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Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing
Open accessAbstract
The brain does not retain all the information it encodes in a day. Much is forgotten, and of those memories retained, their subsequent evolution can follow any of a number of pathways. Emerging data makes clear that sleep is a compelling candidate for performing many of these operations. But how does the sleeping brain know which information to preserve and which to forget? What should sleep do with that information it chooses to keep? For information that is retained, sleep can integrate it into existing memory networks, look for common patterns and distill overarching rules, or simply stabilize and strengthen the memory exactly as it was learned. We suggest such 'memory triage' lies at the heart of a sleep-dependent memory processing system that selects new information, in a discriminatory manner, and assimilates it into the brain's vast armamentarium of evolving knowledge, helping guide each organism through its own, unique life.
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“Across diverse forms memory, sleep following encoding results in improved memory performance after a delay [13, 14].”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Sleep has been shown to modulate the processing of emotional memory.[66][67][68]”
From Cognitive Performance, Sleepiness, and Mood in Partially Sleep Deprived Adolescents: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [66]
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“On the other hand, sleep enables the extraction of regularities across instances, the loss of contextual information and the retention of gist, as seen in representations in extra-hippocampal regions 89,97 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [97]
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Spiers, H. J., de Cothi, W., & Bendor, D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_5 · Cited by 2
“During sleep, memories are normally consolidated, a process whereby labile memory traces are strengthened for long-term storage in memory (Stickgold and Walker 2013, Frankland and Bontempi, 2005; Squire and Alvarez, 1995).”
BackgroundSchnell, C., Spencer, M. D., Mancik, A. M., Porter, L. E., Ready, J. T., & Alpert, G. P. (2021) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548211035824 · Cited by 2
“Instead, they highlight the benefits of improved memory consolidation and encoding after rest and sleep (Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundThe effect of external rewards on declarative memory
Wang, S., Cheng, S., JIANG, T., Liu, X., & ZHANG, M. (2022) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2023.00078 · Cited by 2
“…2008; Wittmann et al., 2005)。 例如，Wittmann 等（2005）使用刺激材料类别（如生物/非生物）来提示是否会有奖赏，随 后进行记忆测试的研究中发现无意编码过程中奖赏相关脑区（如黑质）的激活强度影响奖赏 记忆的形成，但不影响非奖赏记忆的形成(Wittmann et al., 2005)。此外，有研究报告注意控 制相关区域（如内侧前额叶）也参与到奖赏相关的无意记忆中(Bialleck et al., 2011; Bunzeck et al.,…”
Barner, C., Werner, A.-S., Schörk, S., Jan Born, A., & Diekelmann, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1187170 · Cited by 3
“, the stabilization and reorganization of representations for the long-term (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Rasch and Born, 2013; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundMemory capacity and prioritization in female mice
Qiao, Q., Mairlot, C., & Bendor, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40976-y · Cited by 2
Richter, M., Cross, Z. R., & Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, I. (2023) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107842 · Cited by 2
Influences of learned verbal labels and sleep on temporal event memory
Wang, Y., Gaskell, M. G., & Gennari, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2024.104529 · Cited by 3
Wamsley, E. J., Trost, T., & Tucker, M. A. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae096 · Cited by 4
Closed-Loop Stimulation Approaches and Memory Consolidation in Animals
Reith, T., Zhang, S., & Marshall, L. (2025) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-025-00324-0 · Cited by 2
Factors Linking Interoception and Sleep Across the Adult Lifespan
Seo, A., Nishiyama, R., Lee, K., & Duarte, A. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70120 · Cited by 1
“These sleep difficulties have been associated with cognitive impairments including deficits in memory (as reviewed in Stickgold and Walker 2013) and executive functions (Holanda Júnior and Almondes 2016), emotional problems such as depression and anxiety (Mallon et al. 2000; Yu et al. 2016), and…”
Biabani, N., Mulas, M., Mutti, C., Higgins, S. E., Ilić, K., Benson, J., Santic, A., Gnoni, V., Drakatos, P., Romigi, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2025.1659300 · Cited by 2
Hippocampal Sequences and the Cognitive Map
Wikenheiser, A. M., & Redish, A. D. (2014) · Springer series in computational neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1969-7_5 · Cited by 3
“Alternatively, this might suggest that both consolidation and constructive processes coexist during slow-wave sleep [ 79 , 80 ].”
BackgroundSchredl, M. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001428 · Cited by 2
The Relationship Between Sleep and Declarative Memory
Yazıhan, N., & Yetki̇n, S. (2018) · Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine · doi:10.4274/jtsm.83997 · Cited by 2
Setting Goals and Organising Your Studies Is Your Key to Your Success
Hansen, A. P., Doll, A., & Varma, A. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7135-6_6 · Cited by 2
Michon, F., Sun, J., Kim, C. Y., & Kloosterman, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00069 · Cited by 2
Jin, R., Xia, T., Gawronski, B., & Hu, X. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211067673 · Cited by 2
“Email: xiaoqinghu@hku.hk Zárate, 2019; Stickgold & Walker, 2013; Wagner et al., 2004).”
Roach, S. T., Ford, M., Simhambhatla, V., Loutrianakis, V., Farah, H., Li, Z., Periandri, E. M., Abdalla, D., Huang, I., Kalra, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1175478 · Cited by 2
“E) Temperature preference for Cs flies tested in the morning 8:30-10:30am, n=12; afternoon 24pm, n=11; evening 6-8pm; One way ANOVA for condition: F[2,34] = 57.”
BackgroundInfluentialSousouri, G., & Huber, R. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00028-1 · Cited by 3
Face category differentially influences face memories after a delay
Westerberg, C. E., Wofford, N., Menssor, S., Reininger, B. P., & Deason, R. G. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1809432 · Cited by 2
Sleep and Circadian Effects of Space
Barger, L. K., Dinges, D. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_86-2 · Cited by 2
The influence of prior knowledge on memory consolidation
Reid, A. M. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2
Psychophysiology and cognitive neuroscience of sleep and sleep disorders
Ferri, R., & Bruni, O. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.020 · Cited by 2
Denis, D., Kim, S. Y., Kark, S. M., Daley, R. T., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140350 · Cited by 3
Structure transfer and consolidation in visual implicit learning
Garber, D., & Fiser, J. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.599904 · Cited by 1
Revisiting novel word semantic priming: The role of strategic priming mechanisms
Ball, L. V., Brusini, P., & Bannard, C. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241306747 · Cited by 4
“…by offline consolidation periods, such as sleep (Palma & Titone, 2021; Schimke et al., 2021), which promotes hippocampal replay and reactivation, supporting the consolidation of new knowledge into cortical networks (Schapiro et al., 2018; Stickgold & Walker, 2005, 2013; Tamminen et al.,2010, 2013).”
A Confidence-Based Power-Efficient Framework for Sleep Stage Classification on Consumer Wearables
Lai, H.-C., Fang, P.-H., Wu, Y.-T., Ting, L. P.-Y., & Chuang, K.-T. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10826016 · Cited by 3
“With regard to sleep, which significantly influences memory, immune function, cognitive processes, and emotional regulation, it is crucial to monitor sleep quality for maintaining physiological and psychological well-being [3]–[5].”
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR) with Children and Adolescents
Wesselmann, D., Settle, C., Mevissen, L., & Shapiro, F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77215-3_13 · Cited by 1
Reactivation fails to offer the improvement sleep does
Barsky, M. M., Morgan, A., & Stickgold, R. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf035 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stickgold, Robert
- Walker, Matthew P
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-01-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139-145
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC5826623
- OpenAlex
- W2036537336
- Cited by
- 755
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 26
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164, AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-48832, R01MH093537, MH093537, R01MH048832, MH92638, R01MH092638)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA031939, R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, forgetting, memory generalization, memory integration, memory stabilization, feature binding, evolution of memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Discrimination, Psychological, Humans, Learning, Memory, Psychological Theory, Sleep
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