The effects of chronic intracortical microstimulation on neural tissue and fine motor behavior
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: One approach to conveying sensory feedback in neuroprostheses is to electrically stimulate sensory neurons in the cortex. For this approach to be viable, it is critical that intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) causes minimal damage to the brain. Here, we investigate the effects of chronic ICMS on the neuronal tissue across a variety of stimulation regimes in non-human primates. We also examine each animal's ability to use their hand--the cortical representation of which is targeted by the ICMS--as a further assay of possible neuronal damage. APPROACH: We implanted electrode arrays in the primary somatosensory cortex of three Rhesus macaques and delivered ICMS four hours per day, five days per week, for six months. Multiple regimes of ICMS were delivered to investigate the effects of stimulation parameters on the tissue and behavior. Parameters included current amplitude (10-100 μA), pulse train duration (1, 5 s), and duty cycle (1/1, 1/3). We then performed a range of histopathological assays on tissue near the tips of both stimulated and unstimulated electrodes to assess the effects of chronic ICMS on the tissue and their dependence on stimulation parameters. MAIN RESULTS: While the implantation and residence of the arrays in the cortical tissue did cause significant damage, chronic ICMS had no detectable additional effect; furthermore, the animals exhibited no impairments in fine motor control. SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic ICMS may be a viable means to convey sensory feedback in neuroprostheses as it does not cause significant damage to the stimulated tissue.
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The first bidirectional brain-machine interface allowed a non-human primate's motor cortex signal to control a cursor while S1 stimulation provided sensory feedback, though learning was required for mapping.
“Another important breakthrough is the first bidirectional brain-machine interface in which a signal from the motor cortex of a non-human primate was able to control the cursor, while stimulation is applied simultaneously to the brain area S1 to give sensory feedback on the movements, though the primate had to go through a learning process for mapping the afferent interface (Rajan et al., 2015; Tab”
From Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review. (2017) · cites this paper as Rajan et al., 2015
The Introduction (page unavailable) says intracortical stimulation can elicit somatosensory percepts that guide primate behavior. It does not describe a first bidirectional interface, cursor control from motor-cortex signals, simultaneous S1 feedback, or learning the afferent mapping; the paper instead investigates the effects of chronic stimulation on neural tissue and hand use. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex
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Tessellation of artificial touch via microstimulation of human somatosensory cortexPreprint
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Lifetime engineering of bioelectronic implants with mechanically reliable thin film encapsulations
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A Robust Encoding Scheme for Delivering Artificial Sensory Information via Direct Brain Stimulation
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Intracortical current steering shifts the location of evoked neural activity
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Effects of central nervous system electrical stimulation on non-neuronal cells
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Clinical Applications and Future Translation of Somatosensory Neuroprostheses
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Electrical Microstimulation of Visual Cerebral Cortex Elevates Psychophysical Detection Thresholds
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- Authors
- Rajan, A. T., Boback, J. L., Dammann, J. F., Tenore, F. V., Wester, B. A., Otto, K. J., Gaunt, R. A., & Bensmaia, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2015-10-19
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 066018
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- PMC
- PMC8129590
- OpenAlex
- W1770516688
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- intracortical microstimulation, chronic stimulation, neural prostheses, sensory feedback, primary somatosensory cortex, rhesus monkeys, histopathology, fine motor control, stimulation parameters, current amplitude, pulse duration, duty cycle, electrode arrays
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Female, Macaca mulatta, Male, Microelectrodes, Motor Skills, Sensory Receptor Cells, Somatosensory Cortex, Hand Strength
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