Cited by 755Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchMemory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and Influences

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Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing

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Stickgold, Robert, Walker, Matthew P·2013·Nature Neuroscience

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Abstract

The brain does not retain all the information it encodes in a day. Much is forgotten, and of those memories retained, their subsequent evolution can follow any of a number of pathways. Emerging data makes clear that sleep is a compelling candidate for performing many of these operations. But how does the sleeping brain know which information to preserve and which to forget? What should sleep do with that information it chooses to keep? For information that is retained, sleep can integrate it into existing memory networks, look for common patterns and distill overarching rules, or simply stabilize and strengthen the memory exactly as it was learned. We suggest such 'memory triage' lies at the heart of a sleep-dependent memory processing system that selects new information, in a discriminatory manner, and assimilates it into the brain's vast armamentarium of evolving knowledge, helping guide each organism through its own, unique life.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Result
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Background
Do different salience cues compete for dominance in memory over a daytime nap?
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“Adequate sleep is imperative for optimized memory processes [1].”
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Negative reinforcement impairs overnight memory consolidationPreprint
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Self-citation
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“Consolidation influences these multiple cognitive processes in different ways 19,34,82,83 , further complicated by the fact that individual differences 84 might influence how these different cognitive processes improve over time.”
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“While different causal mechanisms have been discussed to underlie thememory function of sleep [10, 44], the active system consolidation hypothesis proposes that during sleep, memory traces are gradually strengthened and integrated into cortical longterm memory based on repeated and spontaneous hippocampal reactivation…”
Background
Semantic congruence reverses effects of sleep restriction on associative encoding
Alberca-Reina, E., Cantero, J. L., & Atienza, M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.012 · Cited by 22
“…is required (e.g., Van der Werf et al., 2009), whereas a vast amount of literature supports the role of sleep in the consolidation of both hippocampal-dependent and hippocampal-independent memories (for recent reviews see Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Rasch & Born, 2013; Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
Sleep‐dependent selective imitation in infants
Konrad, C., Dirks, N. D., Warmuth, A., Herbert, J. S., Schneider, S., & Seehagen, S. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12777 · Cited by 23
“However, sleep‐dependent memory consolidation in adults does not occur indiscriminately (for a review, see Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
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The bio-habitable zone and atmospheric properties for planets of red dwarfs
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Motor imagery practice benefits during arm immobilization
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Optimistic amnesia: how online and offline processing shape belief updating and memory biases in immediate and long-term optimism biases
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“encoding recently learned information continues to be processed during offline periods wherein memories are selectively retained or pruned via covert reactivation and consolidation processes (Rasch and Born, 2013; Stickgold and Walker, 2013; Tambini and Davachi, 2019; Hu et al., 2020).”
Background
Pharmacological Treatment of Sleep Disorders and Its Relationship with Neuroplasticity
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“…homeostasis hypothesis, sleep plays a functional role in synaptic plasticity or strengthening of neuronal connections and promotes growth of new neurons in the hippocampus, particularly the dentate gyrus which involves the formation of memories (Stickgold & Walker, 2013; Tononi & Cirelli, 2014).”
Background
Gist extraction and sleep in 12-month-old infants
Konrad, C., Herbert, J. S., Schneider, S., & Seehagen, S. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.021 · Cited by 20
“Thus, sleep might help infants to extract rules from relations (Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
Active forgetting and neuropsychiatric diseases
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Virginie Sterpenich, A., Piguet, C., Desseilles, M., Ceravolo, L., Gschwind, M., Ville, D. V. D., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Schwartz, S. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.003 · Cited by 19
“…new evidence for a role of sleep in both quantitative and qualitative changes of memory representations (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Maquet, 2001; Stickgold and Walker, 2013), here driven by emotional significance, arising in category-specific sensory cortices, and characterized by…”
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Sleeping on the rubber-hand illusion: memory reactivation during sleep facilitates multisensory recalibration
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“…consolidation can facilitate both the selection of important information for storage (Fischer and Born, 2009; Wilhelm et al. , 2011) and the integration of novel information into existing neural representations (e.g., Tamminen et al. , 2010; Lewis and Durrant, 2011; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
Long-term effects of directed forgetting
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“…in line with findings showing that information that was tagged as relevant during or shortly after encoding is preferentially consolidated in comparison to information that was tagged as irrelevant (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Dudai, Karni, & Born, 2015; Gruber et al., 2016; Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Sleep selectively stabilizes contextual aspects of negative memories
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Self-citation
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“Sleep promotes cognitive flexibility in problem‐ solving, aids integration of new information, and helps stimulate memory associations (Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
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Engineering decisions: Information, knowledge and understanding
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“Research shows that one function of sleep is to choose between what should be remembered and what should be discarded and forgotten [27].”
Background
The nature of delayed dream incorporation (‘dream-lag effect’): Personally significant events persist, but not major daily activities or concerns
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“A process of triage for sleep-dependent memory consolidation has been proposed (Stickgold & Walker, 2013) in which there is a differential processing of memories based on factors such as salience, emotional involvement and future relevance.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The function of REM and NREM sleep on memory distortion and consolidation
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Impaired off-line motor skills consolidation in young primary insomniacs
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Sleep‐dependent memory consolidation is related to perceived value of learned material
van Rijn, E., Lucignoli, C., Izura, C., & Blagrove, M. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12457 · Cited by 18
Consolidation and generalisation across sleep depend on individual EEG factors and sleep spindle density
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Sleep disturbance and memory dysfunction in early multiple sclerosis
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“Homeostatic synaptic downscaling during sleep supports the encoding of new information after waking,(17,18) Sleepdependent memory processing also involves discriminate selection of prior wake experiences which are assimilated into existing knowledge (traditionally termed “consolidation”).(15) Given that sleep disturba…”
Background
The Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams
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“One of themost important functions of sleep is to support learning and memory (for reviews, see Maquet 2001; Smith 2001; Doyon et al. 2009b; Fogel and Smith 2011; Rasch and Born 2013; Stickgold and Walker 2013; Stickgold 2013; Tononi and Cirelli 2014).”
Background
Sleep strengthens integration of spatial memory systemsPreprint
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“…et al. 1999; Doeller et al. 2008; Rich and Shapiro 2009), that is, a region that is not only involved in the abstraction of schemalike spatial representations (Tse et al. 2011; van Buuren et al. 2014) but, also shows neuronal reactivation during sleep (Euston et al. 2007; Peyrache et al. 2009).”
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Crossing the invisible line: De-differentiation of wake, sleep and dreaming may engender both creative insight and psychopathology
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“Several studies suggest that sleep mentation or its neural substrates impact on subsequent thought and action during wake (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Stickgold & Walker, 2013; Verleger, Rose, Wagner, Yordanova, & Kolev, 2013), for impact to occur during wake there must be retention from the sleep…”
Background
Overnight sleep benefits both neutral and negative direct associative and relational memory
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Labile sleep promotes awareness of abstract knowledge in a serial reaction time task.
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“Sleep-dependent memory processing guides memory enhancements by selecting the most relevant information from its own autobiographical history and optimally integrates it into memory networks [40].”
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Theta and gamma hippocampal–neocortical oscillations during the episodic-like memory test: Impairment in epileptogenic rats
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Authors: Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Stickgold, Robert
Walker, Matthew P
ORCID: Stickgold, Robert
Walker, Matthew P
Venue: Nature Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-01-28
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 139-145
ISSN: 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
1546-1726
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3303
PMC: PMC5826623
OpenAlex: W2036537336
Cited by: 755
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 26
FWCI: 5.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164, AG031164)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-48832, R01MH093537, MH093537, R01MH048832, MH92638, R01MH092638)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA031939, R21DA031939)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: sleep-dependent memory consolidation, forgetting, memory generalization, memory integration, memory stabilization, feature binding, evolution of memory
MeSH terms: Animals, Discrimination, Psychological, Humans, Learning, Memory, Psychological Theory, Sleep

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Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing

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