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Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing
Open accessAbstract
The brain does not retain all the information it encodes in a day. Much is forgotten, and of those memories retained, their subsequent evolution can follow any of a number of pathways. Emerging data makes clear that sleep is a compelling candidate for performing many of these operations. But how does the sleeping brain know which information to preserve and which to forget? What should sleep do with that information it chooses to keep? For information that is retained, sleep can integrate it into existing memory networks, look for common patterns and distill overarching rules, or simply stabilize and strengthen the memory exactly as it was learned. We suggest such 'memory triage' lies at the heart of a sleep-dependent memory processing system that selects new information, in a discriminatory manner, and assimilates it into the brain's vast armamentarium of evolving knowledge, helping guide each organism through its own, unique life.
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“Across diverse forms memory, sleep following encoding results in improved memory performance after a delay [13, 14].”
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“Sleep has been shown to modulate the processing of emotional memory.[66][67][68]”
From Cognitive Performance, Sleepiness, and Mood in Partially Sleep Deprived Adolescents: The Need for Sleep Study (2016) · cites this paper as [66]
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“On the other hand, sleep enables the extraction of regularities across instances, the loss of contextual information and the retention of gist, as seen in representations in extra-hippocampal regions 89,97 .”
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“Stickgold and Walker (2013), in their ‘triage’ theory argue that it is now “incontrovertible” (p. 139) that a sleep-dependent memory consolidation process exists; but what remains to be discovered is how we decide which memories are selected for consolidation during sleep.”
BackgroundCompetition from unseen or unheard novel words: Lexical consolidation across modalities
Bakker, I., Takashima, A., van Hell, J. G., Janzen, G., & McQueen, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2014.03.002 · Cited by 87
“Given that abstraction and generalisation of memory traces are important aspects of sleep-dependent consolidation (for a review, see Stickgold & Walker, 2013), such a process would be in line with the idea that word learning is supported by general mechanisms of memory consolidation.”
BackgroundNon Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers – Current Perspectives
Sachdeva, A. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/13392.6186 · Cited by 87
“Sleep also promotes the integration and reprocessing of fresh memories into the existing reservoir of long-term memories [24].”
BackgroundHow robust are sleep-mediated memory benefits?
Cordi, M. J., & Rasch, B. (2020) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2020.06.002 · Cited by 96
Sleep and Cortisol Interact to Support Memory Consolidation
Bennion, K. A., Steinmetz, K. R. M., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht255 · Cited by 92
Schäfer, S. K., Wirth, B. E., Staginnus, M., Becker, N., Michael, T., & Sopp, M. R. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101280 · Cited by 85
Sleep deprivation increases formation of false memory
Lo, J. C.-Y., Chong, P. L. H., Ganesan, S., Leong, R. L. F., & Chee, M. W. L. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12436 · Cited by 99
“Adequate sleep is essential to optimize memory processes (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
REM obstructive sleep apnea: risk for adverse health outcomes and novel treatments
Varga, A. W., & Mokhlesi, B. (2018) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-018-1727-2 · Cited by 87
The sleeping infant brain anticipates development
Friedrich, M., Wilhelm, I., Mölle, M., Born, J., & Friederici, A. D. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.070 · Cited by 77
Nere, A., Hashmi, A. G., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00143 · Cited by 84
“Sleep can also benefit the integration of new with old memories (5, 17), perhaps through similar means.”
BackgroundInfluentialvan Rijn, E., Eichenlaub, J.-B., Lewis, P. A., Walker, M. P., Gaskell, M. G., Malinowski, J. E., & Blagrove, M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.009 · Cited by 74
“…multiple forms of memory, such as emotional memory, episodic memory and procedural memory, is facilitated by different sleep stages and by the reactivation of new memories during sleep, and is necessary for rapid and effective adaptation to changes in the environment (Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationOffline memory consolidation during waking rest
Wamsley, E. J. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00072-w · Cited by 84
Polysomnographic Characteristics of Sleep in Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Baglioni, C., Nissen, C., Schweinoch, A., Riemann, D. W., Spiegelhalder, K., Berger, T., Weiller, C., & Sterr, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148496 · Cited by 80
“For example, healthy restorative sleep, and especially deep sleep, which the meta-analysis suggests to be reduced in patients, is known to promote neural plasticity, learning, and memory consolidation [45,46].”
BackgroundHippocampal representations as a function of time, subregion, and brain state
Duncan, K. D., & Schlichting, M. L. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.006 · Cited by 86
“…fields than those in the more dorsal body and tail (Kjelstrup et al., 2008); this observation has led to the hypothesis that the granularity of memory representations might correspondingly differ along the longitudinal axis (Poppenk, Evensmoen, Moscovitch, & Nadel, 2013; Strange et al., 2014).”
BackgroundClawson, B. C., Pickup, E. J., Ensing, A., Geneseo, L., Shaver, J., Gonzalez-Amoretti, J., Zhao, M., York, A. K., Kuhn, F. R., Swift, K., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21471-2 · Cited by 73
FATORES ESTRESSORES PARA A EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM DAS UNIDADES DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA
Vieira, K. V. D. O., Michelan, I. A., de Melo, A. A., & Adamczuk, C. (2023) · doi:10.55232/conmedsa.v2.27 · Cited by 77
Batterink, L. J., & Paller, K. A. (2015) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2015.09.003 · Cited by 81
“This schema formation enables the extraction of relationships or rules governing the item set, as well as generalization to novel items (Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundDreaming More Data: Class-dependent Distributions over Diffeomorphisms for Learned Data AugmentationPreprint
Hauberg, S., Freifeld, O., Larsen, A., Fisher, J. S., & Hansen, L. K. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1510.02795 · Cited by 78
“havior, seemingly at a high speed [19], while frontal-cortex replay during slowwave sleep is related to rule learning [46]. In a recent review Stickgold and Walker pointed out that sleep is selective [52]: Sleep seems to consolidate relevant aspects and suppress irrelevant ones when replaying experiences, the decision…”
BackgroundSingh, D., Norman, K. A., & Schapiro, A. C. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2123432119 · Cited by 78
Westermann, J., Lange, T., Textor, J. C., & Jan Born, A. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.007 · Cited by 79
“Consequently, it was proposed that effects of SWS might be restricted to merely strengthening the original episodic memory, whereas the transformation of representations would occur in REM sleep [110,111].”
Spacing Repetitions Over Long Timescales: A Review and a Reconsolidation Explanation
Smith, C., & Scarf, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00962 · Cited by 89
“Additionally, sleep is important for the generalization of memories (Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundMemory consolidation reconfigures neural pathways involved in the suppression of emotional memories
Liu, Y., Lin, W., Liu, C., Luo, Y., Wu, J., Bayley, P. J., & Qin, S. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13375 · Cited by 80
The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74
Sleep as a Therapeutic Target in the Aging Brain
Bah, T. M., Goodman, J. R., & Iliff, J. J. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00769-6 · Cited by 77
Metadata
- Authors
- Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stickgold, Robert
- Walker, Matthew P
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-01-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139-145
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC5826623
- OpenAlex
- W2036537336
- Cited by
- 755
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 26
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164, AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-48832, R01MH093537, MH093537, R01MH048832, MH92638, R01MH092638)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA031939, R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, forgetting, memory generalization, memory integration, memory stabilization, feature binding, evolution of memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Discrimination, Psychological, Humans, Learning, Memory, Psychological Theory, Sleep
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