Sleep-Dependent Learning and Memory Consolidation
Open accessAbstract
While the functions of sleep remain largely unknown, one of the most exciting and contentious hypotheses is that sleep contributes importantly to memory. A large number of studies offer a substantive body of evidence supporting this role of sleep in what is becoming known as sleep-dependent memory processing. This review will provide evidence of sleep-dependent memory consolidation and sleep-dependent brain plasticity and is divided into five sections: (1) an overview of sleep stages, memory categories, and the distinct stages of memory development; (2) a review of the specific relationships between sleep and memory, both in humans and animals; (3) a survey of evidence describing sleep-dependent brain plasticity, including human brain imaging studies as well as animal studies of cellular neurophysiology and molecular biology. We close (4) with a consideration of unanswered questions as well as existing arguments against the role of sleep in learning and memory and (5) a concluding summary.
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Suppression of sleep stages most closely associated with dreaming impairs learning in mammals.
“the suppression of sleep stages most closely associated with dreaming have been known to impair learning in mammals for some time.1”
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Many selective synaptic pruning and refinement processes occur during sleep, and sleep is crucial for proper circuit maturation and long-term memory formation in humans and animals.
“Many of these selective synaptic pruning and refinement processes occur during sleep, and sleep is crucial for proper circuit maturation and long-term memory formation in humans and animals201–204.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [202]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783 · see citing works
The organization of recent and remote memories
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“However, the relative contributions of different sleep phases (for example, SLOW-WAVE SLEEP (SWS) and RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) sleep) to the consolidation of declarative and non-declarative memory remain uncertai”
BackgroundSleep-dependent memory consolidation
Stickgold, R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04286 · Cited by 1,857 · see citing works
“Evidence supporting sleep-dependent memory consolidation has come from a range of molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioural studies (for a review, see ref”
BackgroundSelf-citationBoosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory
Marshall, L., Helgadóttir, H., Mölle, M., & Born, J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05278 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
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“For example, whereas rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been implicated mostly in procedural learning and memory, non-REM (NREM) sleep has been shown to modulate the consolidation of declarative (or explicit) learning and memory (Born et al. 2006; Plihal & Born 1999; Walker & Stickgold 2004).”
BackgroundThe Molecular and Systems Biology of Memory
Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., & Mayford, M. R. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
“The evidence for the role of sleep in consolidation of implicitly acquired sensory and motor skills was initially considered more robust than that for other types of memory (Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing
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“…characterized at two different stages of memory: (a) before learning, in the initial formation (encoding) of new information and (b) after learning, in the long-term solidification (consolidation) of new memories (Marshall & Born, 2007; M. P. Walker, 2009; M. P. Walker & Stickgold, 2004, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWalker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070307 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
“In this section, we consider a mounting wealth of data describing sleep-dependent brain plasticity; our focus is on neuroimaging studies in humans (see Walker & Stickgold 2004 for a detailed discussion of cellular and molecular data).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDisruption of ripple‐associated hippocampal activity during rest impairs spatial learning in the rat
Ego‐Stengel, V., & Wilson, M. A. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20707 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
“Many studies investigating the role of sleep in learning used sleep deprivation protocols, sometimes restricted to a specific sleep stage (Smith, 1995; Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
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“Melatonin 23 (11) 22 (14) 23 (13) 27 ( 14 ) 31 (16) 28 (15)”
InfluentialSleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing
Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3303 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Self-citationCauses and consequences of sleepiness among college students
Hershner, S. D., & Chervin, R. D. (2014) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s62907 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
“A nap prevented this decrement in performance.(96,97) In short, naps may enhance certain cognitive and performance tasks, but further research is still needed in this important area.”
Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan
Logan, R. W., & McClung, C. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0088-y · Cited by 713 · see citing works
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The contribution of sleep to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation
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The Restless Engram: Consolidations Never End
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“The evidence for the role of sleep in consolidation of implicitly acquired sensory and motor skills was initially considered more robust than that for other types of memory (Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundREM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory
Nishida, M., Pearsall, J., Buckner, R. L., & Walker, M. P. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn155 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
“These findings indicate that sleep, and its varied stages, contribute to latent processes of both declarative and procedural memory consolidation (Walker and Stickgold 2004; Marshall and Born 2007).”
Self-citationA deficit in the ability to form new human memories without sleep
Yoo, S.-S., Hu, P. T., Gujar, N., Jolesz, F. A., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1851 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
“Over the last decade, a multitude of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral findings have demonstrated the need for sleep after learning for the consolidation of memor”
BackgroundSelf-citationArm immobilization causes cortical plastic changes and locally decreases sleep slow wave activity
Huber, R., Ghilardi, M. F., Massimini, M., Ferrarelli, F., Riedner, B. A., Peterson, M. J., & Tononi, G. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1758 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
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Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation
Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.011 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
“The fact that this effect is only seen during SWS-rich periods early in the night, rather than across all sleep periods, argues that the physiological state of sleep, and of particular stages of sleep, are critical for this consolidation process [38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSleep, Cognition, and Normal Aging
Scullin, M. K., & Bliwise, D. L. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614556680 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
“Antidepressants have been associated with REM suppression, and their (lack of) impact on cognitive function was the subject of much debate a decade ago (Vertes, 2004; Walker & Stickgold, 2004; for a potential resolution, see Dresler et al., 2010, and Goerke, Cohrs, Rodenbeck, & Kunz, 2014).”
BackgroundTaber, K. S. (2013) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c3rp00012e · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Sleep in Drosophila is regulated by adult mushroom bodies
Joiner, W. J., Crocker, A. J., White, B. H., & Sehgal, A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04811 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
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Insomnia and the Performance of US Workers: Results from the America Insomnia Survey
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Coulouvrat, C., Hajak, G., Roth, T., Shahly, V., Shillington, A. C., Stephenson, J. J., & Walsh, J. K. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1230 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy
Leeder, J., Glaister, M., Pizzoferro, K., Dawson, J., & Pedlar, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.660188 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
“The concept of sleep-dependent brain plasticity (Walker and Stickgold, 2004 ) reinforces the importance of sleep in elite athletes by its effects on the consolidation of motor skill learning.”
BackgroundMemory consolidation and reconsolidation: what is the role of sleep?
Stickgold, R., & WALKER, M. (2005) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.06.004 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
“We have recently reviewed evidence for the crucial role of sleep in memory consolidation [ 28 ], and here summarize only briefly this extensive literature (for an opposing viewpoint, see [29]).”
Self-citationSleep and Circadian Rhythms in Humans
Czeisler, C. A., & Gooley, J. J. (2007) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.2007.72.064 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Pattern-Specific Associative Long-Term Potentiation Induced by a Sleep Spindle-Related Spike Train
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“An increasing amount of experimental evidence suggests that sleep is important for learning, memory consolidation, and development (Frank et al., 2001; Hobson and Pace-Schott, 2002; Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
Theta and gamma coordination of hippocampal networks during waking and rapid eye movement sleep.
Montgomery, S. M., Sirota, A., & Buzsaki, G. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1227-08.2008 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
“Numerous functions have been postulated for REM sleep since its discovery 50 years ago (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953), but the best consensus is that we need a better understanding of REM sleep physiology to shape our functional theories (Gottesmann, 2001; Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialBiasing the content of hippocampal replay during sleep
Bendor, D., & Wilson, M. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3203 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Effects of Health Care Provider Work Hours and Sleep Deprivation on Safety and Performance
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“Many tasks, including visual discrimination, motor learning, and insight are dependent on adequate sleep following the initial learning opportunity, and failure to sleep the night after learning a task may impair providers’ ability to consolidate this learning.(40,41)”
BackgroundSleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memory
Hu, P., Stylos-Allan, M., & Walker, M. P. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01799.x · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute off-target effects of neural circuit manipulations
Otchy, T. M., Wolff, S. B. E., Rhee, J. Y., Pehlevan, C., Kawai, R., Kempf, A., Gobes, S. M. H., & Ölveczky, B. P. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16442 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Active Inference, Curiosity and Insight
Friston, K. J., Lin, M., Frith, C., Pezzulo, G., Hobson, J. A., & Ondobaka, S. (2017) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_00999 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“In short, we have a mathematical metaphor for hippocampal dependent learning (Walker & Stickgold, 2004) during sleep (Rasch, Buechel, Gais, & Born, 2007) with an emphasis on procedural memory in REM sleep (Marshall & Born, 2007).”
BackgroundDaytime sleep condenses the time course of motor memory consolidation
Korman, M., Doyon, J., Doljansky, J., Carrier, J., Dagan, Y., & Karni, A. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1959 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“Retrograde behavioral interference refers to the disruptive effect of a later experience on the consolidation in memory of a prior training experienc”
BackgroundSleeping under the risk of predation
Lima, S. L., Rattenborg, N. C., Lesku, J. A., & Amlaner, C. J. (2005) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.008 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
“However, severe REM sleep deprivation may well cause problems with memory consolidation (Walker & Stickgold 2004; but see Vertes 2004) and perhaps a shift in REM sleep to the earlier portions of a sleep bout.”
BackgroundInfluentialMaldonado, J. R. (2008) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2008.06.004 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“Studies suggest that sleep deprivation may lead to the development of memory deficits [112–114].”
BackgroundPerceptual Training Narrows the Temporal Window of Multisensory Binding
Powers, A. R., Hillock‐Dunn, A., & Wallace, M. T. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3501-09.2009 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that perceptual learning effects may depend greatly on sleep-mediated consolidation (Karni et al., 1994; Maquet, 2001; Fenn et al., 2003; Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundSleep deprivation lowers inhibition and enhances impulsivity to negative stimuli
Anderson, C., & Platten, C. R. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.020 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Psychomotor Vigilance
Van Dongen, H. P. A., & Dinges, D. F. (2005) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.007 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“This matter may be dependent on the structure of sleep and on the nature of the performance task [34].”
BackgroundSleep-dependent motor memory plasticity in the human brain
Walker, M. P., Stickgold, R., Alsop, D., Gaab, N., & Schlaug, G. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.007 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“A large body of evidence, spanning a wide range of neuroscientific disciplines, now describes evidence of sleepdependent learning in both humans and animals (Walker and Stickgold, 2004), already complemented by cellular and molecular models of sleep-dependent plasticity (Graves et al.”
Self-citationKreutzmann, J. C., Havekes, R., Abel, T., & Meerlo, P. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.053 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“…sleep loss or sleep disturbance have opposing effects, resulting in cognitive deficits, such as impaired attention, decision making, learning and various types of memory (for reviews, see Walker and Stickgold, 2004; Walker, 2008; Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Havekes et al., 2012; Abel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundHow sleep affects the developmental learning of bird song
Derégnaucourt, S., Mitra, P. P., Fehér, O., Pytte, C., & Tchernichovski, O. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03275 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Brief sleep after learning keeps emotional memories alive for years
Wagner, U., Hallschmid, M., Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.061 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Young, J. W., Powell, S. B., Risbrough, V. B., Marston, H. M., & Geyer, M. A. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.004 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Cognitive consequences of sleep and sleep loss
Walker, M. P. (2008) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(08)70014-5 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“Memory stages (or the various steps of memory evolution) include several phases, including acquisition/encoding, consolidation, integration, recall and even erasure [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDahan, L., Astier, B., Vautrelle, N., Urbain, N., Kocsis, B., & Chouvet, G. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301251 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“…during W, dopamine could participate in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and long-term memory consolidation occurring during PS (Walker et al, 2003, Walker and Stickgold, 2004, Walker and Stickgold, 2006) via its action on D1/D5, cAMP, CREB, and finally zif-268 triggering protein synthesis.”
BackgroundSchmidt, M. H. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.001 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Off-line learning of motor skill memory: A double dissociation of goal and movement
Cohen, D. A., Pascual-Leone, A., Press, D. Z., & Robertson, E. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506072102 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Sleep and memory in healthy children and adolescents - a critical review
Kopasz, M., Loessl, B., Hornyak, M., Riemann, D., Nissen, C., Piosczyk, H., & Voderholzer, U. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.006 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
An ultra short episode of sleep is sufficient to promote declarative memory performance
Lahl, O., WISPEL, C., WILLIGENS, B., & Pietrowsky, R. (2008) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00622.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“This applies all the more as the idea of task-specific effects of sleep is currently one of the actively discussed topics in sleep research (Rauchs et al., 2005; Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundThe Slow Oscillation in Cortical and Thalamic Networks: Mechanisms and Functions
Neske, G. T. (2016) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2015.00088 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“…in slice preparations, application of agonists for neuromodulator receptors often abolishes spontaneous and evoked Up states (Hsieh et al., 2000; Favero et al., 2012; Wester and Contreras, 2013), likely due to the suppression of release probability in intracortical synapses (Gil et al., 1997).”
BackgroundOptimizing sleep to maximize performance: implications and recommendations for elite athletes
Simpson, N. S., Gibbs, E. L., & Matheson, G. O. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12703 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“For a full review of sleep-dependent learning findings, the reader is referred to the review by Walker and Stickgold (2004).”
MethodNeural correlates of establishing, maintaining, and switching brain states
Tang, Y., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.05.001 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Pharmacological REM sleep suppression paradoxically improves rather than impairs skill memory
Rasch, B., Pommer, J., Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2206 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Non-REM and REM Sleep on Memory Consolidation?
Ackermann, S., & Rasch, B. (2014) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0430-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Sleep's function in the spontaneous recovery and consolidation of memories.
Drosopoulos, S., Schulze, C., Fischer, S., & Born, J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.169 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Searching for the daytime impairments of primary insomnia
Shekleton, J. A., Rogers, N. L., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.06.001 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Foster, F., & Wulff, K. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1670 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“— then it will depend on structural and functional changes in neurons in the CN”
Mechanisms of sleep-dependent consolidation of cortical plasticity
Aton, S. J., Seibt, J., Dumoulin, M., Jha, S. K., Steinmetz, N., Coleman, T., Naidoo, N., & Frank, M. G. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.007 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“, 2006) and that consolidation can occur during sleep (Frank and Benington, 2006; Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundPoor sleep quality and insufficient sleep of a collegiate student-athlete population
Mah, C. D., Kezirian, E. J., Marcello, B., & Dement, W. C. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.02.005 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
From Creation to Consolidation: A Novel Framework for Memory Processing
Robertson, E. M. (2009) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000019 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Cunha, R. A., & Agostinho, P. M. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1408 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“A recent elegant study showed that the administration of caffeine (5 mg/kg) prevented ethanol-induced retrograde amnesia in rats [54]; interestingly, this effect could be mimicked by a combination of a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (zapri- nast, 10 mg/kg) together with an A2A receptor antagonist…”
BackgroundUnraveling the evolutionary determinants of sleep
Joiner, W. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.068 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Wolansky, T., Clement, E., Peters, S. R., Palczak, M. A., & Dickson, C. T. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5594-05.2006 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“, 2001 ; Tononi and Cirelli , 2001 ; Ribeiro and Nicolelis , 2004 ; Walker and Stickgold , 2004 ; Rauchs et al .”
BackgroundBackhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Born, J., Hohaus, K., Faasch, F., & Hohagen, F. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.051 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Sleep and Academic Performance in Undergraduates: A Multi-measure, Multi-predictor Approach
Gomes, A. A., Tavares, J., & de Azevedo, M. H. P. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.606518 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“A full discussion of the role of sleep on memory, and its underlying mechanisms, is beyond the scope of the present study, but may be found in other works (e.g., Diekelmann et al., 2009; Fica & Salzarulo, 2004; Maquet, 2001; Stickgold & Walker, 2007; Walker & Stickgold, 2004, 2006).”
ResultOptogenetic disruption of sleep continuity impairs memory consolidation
Rolls, A., Colas, D., Adamantidis, A., Carter, M. E., Lanre-Amos, T., Heller, H. C., & de Lecea, L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015633108 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Lesku, J. A., Roth, T. C., Amlaner, C. J., & Lima, S. L. (2006) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/506973 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Effects of sleep manipulation on cognitive functioning of adolescents: A systematic review
de Bruin, E. J., van Run, C., Staaks, J., & Meijer, A. M. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.006 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Sleep Spindles and Hippocampal Functional Connectivity in Human NREM Sleep
Andrade, K. C., Spoormaker, V. I., Dresler, M., Wehrle, R., Holsboer, F., Sämann, P., & Czisch, M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5660-10.2011 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“HF connectivity to neocortex is generally higher in S2 than in SWS Our findings should be discussed in the context of the memory consolidation hypothesis of sleep (Walker and Stickgold, 2004; Diekelmann and Born, 2010).”
BackgroundControl and Function of the Homeostatic Sleep Response by Adenosine A1Receptors
Bjorness, T. E., Kelly, C., Gao, T., Poffenberger, V., & Greene, R. W. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2942-08.2009 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that sleep function is involved in the consolidation of learning (Walker and Stickgold, 2004; Stickgold and Walker, 2005) or in the global homeostasis of synaptic plasticity of learning and memory (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008), based on observations of performance with or without…”
BackgroundAge-related decline of sleep-dependent consolidation
Spencer, R. M. C., Gouw, A. M., & Ivry, R. B. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.569407 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
COVID-19 lockdown: Impact on college students’ lives
Birmingham, W. C., Wadsworth, L. L., Lassetter, J. H., Graff, T. C., Lauren, E., & Hung, M. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1909041 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Sleep and wakefulness out of phase with internal biological time impairs learning in humans
Wright, K. P., Hull, J. T., Hughes, R. J., Ronda, J. M., & Czeisler, C. A. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.4.508 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“…and spatial memories are reported to be facilitated by post NREM and REM sleep (Mednick, Nakayama, & Stickgold, 2003; Wilson, 2002; Poe, Nitz, McNaughton, & Barnes, 2000); however, as noted, both NREM and REM may contribute to different stages of memory processing (Walker & Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundHagewoud, R., Havekes, R., Novati, A., Keijser, J. N., van der Zee, E. A., & Meerlo, P. (2009) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00799.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“consolidation and strengthening of memories (Graves et al., 2001; Maquet, 2001; Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-organized criticality occurs in non-conservative neuronal networks during ‘up’ states
Millman, D. J., Mihalaş, Ş., Kirkwood, A., & Niebur, E. (2010) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys1757 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Memory consolidation is hypothesized to take place during sleep 29 , in which hippocampal and neocortical up and down states are phase-locked 18 .”
BackgroundThe role of sleep in recovery following ischemic stroke: A review of human and animal data
Duss, S. B., Seiler, A., Schmidt, M. H., Pace, M., Adamantidis, A., Müri, R. M., & Bassetti, C. L. (2016) · Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.11.003 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“…2005; Mackiewicz et al., 2009), myelin formation (Bellesi et al., 2013; Cirelli, 2005), neural network reorganization and memory consolidation (Smith, 2001; Walker and Stickgold, 2004), immune function (Imeri and Opp, 2009) and other restorative processes (Everson et al., 2014; Xie et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSchreiner, T., Petzka, M., Staudigl, T., & Staresina, B. P. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23520-2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Comai, S., & Gobbi, G. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.130009 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Perception and Production of Syncopated Rhythms
Fitch, W. T., & Rosenfeld, A. J. (2007) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2007.25.1.43 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“However, part of the next-day improvement may be explained by the effects of sleep- dependent memory consolidation (Walker & Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundTartar, J. L., Ward, C. P., McKenna, J. T., Thakkar, M., Arrigoni, E., McCarley, R. W., Brown, R. E., & Strecker, R. E. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04808.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“In general, our findings are also compatible with recent studies in man showing that sleep is important for learning and memory processes (Walker & Stickgold, 2004).”
Result20 years later: deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport
Baker, J., & Young, B. (2014) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2014.896024 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“The notion of deliberate recovery appears to be a ripe area for research, and is in keeping with recent calls to understand the mechanisms of off-line motor learning during restful states (Korman et al., 2007; Walker & Stickgold, 2004).”
ResultStimulus-specific enhancement of fear extinction during slow-wave sleep
Hauner, K. K. Y., Howard, J. D., Zelano, C., & Gottfried, J. A. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3527 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Waters, F., Chiu, V., Atkinson, A., & Blom, J. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Superior pattern processing is the essence of the evolved human brain
Mattson, M. P. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00265 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“The nature and function of sleep states has been a topic of considerable interest for centuries, with recent findings suggesting important adaptive functions that enhance brain function during wakefulness, most notably memory consolidation (Walker and Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundThe many facets of motor learning and their relevance for Parkinson's disease
Marinelli, L., Quartarone, A., Hallett, M., Frazzitta, G., & Ghilardi, M. F. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.042 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Acetylcholine bidirectionally regulates learning and memory
Huang, Q., Liao, C., Ge, F., Ao, J., & Liu, T. (2022) · Journal of Neurorestoratology · doi:10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Power, A. E., Berlau, D. J., McGaugh, J. L., & Steward, O. (2006) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.91206 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“The rats had a 6-h midday period between training and testing in which to engage in natural restful sleep, which may be important for long-term memory consolidation of the training (Louie and Wilson 2001; Power 2004; Vertes 2004; Walker and Stickgold 2004).”
BackgroundChronic Insomnia and Cognitive Functioning Among Older Adults
Haimov, I., Hanuka, E., & Horowitz, Y. (2008) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402000701796080 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“…the consolidation of declarative memories embedded in networks of previously existing associative memories, and is important for the processing of emotional memories (Barrett & Ekstrand, 1972; Benington & Frank, 2003; Gais & Born, 2004; Plihal & Born, 1997, 1999; Walker & Stickgold, 2004).”
BackgroundThe reorganisation of memory during sleep
Landmann, N., Kühn, M., Piosczyk, H., Feige, B., Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Frase, L., Riemann, D. W., Sterr, A., & Nissen, C. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Sleep and motor learning: Is there room for consolidation?
Pan, S. C., & Rickard, T. C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000009 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., Gebhardt, W. A., & Thayer, J. F. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.009110 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Live to the rhythm, slave to the rhythm
Someren, E. J. W. V., & der Lek, R. F. R. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.003 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Yüzgeç, Ö., Prsa, M., Zimmermann, R. A., & Huber, D. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.049 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“We hypothesize that pupillary constriction might ensure the continuity of NREM sleep periods [25], which is considered to be critical for memory consolidation [20, 63].”
BackgroundGaboxadol — a new awakening in sleep
Wafford, K. A., & Ebert, B. (2005) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2005.10.004 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Posttraining Sleep Enhances Automaticity in Perceptual Discrimination
Atienza, M., Cantero, J. L., & Stickgold, R. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904322755557 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Stickgold, Robert
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 121-133
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003226966
- Cited by
- 1,113
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, sleep-dependent learning, sleep and memory, sleep stages, memory development, neuroplasticity, sleep neurophysiology, molecular mechanisms of memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Learning, Memory, Neuronal Plasticity, Psychomotor Performance, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation
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