (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
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In the citing paper
“Mouse models of rapid telomere shortening, dysfunctional mitosis or impaired DNA repair (Terc, BubR1, and Ercc1 mutant mice, respectively), display high levels of cellular senescence and accelerated aging86,99,100.”
From Guidelines for minimal information on cellular senescence experimentation in vivo (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Evidence of waning adaptive immunity is already apparent in mid adulthood, as early as at the age of 50 years, with increasing clinical relevance in the 7th–10th decade of life”
From Successful and Maladaptive T Cell Aging (2017) · cites this paper as Goronzy and Weyand, 2013
In the citing paper
“Mechanistically, immunosenescence is only partially explained by organismal and cellular senescence.”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, these hallmarks of immunosenescence would be markedly affected by the history of the individual exposure to pathogens (6, 23).”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“The hallmarks of immunosenescence include: (i) a reduced ability to respond to new antigens; (ii) the accumulation of memory T cells; (iii) a lingering level of low-grade inflammation termed “inflamm-aging.””
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“T cell clones specific for HCMV dominate the repertoire in the older people and contribute to the contraction in diversity in the memory compartment (23).”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, high frequencies of antigen-specific T cells reactive to HCMV persist throughout life.”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Perhaps as a result of signaling defects, along with the influence of repeated antigen encounter, a trend towards cellular immune senescence in the elderly has been described [11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCellular senescence and tumor promotion: Is aging the key?
Loaiza, N., & Demaria, M. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.01.007 · Cited by 101
“by several factors such as age-related decline in the immune system function [136] or agerelated impaired execution of the senescence response.”
BackgroundThe role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the inflammaging process
Salminen, A., Kaarniranta, K., & Kauppinen, A. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.09.001 · Cited by 101
Tissue-specific immunity for a changing world
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“Aging is generally associated with a decline in functional adaptive immunity to previously and newly encountered pathogens including diminished responses to infection and vaccines (reviewed in (Goronzy and Weyand, 2013)).”
BackgroundNovel gene function revealed by mouse mutagenesis screens for models of age-related disease
Potter, P. K., Bowl, M. R., Jeyarajan, P., Wisby, L., Blease, A., Goldsworthy, M. E., Simon, M. M., Greenaway, S., Michel, V., Barnard, A. R., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12444 · Cited by 102
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“This is believed to be due to the diminished state of immunity in the elderly (2, 3) generally referred to as “immunosenescence,” as well as the probably related low success rate of prophylactic vaccination (4), still the most effective tool for controlling influenza and influenza-related complications.”
BackgroundPyruvate controls the checkpoint inhibitor PD-L1 and suppresses T cell immunity
Watanabe, R., Shirai, T., Namkoong, H., Zhang, H., Berry, G. J., Wallis, B. B., Schaefgen, B., Harrison, D. G., Tremmel, J. A., Giacomini, J. C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci92167 · Cited by 97
Self-citationThe 3 I’s of immunity and aging: immunosenescence, inflammaging, and immune resilience
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“Both processes affect virtually every aspect of immune function: impaired vaccination ef fi cacy, T cell differentiation and exhaustion, enhanced susceptibility to infections and increased risk of complications from infections (Fulop, 2009; Goronzy and Weyand, 2013; Weyand and Goronzy, 2016).”
BackgroundFlexibility of Gut Microbiota in Ageing Individuals during Dietary Fiber Long‐Chain Inulin Intake
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Effect of Age on Melanoma Risk, Prognosis and Treatment Response
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“There are age-associated impairments of the immune system, called the “immunosenescence” phenomenon (28, 29), which could affect the efficacy and/or toxicity of the immune checkpoint blockade.”
BackgroundAge and Sex: Impact on adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation
Varghese, M., Song, J., & Singer, K. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111563 · Cited by 100
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“In a broader view, these alterations in the CD4 T-cell compartment are part of the global deterioration of the immune system with aging, referred to as immunosenescence (Fulop et al., 2017; Goronzy and Weyand, 2013; Pawelec, 2018).”
Aging, inflammaging and immunosenescence as risk factors of severe COVID-19
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“The low responsiveness during vaccination associated with aging could explain functionality defect in B cells [147].”
BackgroundProgress on mechanisms of age-related hearing loss
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“The body’s immune function declines with age, mainly manifested by shift in T-cell subpopulation distribution (the number of naive T cells (especially CD8+) decreases and homeostatically proliferate into memory T cells), impaired calcium-mediated signaling and thymic atrophy, resulting in weakened immune surveillance…”
BackgroundDiscontinuation of disease-modifying therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis over age 60
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“A critical characteristic of immunosenescence is the imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory networks, which leads to impairments in adaptive immunity, as well as to inflammaging and a higher susceptibility to autoimmune diseases [71].”
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Immunosenescence and vaccine failure in the elderly: strategies for improving response
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“At each visit (before vaccination and at a mean [standard deviation] of 21 [1] and 84 [3] days after vac-”
BackgroundMenees, K. B., Earls, R. H., Chung, J., Jernigan, J. E., Filipov, N. M., Carpenter, J. M., & Lee, J. (2021) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-021-00214-3 · Cited by 88
“The major facets of immunosenescence include persistent low-grade inflammation (inflammageing), decreased abilities to fight infections or cancers, impaired ability to efficiently respond to new antigen, increased incidence of autoimmunity, and impaired wound repair [12, 13].”
BackgroundChallenges in adult vaccination
de Gomensoro, E., Giudice, G. D., & Doherty, T. M. (2018) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2017.1417632 · Cited by 85
Systemic Inflammation and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Too Much, Not Enough
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“Immunosenescence, characterized by impaired adaptive and innate immune systems (from decrease in näıve T-cells, increase in memory cells, skewing of myeloids, impaired chemotaxis, and effector functions in neutrophils to defects in NK-cells and monocyte dysregulation [44]), leads also to unsustained memory response to…”
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Dementia and the Risk of Periodontitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study
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“Innate immune responses and hyperactivated complement cascades are also involved in PD development (Hajishengallis et al. 2019).”
BackgroundT cell senescence and cardiovascular diseases
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“This may be explained by the age-related immunosenescence, including declining number of CD8C T cells, modified expression of T cell co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory proteins, and higher levels of immune suppressive inflammatory cytokines.(41,42) Special attention should be paid to 75-year-old patients in clinical practic…”
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“47,48 51 While protecting against in fl uenza, the BCG vaccine appears to offer limited heterologous protection against SARS-CoV-2 in both young and aged adults.”
Genetic regulation of gene expression and splicing during a 10-year period of human aging
Balliu, B., Durrant, M. G., de Goede, O. M., Abell, N. S., Li, X., Liu, B., Gloudemans, M. J., Cook, N. L., Smith, K. S., Knowles, D. A., et al. (2019) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1840-y · Cited by 86
“The sharing of immune-related function for both population and individual differentially expressed genes may, in part, be explained by observations of increased immune dysregulation and transcriptional variability with age [55, 56].”
BackgroundCellular senescence and the host immune system in aging and age-related disorders
Giannoula, Y., Kroemer, G., & Pietrocola, F. (2023) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2023.02.001 · Cited by 81
“However, the immunosenescence phenotype [86] is complex in thus far that it involves thymic involution (accompanied by reduced production of naı̈ve T cells and expansion of specific memory T cells clones) and myeloid-over-lymphoid bias in central hematopoietic organs driven by aberrant age-related clonal hematopoiesis.”
BackgroundChang, A. Y., Tan, A. X., Nadeau, K. C., & Odden, M. C. (2022) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-022-01693-6 · Cited by 85
Immune Aging and Immunotherapy in Cancer
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“Furthermore, it is characterized by a greater propensity for autoimmune responses and an unsustained memory response [36,37].”
BackgroundDNA damage, metabolism and aging in pro-inflammatory T cells
Li, Y., Goronzy, J. J., & Weyand, C. M. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.027 · Cited by 80
“protection against pathogen invasion, renders the host susceptible to malignancies, weakens wound healing and tissue repair, while increasing the risk for chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease development (Goronzy et al., 2013; Goronzy and Weyand, 2013; Palmer, 2013).”
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Regulation of miR-181a expression in T cell aging
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“A ging substantially impacts the immune system (1), manifesting as declining or dysregulated immune responses, more severe complications from bacterial infections, reduced vaccine response, and dysfunction of B and T cells (2, 3).”
BackgroundHepatitis B virus vaccine immune response and mortality in dialysis patients: a meta-analysis
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“Advanced age is an established risk factor for immunosenescence [98], which is due in part to the inability of both the innate and adaptive immune systems to generate protective immunity [12, 99].”
BackgroundHaralambieva, I. H., Painter, S. D., Kennedy, R. B., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Lambert, N. D., Goergen, K. M., Oberg, A. L., & Poland, G. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122282 · Cited by 76
“The hallmarks of immunosenescence are low-grade inflammation, diminished ability to respond to foreign antigens, as well as increased susceptibility to infections, increased autoimmune responses, and compromised immunological memory [6].”
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Mapping of γ/δ T cells Reveals Vδ2 T cells Resistance to Senescence
Xu, W., Monaco, G., Wong, E., Tan, W. L. W., Kared, H., Simoni, Y., Tan, S. W., How, W., Tan, C. T. Y., Lee, B. T. K., et al. (2018) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.053 · Cited by 75
“This phenomenon could be due to a change in functionality of the immune system with age, otherwise known as immunosenescence [3].”
BackgroundMechanisms underpinning poor antibody responses to vaccines in ageing
Lee, J. L., & Linterman, M. A. (2021) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2021.11.001 · Cited by 73
Cakala, M., Kołodziej, P., & Puzianowska‐Kuźnicka, M. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10113148 · Cited by 81
“A high content of plasma cells and eosinophils has been observed in the cords and medullary sinuses of lymph nodes originating from age-advanced individuals, which could reflect the development of autoimmune processes related to the decrease in the number of regulatory T lymphocytes [43,127].”
BackgroundCell Therapy Strategies to Combat Immunosenescence
Stahl, E. C., & Brown, B. N. (2015) · Organogenesis · doi:10.1080/15476278.2015.1120046 · Cited by 73
“While this may be the case, a large proportion of the elderly have undergone depletion of peripheral T-cells due to chemotherapy or antiretroviral therapy, and therefore reintroduction of a thymus would still prove useful to combat age related mortalities.(4) Lower abundance of TCR diversity, and diminished ability to…”
BackgroundMohanty, S., Joshi, S. R., Ueda, I., Wilson, J., Blevins, T. P., Siconolfi, B., Meng, H., Devine, L., Raddassi, K., Tsang, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu573 · Cited by 67
“and T-cell development, signaling, and antigen receptor repertoire [4–8].”
BackgroundLuther, N., Shahneh, F. Z., Brähler, M., Krebs, F. K., Jäckel, S., Subramaniam, S., Stanger, C., Schönfelder, T., Kleis-Fischer, B., Reinhardt, C., et al. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.309301 · Cited by 75
How T follicular helper cells and the germinal centre response change with age
Linterman, M. A. (2014) · Immunology & Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2013.77 · Cited by 69
Grebenciucova, E., & Berger, J. R. (2017) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0771-9 · Cited by 75
Pathogen evolution and the immunological niche
Cobey, S. E. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12493 · Cited by 72
Rakoczy, E. P., Magno, A. L., Lai, C.-M., Pierce, C. M., Degli-Esposti, M. A., Blumenkranz, M. S., & Constable, I. J. (2019) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.006 · Cited by 70
Neuroimmune contributions to Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on human data
Haage, V., & De Jager, P. L. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01637-0 · Cited by 74
“Immunosenescence—best illustrated by the decline in the proportion of individuals who mount a humoral response to vaccination with advancing age—is the gradual alteration of immune function and changes in the proportion of certain leukocytes, such as memory T cells, in older age [221].”
BackgroundGrowth Differentiation Factor-15 in Immunity and Aging
Pence, B. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.837575 · Cited by 68
Expanding roles of neutrophils in aging hosts
Tseng, C. W., & Liu, G. Y. (2014) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.009 · Cited by 73
“Cross-talk between neutrophils and other immune cells will be an important area of studies as it promises to shed light on why aged individuals have increased susceptibility to infection and slow resolution and why they exhibit poor adaptive immune response to pathogens and vaccine antigens [33–35].”
BackgroundAging of the Retina: Molecular and Metabolic Turbulences and Potential Interventions
Campello, L., Singh, N., Advani, J., Mondal, A. K., Corso‐Díaz, X., & Swaroop, A. (2021) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-100419-114940 · Cited by 67
Transcriptomic profiles of aging in purified human immune cells
Reynolds, L. M., Ding, J., Taylor, J. R., Lohman, K., Soranzo, N., de la Fuente, A., Liu, T. F., Johnson, C., Barr, R. G., Register, T. C., et al. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1522-4 · Cited by 62
“T cells are well known to exhibit numerous functional impairments with advanced age and have been implicated in the agedependent decline in immune function, commonly known as immunosenescence [11].”
BackgroundIL-6 and ICOS Antagonize Bim and Promote Regulatory T Cell Accrual with Age
Raynor, J. L., Karns, R. A., Almanan, M., Li, K., Divanovic, S., Chougnet, C. A., & Hildeman, D. A. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500443 · Cited by 67
“T he immune system undergoes significant, progressive changes with age that contribute to a dramatic decline in the efficacy of immune responses in the elderly, leading to increased incidences of infections and cancers and decreased vaccine efficacy (1, 2).”
BackgroundPneumococcal Vaccination in High-Risk Individuals: Are We Doing It Right?
Papadatou, I., & Spoulou, V. I. (2016) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00721-15 · Cited by 66
“Persons older than 65 years of age are also at increased risk for pneumococcal infection, due to attenuation of their immune response caused by advancing age, a phenomenon called immunosenescence (3).”
BackgroundTargeting aging and age-related diseases with vaccines
Wu, R., Sun, F., Zhang, W., Ren, J., & Liu, G.-H. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00597-0 · Cited by 66
Towards adult vaccination in India: a narrative literature review
Dash, R., Agrawal, A. K., Nagvekar, V. C., Lele, J., Pasquale, A. D., Kolhapure, S., & Parikh, R. (2019) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1682842 · Cited by 65
Agadjanyan, M. G., Petrovsky, N., & Ghochikyan, A. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.1884 · Cited by 65
“Such evaluations are particularly important as in elderly people with immunosenescence, the number of T cells that respond to vaccination is dramatically decreased [70,105,106].”
BackgroundDefective T Memory Cell Differentiation after Varicella Zoster Vaccination in Older Individuals
Qi, Q., Cavanagh, M., Saux, S. L., Wagar, L. E., Mackey, S., Hu, J., Maecker, H. T., Swan, G. E., Davis, M. M., Dekker, C. L., et al. (2016) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005892 · Cited by 62
Self-citationCho, S., Kim, J., Lee, J. H., Sim, J. H., Cho, D.-H., Bae, I., Lee, H., Seol, M. A., Shin, H. M., Kim, T.-J., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39026 · Cited by 67
Activation-induced autophagy is preserved in CD4+ T-cells in familial longevity
Raz, Y., Guerrero-Ros, I., Maier, A., Slagboom, P. E., Atzmon, G., Barzilai, N., & Macian, F. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx020 · Cited by 61
von Loga, I. S., El-Turabi, A., Jostins, L., Miotla‐Zarebska, J., Alderson, J., Zeltiņš, A., Parisi, I., Bachmann, M. F., & Vincent, T. L. (2019) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214489 · Cited by 62
Cheng, N., Chen, X., Kim, J., Shi, A., Nguyen, C., Wersto, R. P., & Weng, N. (2015) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12294 · Cited by 62
“…with age Nai-Lin Cheng,1‡ Xiaochun Chen,1‡ Jiewan Kim,1 Alvin H. Shi,1 Cuong Nguyen,2 Robert Wersto2 and Nan-ping Weng1 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Immunology, 2Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA”
BackgroundVaccination programs for older adults in an era of demographic change
Doherty, M. T., Connolly, M. P., Giudice, G. D., Flamaing, J., Goronzy, J. J., Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B., Lambert, P., Maggi, S., McElhaney, J. E., Nagai, H., et al. (2018) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-018-0040-8 · Cited by 61
“This is characterized not just by decreased specific antibody titers generated by vaccination, but also by a more rapid decline in titers, suggesting rapid loss of immune memory [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNg, T. P., Camous, X., Nyunt, M. S. Z., Vasudev, A., Tan, C. T. Y., Feng, L., Fulop, T., Yap, K. B., & Larbi, A. (2015) · npj Aging and Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1038/npjamd.2015.5 · Cited by 58
Modulation of Host Immunity by the Human Metapneumovirus
Céspedes, P. F., Palavecino, C. E., Kalergis, A. M., & Bueno, S. M. (2016) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00081-15 · Cited by 59
Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence Are Involved in the Aging Kidney
Márquez‐Expósito, L., Tejedor-Santamaria, L., Valentijn, F. A., Tejera‐Muñoz, A., Rayego‐Mateos, S., Marchant, V. A., Rodrigues-Díez, R. R., Rubio-Soto, I., Knoppert, S. N., Ortíz, A., et al. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11020301 · Cited by 60
Multimodal profiling reveals tissue-directed signatures of human immune cells altered with age
Wells, S. B., Rainbow, D. B., Mark, M., Szabo, P. A., Ergen, C., Caron, D. P., Maceiras, A. R., Rahmani, E., Benuck, E., Amiri, V. V. P., et al. (2025) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-025-02241-4 · Cited by 67
Aged rats have an altered immune response and worse outcomes after traumatic brain injury
Sun, M., Brady, R. D., Casillas-Espinosa, P. M., Wright, D. K., Semple, B. D., Kim, H. A., Mychasiuk, R., Sobey, C. G., O'Brien, T. J., Vinh, A., et al. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.038 · Cited by 59
Herati, R. S., Silva, L. V., Vella, L. A., Muselman, A., Alanio, C., Bengsch, B., Kurupati, R. K., Kannan, S., Manne, S., Kossenkov, A. V., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100262 · Cited by 60
Lustig, A., Liu, H. B., Metter, E. J., An, Y., Swaby, M. A., Elango, P., Ferrucci, L., Hodes, R. J., & Weng, N. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01027 · Cited by 58
“We observed significant positive correlations among the rates of changes in some cytokines including (1) rates of change for IL-1β with IL-13, IL-12p70, and IL-2; (2) rates of change for IL-4 with IL-6 and IL-13; (3) rates of change for IL-12p70 with IL-13 and IL-2, and (4) rates of change for IL-13 and IL-2 (Figure 4…”
BackgroundLife-course immunization as a gateway to health
Philip, R. K., Attwell, K., Breuer, T., Pasquale, A. D., & Lopalco, P. L. (2018) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1527690 · Cited by 57
“gradual deteriorationof the immune systembrought onbynatural age advancement, known as immunosenescence, can also reduce effectiveness of some vaccines [8].”
BackgroundBoismal, F., Serror, K., Dobos, G., Zuelgaray, E., Bensussan, A., & Michel, L. (2020) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2020232 · Cited by 70
Shin, J. H., High, K. P., & Warren, C. A. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv229 · Cited by 56
Hamazaki, Y., Sekai, M., & Minato, N. (2016) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12412 · Cited by 55
“Accumulating evidence has indicated that homeostatic proliferation may become a risk factor for autoimmunity (151, 152), which may include an increase in potentially autoreactive PD-1 CD4 T cells in mice (143, 153).”
BackgroundParadoxical aging in HIV: immune senescence of B Cells is most prominent in young age
Rinaldi, S., Pallikkuth, S., George, V. K., de Armas, L. R., Pahwa, R., Sanchez, C. M., Pallin, M., Pan, L., Cotugno, N., Dickinson, G. M., et al. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101229 · Cited by 57
“Impairment of flu vaccine responses, in particular to H1N1 antigen that was introduced in seasonal flu vaccines after the 2009 Flu pandemic, have been reported in physiologic aging, and in HIV infected persons [4, 13, 14, 16, 26, 27].”
BackgroundAllo, V. C. M., Hauk, V. C., Sarbia, N., Pinto, N. A., Croci, D. O., Dalotto‐Moreno, T., Morales, R. M., Gatto, S. G., Cocco, M. N. M., Stupirski, J. C., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1922778117 · Cited by 55
“The effects of aging in the immune system are widespread and include alterations in immune cell development, activation, and differentiation, leading to impairment of antimicrobial and antitumoral immunity and increased susceptibility to autoimmune inflammation (44).”
BackgroundAging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections
Palacios-Pedrero, M. Á., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Becker, T., Elbahesh, H., Rimmelzwaan, G. F., & Saletti, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.681449 · Cited by 55
Aging weakens Th17 cell pathogenicity and ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice
Li, H., Zhu, L., Wang, R., Xie, L., Ren, J., Ma, S., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Huang, Z., Chen, B., et al. (2021) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-021-00882-3 · Cited by 53
“The immune system shows marked changes during aging, which are often manifested as compositional and functional alterations in diverse immune cells (Goronzy and Weyand, 2013; Nikolich-Žugich, 2018).”
BackgroundSato, K., Kato, A., Sekai, M., Hamazaki, Y., & Minato, N. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1602005 · Cited by 54
Weinberg, A., Canniff, J. D., Rouphael, N., Mehta, A. K., Mulligan, M. J., Whitaker, J. A., & Levin, M. J. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700290 · Cited by 54
“Older individuals have increased proportions of dysfunctional T cells, which may contribute to their susceptibility to HZ (19, 25).”
BackgroundTurkin, A., Tuchina, O. P., & Klempin, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.665739 · Cited by 54
“Microglia in neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation Kettenmann et al., 2011; Grabert et al., 2016 Microglia represent a diverse and vigilant phenotype with high numbers in the dentate gyrus Pocock and Kettenmann, 2007; Szepesi et al., 2018 5-HT, 5-HTR Microglia interact with local neurotransmitters…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Goronzy, J. J., & Weyand, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goronzy, Jörg J
- Venue
- Nature Immunology
- Published
- 2013-04-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 428-436
- ISSN
- 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2916
- PMC
- PMC4183346
- OpenAlex
- W1992431343
- Cited by
- 827
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 15
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL058000, R01HL117913)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY011916)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI044142, U01AI089859, R01AI44142, R01AI108906, U19AI090019, R01AI108891, U19AI057266)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR042527)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, immunological aging, older adults, vaccine response, innate immune dysregulation, mouse models of aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Animals, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Immunocompetence, Vaccination, Vaccines, Cellular Senescence, Mice, Adaptive Immunity
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