Neural coding during active somatosensation revealed using illusory touch
Open accessAbstract
Active sensation requires the convergence of external stimuli with representations of body movements. We used mouse behavior, electrophysiology and optogenetics to dissect the temporal interactions among whisker movement, neural activity and sensation of touch. We photostimulated layer 4 activity in single barrels in a closed loop with whisking. Mimicking touch-related neural activity caused illusory perception of an object at a particular location, but scrambling the timing of the spikes over one whisking cycle (tens of milliseconds) did not abolish the illusion, indicating that knowledge of instantaneous whisker position is unnecessary for discriminating object locations. The illusions were induced only during bouts of directed whisking, when mice expected touch, and in the relevant barrel. Reducing activity biased behavior, consistent with a spike count code for object detection at a particular location. Our results show that mice integrate coding of touch with movement over timescales of a whisking bout to produce perception of active touch.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In rodents, ICMS to barrel cortex using micro-wires generated artificial tactile percepts that allowed navigation around a virtual target on screen.
“In one study on rodents, the implementation of a biomimetic approach was tested by applying ICMS to the barrel cortex using micro-wires for the generation of artificial tactile percepts to navigate around a virtual target on the screen (Venkatraman and Carmena, 2011; O'Connor et al., 2013).”
From Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review. (2017) · cites this paper as O'Connor et al., 2013
The Results section reports illusory touch in mice when layer 4 barrel-cortex neurons were photostimulated as a whisker crossed a virtual pole. It does not support the attributed method or setting: the study used optogenetic light stimulation, not ICMS through micro-wires, and its virtual pole was a laser beam beside the whisker, not a target on a screen. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain
Madisen, L., Zwingman, T. A., Sunkin, S. M., Oh, S. W., Zariwala, H. A., Gu, H., Ng, L. L., Palmiter, R. D., Hawrylycz, M. J., Jones, A. R., et al. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2467 · Cited by 6,907 · see citing works
Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity
Boyden, E. S., Zhang, F., Bamberg, E., Nagel, G., & Deisseroth, K. A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1525 · Cited by 4,831 · see citing works
Shaner, N. C., Campbell, R. E., Steinbach, P. A., Giepmans, B. N. G., Palmer, A. E., & Tsien, R. Y. (2004) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1037 · Cited by 4,619 · see citing works
IARBUS, A. L. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,319 · see citing works
Yarbus, A. L. (1967) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5379-7 · Cited by 3,304 · see citing works
Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel
Nagel, G., Szellas, T., Huhn, W., Kateriya, S., Adeishvili, N., Berthold, P. R., Ollig, D., Hegemann, P., & Bamberg, E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1936192100 · Cited by 2,672 · see citing works
Armbruster, B. N., Li, X., Pausch, M. H., Herlitze, S., & Roth, B. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0700293104 · Cited by 2,046 · see citing works
A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing
Madisen, L., Mao, T., Koch, H., Zhuo, J.-M., Berenyi, A., Fujisawa, S., Hsu, Y.-W. A., Garcia, A. J., Gu, X., Zanella, S., et al. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3078 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Self-citationWolpert, D. M., & Flanagan, J. R. (2001) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00432-8 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
The subcellular organization of neocortical excitatory connections
Petreanu, L., Mao, T., Sternson, S. M., & Svoboda, K. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07709 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Self-citationCHAFFEY, N. J. (2001) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01902-1 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Cortical microstimulation influences perceptual judgements of motion direction
Salzman, C. D., Britten, K. H., & Newsome, W. T. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346174a0 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
The excitatory neuronal network of the C2 barrel column in mouse primary somatosensory cortex
Lefort, S., Tomm, C., Floyd Sarria, J.-C., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.020 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
A disinhibitory microcircuit for associative fear learning in the auditory cortex
Letzkus, J. J., Wolff, S. B. E., Meyer, E. M. M., Tovote, P., Courtin, J., Herry, C., & Lüthi, A. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10674 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Genetic Dissection of Neural Circuits
Luo, L., Callaway, E. M., & Svoboda, K. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.002 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, S., Ting, J. T., Atallah, H. E., Qiu, L., Tan, J., Gloss, B., Augustine, G. J., Deisseroth, K., Luo, M., Graybiel, A. M., et al. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1668 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
'Where' and 'what' in the whisker sensorimotor system
Diamond, M., von Heimendahl, M., Knutsen, P., Kleinfeld, D., & Ahissar, E. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2411 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Atasoy, D., Aponte, Y., Su, H. H., & Sternson, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1954-08.2008 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Correlating whisker behavior with membrane potential in barrel cortex of awake mice
Crochet, S., & Petersen, C. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1690 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Nonlinear dendritic integration of sensory and motor input during an active sensing task
Xu, N.-L., Harnett, M. T., Williams, S. R., Huber, D., O’Connor, D. H., Svoboda, K., & Magee, J. C. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11601 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, X., Gutierrez, D. V., Hanson, M. G., Han, J., Mark, M. D., Chiel, H. J., Hegemann, P., Landmesser, L. T., & Herlitze, S. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509030102 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex during sensorimotor learning
Huber, D., Gutnisky, D. A., Peron, S., O’Connor, D. H., Wiegert, J. S., Tian, L., Oertner, T. G., Looger, L. L., & Svoboda, K. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11039 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citationSparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex drives learned behaviour in freely moving mice
Huber, D., Petreanu, L., Ghitani, N., Ranade, S., Hromádka, T., Mainen, Z., & Svoboda, K. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06445 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Activity in Barrel Cortex Underlying Vibrissa-Based Object Localization in Mice
O’Connor, D. H., Peron, S., Huber, D., & Svoboda, K. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.026 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationQuality Metrics to Accompany Spike Sorting of Extracellular Signals
Hill, D. N., Mehta, S. B., & Kleinfeld, D. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0971-11.2011 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Flow of excitation within rat barrel cortex on striking a single vibrissa
Armstrong‐James, M., Fox, K. D., & Das-Gupta, A. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.4.1345 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The Role of Spike Timing in the Coding of Stimulus Location in Rat Somatosensory Cortex
Panzeri, S., Petersen, R. S., Schultz, S. R., Lebedev, M., & Diamond, M. E. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00251-3 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Top-down Dendritic Input Increases the Gain of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons
Larkum, M. E. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh065 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Activity in motor-sensory projections reveals distributed coding in somatosensation
Petreanu, L., Gutnisky, D. A., Huber, D., Xu, N.-L., O’Connor, D. H., Tian, L., Looger, L., & Svoboda, K. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11321 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationde Kock, C. P. J., Bruno, R. M., Spors, H., & Sakmann, B. J. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.124321 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Temporal and spatial integration in the rat SI vibrissa cortex
Simons, D. J. (1985) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1985.54.3.615 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Vibrissa-Based Object Localization in Head-Fixed Mice
O'Connor, D. H., Clack, N., Huber, D., Komiyama, T., Myers, E., & Svoboda, K. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3762-09.2010 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Self-citationThalamic control of cortical states
Poulet, J. F. A., Fernandez, L. M. J., Crochet, S., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3035 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Lu, S., & Lin, R. C. S. (1993) · Somatosensory & Motor Research · doi:10.3109/08990229309028819 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The sensory contribution of a single vibrissa's cortical barrel.
Hutson, K. A., & Masterton, R. (1986) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1986.56.4.1196 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Romo, R., Hernández, A., Zainos, A., Brody, C. D., & Lemus, L. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81156-3 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Parallel Thalamic Pathways for Whisking and Touch Signals in the Rat
Yu, C., Derdikman, D., Haidarliu, S., & Ahissar, E. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040124 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Circuit dynamics and coding strategies in rodent somatosensory cortex
Pinto, D. J., Brumberg, J. C., & Simons, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.3.1158 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Fee, M. S., Mitra, P. P., & Kleinfeld, D. (1997) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.1144 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Haptic Object Localization in the Vibrissal System: Behavior and Performance
Knutsen, P., Pietr, M., & Ahissar, E. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1516-06.2006 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Sparse temporal coding of elementary tactile features during active whisker sensation
Jadhav, S. P., Wolfe, J. H., & Feldman, D. E. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2328 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Network Dynamics Underlying the Formation of Sparse, Informative Representations in the Hippocampus
Karlsson, M. P., & Frank, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4261-08.2008 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Primary motor cortex reports efferent control of vibrissa motion on multiple time scales
Hill, D. N., Curtis, J., Moore, J. D., & Kleinfeld, D. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.020 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Masino, S. A., Kwon, M. C., Dory, Y., & Frostig, R. D. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.9998 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Active Spatial Perception in the Vibrissa Scanning Sensorimotor System
Mehta, S., Whitmer, D., Figueroa, R., Williams, B. A., & Kleinfeld, D. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050015 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Phase-to-rate transformations encode touch in cortical neurons of a scanning sensorimotor system
Curtis, J., & Kleinfeld, D. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2283 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Neuronal Basis for Object Location in the Vibrissa Scanning Sensorimotor System
Kleinfeld, D., & Deschênes, M. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.009 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Maier, D. L., Mani, S., Donovan, S. L., Soppet, D., Tessarollo, L., McCasland, J. S., & Meiri, K. F. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9397 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Automated Tracking of Whiskers in Videos of Head Fixed Rodents
Clack, N. G., O’Connor, D. H., Huber, D., Petreanu, L., Hires, S. A., Peron, S., Svoboda, K., & Myers, E. W. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002591 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationReverse engineering the mouse brain
O’Connor, D. H., Huber, D., & Svoboda, K. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08539 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationActive vibrissal sensing in rodents and marsupials
Mitchinson, B., Grant, R. A., Arkley, K., Rankov, V., Perkon, I., & Prescott, T. J. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0156 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Insights into cortical mechanisms of behavior from microstimulation experiments
Histed, M. H., Ni, A. M., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.006 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Mechanical Variables Underlying Object Localization along the Axis of the Whisker
Pammer, L., O’Connor, D. H., Hires, S. A., Clack, N. G., Huber, D., Myers, E. W., & Svoboda, K. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4316-12.2013 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationOrthogonal coding of object location.
Knutsen, P., & Ahissar, E. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.10.002 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Pre-neuronal morphological processing of object location by individual whiskers
Bagdasarian, K., Marcin Szwed, A., Knutsen, P. M., Deutsch, D., Derdikman, D., Pietr, M., Simony, E., & Ahissar, E. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3378 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Unsupervised Whisker Tracking in Unrestrained Behaving Animals
Voigts, J., Sakmann, B. J., & Celikel, T. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00012.2008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Wicklein, M., & Strausfeld, N. J. (2000) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20000821)424:2 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
A SIMPLE 2‐TRANSISTOR TOUCH OR LICK DETECTOR CIRCUIT
Slotnick, B. M. (2009) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2009.91-253 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cre recombinase‐mediated gene deletion in layer 4 of murine sensory cortical areas
Liao, G., & Xu, B. (2008) · genesis · doi:10.1002/dvg.20393 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin
Chortos, A., Liu, J., & Bao, Z. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4671 · Cited by 2,396 · see citing works
Anatomical characterization of Cre driver mice for neural circuit mapping and manipulation
Harris, J. A., Hirokawa, K. E., Sorensen, S. A., Gu, H., Mills, M., Ng, L. L., Bohn, P., Mortrud, M., Ouellette, B., Kidney, J., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2014.00076 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Membrane potential correlates of sensory perception in mouse barrel cortex
Sachidhanandam, S., Sreenivasan, V., Kyriakatos, A., Kremer, Y., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3532 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Restoring sensorimotor function through intracortical interfaces: progress and looming challenges
Bensmaia, S. J., & Miller, L. E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3724 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Neuronal circuits in barrel cortex for whisker sensory perception
Staiger, J. F., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2019 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Origins of choice-related activity in mouse somatosensory cortex
Yang, H., Kwon, S. E., Severson, K. S., & O'Connor, D. H. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4183 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Titanium headposts were implanted for head fixation 22 .”
Self-citationAn integrative, multiscale view on neural theories of consciousness
Storm, J. F., Klink, P. C., Aru, J., Senn, W., Goebel, R., Pigorini, A., Avanzini, P., Vanduffel, W., Roelfsema, P. R., Massimini, M., et al. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.004 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Low-noise encoding of active touch by layer 4 in the somatosensory cortex
Andrew Hires, S., Gutnisky, D. A., Yu, J., O'Connor, D. H., & Svoboda, K. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.06619 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationSelectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review.
Ghafoor, U., Kim, S., & Hong, K.-S. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2017.00059 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In one study on rodents, the implementation of a biomimetic approach was tested by applying ICMS to the barrel cortex using micro-wires for the generation of artificial tactile percepts to navigate around a virtual target on the screen (Venkatraman and Carmena, 2011; O’Connor et al., 2013).”
Restoring tactile and proprioceptive sensation through a brain interface
Tabot, G. A., Kim, S. S., Winberry, J. E., & Bensmaia, S. J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.029 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The effects of chronic intracortical microstimulation on neural tissue and fine motor behavior
Rajan, A. T., Boback, J. L., Dammann, J. F., Tenore, F. V., Wester, B. A., Otto, K. J., Gaunt, R. A., & Bensmaia, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/6/066018 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Wood, J., LaPalombara, Z., & Ahmari, S. E. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0023 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neocortical dynamics during whisker-based sensory discrimination in head-restrained mice
Helmchen, F., Gilad, A., & Chen, J. L. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neuronal gain modulability is determined by dendritic morphology: A computational optogenetic study
Jarvis, S., Nikolic, K., & Schultz, S. R. (2018) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006027 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“383 Optogenetic illumination protocols in current use can generally be classified as “hard 384 control”, in which the output of a cell is written directly by using high levels of 385 illumination to induce either spiking or hyperpolarization [45,46].”
BackgroundShort time-scale sensory coding in S1 during discrimination of whisker vibrotactile sequences
McGuire, L. M., Telian, G., Laboy-Juárez, K. J., Miyashita, T., Lee, D. J., Smith, K. A., & Feldman, D. E. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002549 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Coexistence of state, choice, and sensory integration coding in barrel cortex LII/III
Gardères, P.-M., Le Gal, S., Rousseau, C., Mamane, A., Ganea, D. A., & Haiss, F. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49129-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…single target neurons, in column size, functionally de fi ned ensembles; or using manipulation of different functional codes (e.g., temporal codes) 32,56,57 which may provide further insights into perception-related circuits and dynamics 58,59 .”
- Authors
- O'Connor, D. H., Hires, S. A., Guo, Z. V., Li, N., Yu, J., Sun, Q.-Q., Huber, D., & Svoboda, K.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Svoboda, Karel
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-06-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 958-965
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC3695000
- OpenAlex
- W1987864047
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 13.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- active touch, whisker movement, somatosensory perception, barrel cortex, layer 4, spike timing, object localization, sensorimotor integration, perceptual illusions
- MeSH terms
- Channelrhodopsins, Homeobox Protein SIX3, Action Potentials, Afferent Pathways, Animals, Discrimination, Psychological, DNA-Binding Proteins, Eye Proteins, Illusions, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neurons, Physical Stimulation, Reaction Time, Somatosensory Cortex, Transcription Factors, Vibrissae, Video Recording, Homeodomain Proteins, Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins, Mice, Epithelial Sodium Channels, GABAergic Neurons, Optogenetics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
