Neuronal circuits in barrel cortex for whisker sensory perception
Open accessAbstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal netw…
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Epoch 2 peaks appear within a 10 ms range from first touch, consistent with the expected afferent delay from whisker follicle to barrel cortex.
“In all cases, epoch 2 peaks appear within 10 ms range from FT, which is consistent with the expected afferent delay from whisker follicle to barrel cortex (43).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
Most information about whisker contact with objects is relayed through the lemniscal pathway.
“Most information about whisker contact with objects is relayed through lemniscal pathway (8, 15, 43) (Fig. 5A).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
Sensory S1 and S2 cortices have strongly lateralized ipsilateral outputs and are densely and reciprocally interconnected, forming a top-down feedback loop that exhibits choice-related activity.
“In contrast, sensory S1 and S2 cortices have strongly lateralized ipsilateral outputs (43, 59) and are densely and reciprocally interconnected (60) forming a top–down feedback loop that exhibits choice-related activity (10, 11, 22–25).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
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“Research in the project has led to new insights into the mechanisms of learning, visuo-motor control, consciousness, sleep, spatial navigation, predictive coding and perception and has resulted in new theoretical concepts and analysis methods.”
BackgroundCircuit organization of the excitatory sensorimotor loop through hand/forelimb S1 and M1
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Jung, W. B., Jiang, H., Lee, S., & Kim, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2113313119 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“In the current study, we adopted a widely investigated somatosensory network involving multiple brain regions, such as the first-order ventral posterior thalamic nucleus, higherorder posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm), primary somatosensory cortex (S1), secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), and primary motor corte…”
MethodRungta, R. L., Zuend, M., Aydin, A.-K., Martineau, É., Boido, D., Weber, B., & Charpak, S. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02382-w · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Bioinspired Robotic Finger for Multimodal Tactile Sensing Powered by Fiber Optic Sensors
Mao, B.-J., Zhou, K., Xiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Q., Hao, H., Chen, Y., Liu, H.-D., Wang, X., Wang, X., et al. (2024) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202400175 · Cited by 44
Layer 1 neocortex: Gating and integrating multidimensional signals
Huang, S., Wu, S. J., Sansone, G., Ibrahim, L. A., & Fishell, G. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.041 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“10,67,68 For example, inputs from RSP and M2/ACC, as discussed earlier, target not only L1 but also L5 and L6 in V1.”
Multimodal cortical neuronal cell type classification
Mao, X., & Staiger, J. F. (2024) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-024-02923-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Their activation of postsynaptic metabotropic GABA B receptors potentially serves as a source of slow inhibition [30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSparling, T. L., Iyer, L., Pasquina, P. F., & Petrus, E. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1051-23.2023 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Whilden, C. M., Chevée, M., An, S. Y., & Brown, S. P. (2021) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25163 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…cortex (M1/M2) (Carvell & Simons, 1987; Cauller et al., 1998; Mao et al., 2011; Minamisawa et al., 2018; Petreanu et al., 2009; Veinante & Deschênes, 2003), areas thought to act in concert to perceive and interpret whisker-based sensory stimuli (Crochet et al., 2019; Staiger & Petersen, 2021).”
BackgroundDistal activity patterns shape the spatial specificity of neurovascular coupling
Martineau, É., Malescot, A., Elmkinssi, N., & Rungta, R. L. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01756-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“2 and Supplementary Videos 1 and 2) 29 .”
InfluentialGuy, J., Möck, M., & Staiger, J. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111936 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationConnectivity of single neurons classifies cell subtypes in mouse brains
Liu, L., Yun, Z., Manubens-Gil, L., Chen, H., Xiong, F., Dong, H., Zeng, H., Hawrylycz, M., Ascoli, G. A., & Peng, H. (2025) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-025-02621-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“6a) consistent with previous knowledge at the neuron population level 39–43 .”
Diamond, M. E., & Toso, A. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105161 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Incoming sensory information is processed in neuronal microcircuits in vS1 (Petersen, 2019; Staiger and Petersen, 2021) and distributed to downstream cortical and subcortical brain regions by direct projections (Fig.”
BackgroundTouch-evoked traveling waves establish a translaminar spacetime code
Gonzales, D. L., Khan, H., Keri, H. V. S., Yadav, S., Steward, C. S., Muller, L., Pluta, S. R., & Jayant, K. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr4038 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Intersectional strategy to study cortical inhibitory parvalbumin-expressing interneurons
Palicz, R., Pater, B. A., Truschow, P., Witte, M., & Staiger, J. F. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52901-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationCortical VIP+/ChAT+ interneurons: From genetics to function
Dudai, A., Yayon, N., Soreq, H., & London, M. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15263 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Jiang, H.-J., Qi, G., Duarte, R., Feldmeyer, D., & van Albada, S. J. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae378 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“(B ) Mean firing rates actually generated in the thalamic neurons ( n =230) in one simulation instance.”
BackgroundYeganeh, F., Knauer, B., Backhaus, R. G., Yang, J., Stroh, A., Luhmann, H. J., & Stüttgen, M. C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24156-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“To summarize, optogenetic inhibition of PV+ interneurons (1) increased firing rate regardless of stimulus strength, indicative of an additive rather than multiplicative effect of PV+ neurons, (2) affected neuronal discriminability for a moderate-intensity stimulus, (3) was most pronounced during the first 100 ms of a…”
BackgroundEsmaeili, V., Oryshchuk, A., Asri, R., Tamura, K., Foustoukos, G., Liu, Y., Guiet, R., Crochet, S., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001667 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, S.-N., Cao, J.-W., Liu, L.-Y., Zhou, Y., Shan, G.-Y., Fu, Y.-H., Shao, Y.-C., & Yu, Y.-C. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac343 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Functional gradients facilitate tactile sensing in elephant whiskers.
Schulz, A. K., Kaufmann, L., Smith, L. T., Philip, D. S., David, H., Lazovic, J., Brecht, M., Richter, G., & Kuchenbecker, K. J. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adx8981 · Cited by 12
Biologically informed cortical models predict optogenetic perturbations
Sourmpis, C., Petersen, C. C. H., Gerstner, W., & Bellec, G. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615361 · Cited by 10
“There is a dense knowledge of the physiological details at the connectivity, laminar or cell-type level that could be added into a cortical model like ours (Harris et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2022; Udvary et al., 2022; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
Self-citationCorrelation of zero echo time functional MRI with neuronal activity in rats
Valjakka, J. S., Paasonen, J., Salo, R., Paasonen, E., Stenroos, P., Gureviciene, I., Kettunen, M., Idiyatullin, D., Tanila, H., Michaeli, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251314682 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Distinct roles of cortical layer 5 subtypes in associative learning
Moberg, S., Garibbo, M., Mazo, C., Gilad, A., Schmitz, D., Costa, R. P., Larkum, M. E., & Takahashi, N. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68307-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Theprimarysomatosensorycortex(S1)hasbeenshowntoengage in vibrotactile discrimination inhumans 22 , primates 23 , and rodents 24 .”
Liu, Y., Foustoukos, G., Crochet, S., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2021.791015 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The barrel cortex is a highly-specialized brain area serving as the primary whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1, also labeled SSp-bfd) for processing sensory information from the array of mystacial vibrissae (Brecht, 2007; Diamond et al., 2008; Petersen, 2019; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCai, L., Yang, J.-W., Wang, C.-F., Chou, S.-J., Luhmann, H. J., & Karayannis, T. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2246-21.2022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuronal Connectivity as a Determinant of Cell Types and SubtypesPreprint
Liu, L., Yun, Z.-X., Manubens-Gil, L., Chen, H.-B., Xiong, F., Dong, H.-W., Zeng, H.-K., Hawrylycz, M., Ascoli, G., & Peng, H. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2960606/v1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“We also confirmed the majority projection of VP neurons to layer 2/3 and 4 of somatosensory cortex (Figure 7A) consistent with previous knowledge at the neuron population level (e.g., Bureau, et al, 2006; Viaene, et al, 2011; Clascá, et al, 2012; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
ResultCortical VIP+ Interneurons in the Upper and Deeper Layers Are Transcriptionally Distinct
Wu, J., Zhao, Z., Shi, Y., & He, M. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-022-02040-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“2017; Staiger and Petersen 2021).”
The tuning of tuning: How adaptation influences single cell information transfer
Zeldenrust, F., Calcini, N., Xuan, Y., Bijlsma, A., & Celikel, T. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012043 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thalamocortical feedback selectively controls pyramidal neuron excitability
Brandalise, F., Chéreau, R., Chen, I.-W., van Oorschot, D., Raig, C. M., Bawa, T., Mule, N., Pagès, S., Markopoulos, F., & Holtmaat, A. J. D. G. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60835-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Thus, the occurrence of NMDA spikes may be related to the convergence of these inputs onto single dendritic domains, which aligns with models in which clustered inputs favor supralinear synaptic integration 66 – 70 .”
Multihead self-attention in cortico-thalamic circuits
Granier, A., & Senn, W. (2025) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.06354 · Cited by 8
“Concerted efforts have recently greatly advanced the data available on the local components of this canonical cortical circuit (Staiger and Petersen 2021; Sievers et al. 2024; The MICrONS consortium 2025), but a computational interpretation with demonstrably high performance on hard tasks is…”
Jie, H., Petrus, E., Pothayee, N., & Koretsky, A. P. (2025) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102735 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mishra, W., Kheradpezhouh, E., & Arabzadeh, E. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05699-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Layer 2/3 is considered as a hub in cortical processing 16,43 , where the majority of neurons fi re sparsely due to a balanced feedforward excitation and feedback inhibition 44 .”
Ueta, Y., & Miyata, M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105332 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Scheuer, K. S., Judge, J., Zhao, X., & Jackson, M. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501767 · Cited by 8
Lara-González, E., Padilla-Orozco, M., Fuentes-Serrano, A., Bargas, J., & Duhne, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.979680 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“How many of these microcircuits and neurons conform an ensemble? The basic connectivity is scalable (e.g., from minicolumns to barrels and regions; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
BackgroundGutman-Wei, A. Y., & Brown, S. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.728832 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The postsubiculum as a head-direction cortex
Duszkiewicz, A. J., Fricker, D., Burgalossi, A., & Peyrache, A. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2025.09.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Syngap1 promotes cognitive function through regulation of cortical sensorimotor dynamics
Vaissière, T., Michaelson, S. D., Creson, T. K., Goins, J., Fürth, D., Balázsfi, D., Rojas, C., Golovin, R. M., Meletis, K., Miller, C. A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56125-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The structural and functional connectivity of the rodent somatomotor whisker system has been extensively elucidated 30,46 – 49 .”
InfluentialSeparation of bimodal fMRI responses in mouse somatosensory areas into V1 and non-V1 contributions
Dinh, T. N. A., Moon, H. S., & Kim, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56305-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The SNr and MD receive somatosensory inputs via the striatum or prefrontal cortex from the S1BF for further sensory processing 31,32 .”
BackgroundMethodAxonal connections between S1 barrel, M1, and S2 cortex in the newborn mouse
Gellért, L., Luhmann, H. J., & Kilb, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2023.1105998 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In rodents, the whisker to barrel-cortex pathway represents an important sensory modality (for review see Feldmeyer et al., 2013; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
BackgroundLaghouati, E., Studer, F., Depaulis, A., & Guillemain, I. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17151 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tsytsarev, V., Kwon, S. E., Plachez, C., Zhao, S., O'Connor, D. H., & Erzurumlu, R. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.018 · Cited by 6
Molecular mechanisms regulating the spatial configuration of neurites
Hasegawa, K., & Kuwako, K.-I. (2022) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.015 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Brain Structure and Function: the first 15 years—a retrospective
Záborszky, L. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02362-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
‘Backpropagation and the brain’ realized in cortical error neuron microcircuits
Max, K., Jaras, I., Granier, A., Wilmes, K., & Petrovici, M. A. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664263 · Cited by 5
“Local connections between these populations are well characterized, see [83] for a recent review.”
Li, J., Zhou, R., Wang, J.-P., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Li, C., He, B., Li, C., Li, C.-Y., Long, S., et al. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.06.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Tao, L., Nygaard, A. H., Dong, Y., Groves, T., Hong, X., Goddard, C. M., He, C., Postnov, D. D., Allodi, I., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251320455 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Synaptotagmin 7 sculpts short-term plasticity at a high probability synapse
Chiu, D. N., & Carter, B. C. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1756-23.2023 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, C., Côté, S. L., Raman, N., Chaudhary, H., Mercado, B. C., & Chen, S. X. (2023) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2023.1093066 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Normal connectivity of thalamorecipient networks in barrel equivalents of the reeler cortex
Meeuwissen, A., Möck, M., Staiger, J. F., & Guy, J. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad072 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationRetrosplenial cortex enables context-dependent goal-directed sensorimotor transformation
Bech, P., Dard, R. F., Lebert, J. M., Smith, L., Bisi, A., Renard, A., Crochet, S., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685738
“Mice have a highly developed array of facial whiskers, which they use to determine the size, shape, location, and texture of objects in their immediate environment ( Diamond et al., 2008 ; Feld-meyer et al., 2013 ; Petersen, 2019 ; Staiger and Petersen, 2021 ).”
Self-citationMatsumoto, H., Murakami, T., & Ohki, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2025.1552130 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…structures are maintained in 10.3389/fncir.2025.1552130 Frontiers in Neural Circuits 02 frontiersin.org each modality, such as the visual field (retinotopy; Seabrook et al., 2017), body parts (somatotopy; Staiger and Petersen, 2021) or sound frequency (tonotopy; Schreiner and Winer, 2007).”
InfluentialDevelopment of spontaneous and sensory evoked network activity in rodent cerebral cortex in vivo
Nigi, E., Yang, J., Luhmann, H. J., & Sinning, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2025.1648685 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In this section we will mostly focus on the rodent barrel cortex, which is stimulated by the whiskers on the contralateral snout of the animal (for review Feldmeyer et al., 2013; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
Reward history guides focal attention in whisker somatosensory cortex
Ramamurthy, D. L., Rodriguez, L., Cen, C., Li, S., Chen, A., & Feldman, D. E. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60592-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“We took advantage of S1 whisker map topography 64 to quantitatively de fi ne the precise spatial structure of the attentional spotlight relative to anatomical cortical columns in S1.”
Type-I nNOS neurons orchestrate cortical neural activity and vasomotion
Turner, K. L., Brockway, D. F., Hossain, M. S., Griffith, K. R., Greenawalt, D., Zhang, Q.-G., Gheres, K. W., Crowley, N. A., & Drew, P. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634042 · Cited by 4
“…stimulation, not only are type-I nNOS neurons in the somatosensory cortex activated (Ruff et al 2024), but nearly every other cell type is as well (Staiger & Petersen 2021), which mean that type-I nNOS neurons are not the only neurons, and not even the only NO producing neurons, sending signals…”
Ibarra-Castañeda, N., Lopez-Virgen, V., López, N. A. M., & González-Pérez, Ó. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115456 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lombardi, A., Wang, Q., Stüttgen, M. C., Mittmann, T., Luhmann, H. J., & Kilb, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1254776 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The prominent adaption of the GABAergic-IN in L2/3 may boost postsynaptic responses upon synaptic inputs from neighboring columns and/or cortical areas (Tremblay et al., 2016; Katz and Lampl, 2021; Staiger and Petersen, 2021), thereby promoting integration of complex sensory stimuli across barrels.”
InfluentialKiritani, T., Pala, A., Gasselin, C., Crochet, S., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287174 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Sensorimotor processing in the barrel cortex contributes to whisker-dependent touch detection, object localization, texture discrimination and shape discrimination [20, 21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWang, J., Shan, W., Chen, X., & Zuo, Z. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147946 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Argunşah, A. Ö., Stachniak, T. J., Yang, J., Cai, L., van der Bourg, A., Kästli, R., & Karayannis, T. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576792
Armstrong, A. G., & Vlasov, Y. A. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638764 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The measurements are present (red triangles) only when whiskers are in contact with the wall and are updated each 8ms that roughly mimic the shortest duration of cortical feedback loops(Staiger and Petersen, 2020).”
InfluentialPreuss, F., Walker, F., Möck, M., Witte, M., & Staiger, J. F. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp288309 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“%) and can be subdivided into chandelier (or axo-axonic) cells and BC (Inan & Anderson, 2014; Staiger & Petersen, 2021; Tremblay et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationde la Puebla, M. F., Zhang, X., Nagelhus, E. A., Bjørås, M., & Tang, W. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14141103 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In layer 2/3 of the vS1, which integrates sensory and motor signals [48,49], this state change provides a valuable window to assess whether IP3R2 deletion selectively affects astrocytic Ca 2+ transients and associated neuronal activity.”
Making sense of vertebrate senses from a neural crest and cranial placode evo-devo perspective
Edens, B. M., & Bronner-Fraser, M. E. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2024.12.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cortical Coding of Gustatory and Thermal Signals in Active Licking Mice
Nash, A. N., Shakeshaft, M., Bouaichi, C. G., Odegaard, K. E., Needham, T., Bauer, M., Bertram, R., & Vincis, R. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.27.591293 · Cited by 3
“…neurons in the gustatory cortex, we recorded taste and thermal-evoked spiking activity in the somatosensory cortical fields, whose neurons play a crucial role in the encoding and processing of fine somatosensory discrimination (Romo et al., 2002; Foffani et al., 2008; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
Astrocyte modulation of synaptic plasticity mediated by activity-dependent Sonic hedgehog signaling
Le, A. D., Fu, M., Kumar, R., Zacharias, G., & Garcia, A. D. R. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588352 · Cited by 3
Inácio, A. R. L., Lam, K. C., Zhao, Y., Pereira, F., Gerfen, C. R., & Lee, S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542329 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Varani, S., Vecchia, D., Zucca, S., Forli, A., & Fellin, T. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab297 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Rodents use whiskers to sense the world around them (Carvell and Simons 1990; Diamond et al. 2008; O’Connor, Clack, et al. 2010a; Staiger and Petersen 2021).”
Lohani, S., Moberly, A. H., Benisty, H., Landa, B., Jing, M., Li, Y., Higley, M., & Cardin, J. A. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418632 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Can we study whisker movements to gain insights into the natural sensory behaviours of mammals?
Grant, R. A. (2025) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp288053 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Many studies focussed on the barrel cortex and on tracing the sensory signal from whisker touch to cortex (Petersen, 2019; Staiger & Petersen, 2021).”
The canine vibrissal system as a highly innervated and functional sensory organ
Döring, D., Müller, H., Franzmeier, S., Matiasek, K., Blutke, A., & Reese, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91629-1 · Cited by 2
“In contrast to several other species, such as rodents 29,35 , cats 36 , marine mammals 37 and exotic species 31 , the morphology and innervation of the canine FCS have not been analysed in detail.”
Behavioral adaptations after unilateral whisker denervation
Wright, P., McCall, E. C., Collier, S., Johnson, F. R., Iyer, L., Koretsky, A. P., & Petrus, E. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115435 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Though mice rely on their whiskers to explore their environment [52,58], intact bilateral whisker sensation may not be critical to navigate open spaces.”
Øvsthus, M., van Swieten, M. M. H., Puchades, M. A., Tocco, C., Studer, M., Bjaalie, J. G., & Leergaard, T. B. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-04060-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Arakawa, H., & Tokashiki, M. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16520 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The sensory information via the array of whiskers is processed along the way to the somatosensory cortex, from the trigeminal brainstem nuclei to the thalamic nuclei, including the posterior medial thalamic nucleus and ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (Staiger & Petersen, 2021).”
Inter and intralaminar excitation of parvalbumin interneurons in mouse barrel cortex
Scheuer, K. S., Jansson, A. M., Zhao, X., & Jackson, M. B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289901 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These differences could in part be due to the different distributions of chandelier cells and basket cells [19, 25–27].”
InfluentialBrandalise, F., Chéreau, R., Raig, C. M., Bawa, T., Mule, N., Pagès, S., Markopoulos, F., & Holtmaat, A. J. D. G. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572353 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Overall, this aligns with studies showing that the activation of the POm causes a general increase in cortical excitability of the barrel cortex 24,66 , and that the activation of postsynaptic mGluR5 receptors induces persistent firing in the prefrontal cortex 99 .”
BackgroundResultLiu, Z., He, B., Wang, X., Peng, J., Sun, Q., & Luo, C. (2023) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137170 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Syngap1 Regulates Cortical Circuit Assembly by Controlling Membrane ExcitabilityPreprint
Arora, V., Michaelson, S. D., Aceti, M., Kilinic, M., Miller, C. A., & Rumbaugh, G. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519295 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…node in the larger distributed sensorimotor networks that enable perceptual decision making (Feldmeyer et al., 2013; Romo and Rossi-Pool, 2020; Staiger and Petersen, 2021), elucidating the biological mechanisms linking Syngap1 expression to development of these circuit motifs may uncover…”
BackgroundSynchronous inhibitory synaptic inputs to layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the murine barrel cortex
Yamamoto, K., Nakaya, Y., Sugawara, S., & Kobayashi, M. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147686 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex
Armstrong, A. G., & Vlasov, Y. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2514107123 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In contrast, sensory S1 and S2 cortices have strongly lateralized ipsilateral outputs (43, 59) and are densely and reciprocally interconnected (60) forming a top–down feedback loop that exhibits choice-related activity (10, 11, 22–25).”
Cortico-subcortical multi-head self-attention as a substrate for cognitive performancePreprint
Babu, V. K., Granier, A., Proix, T., Balvočius, T., Woodman, M., Saudargienė, A., Jirsa, V., & Senn, W. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.06.743205
“Concerted efforts have provided cell-type-specific data on the local components of this canonical cortical circuit [12, 13, 14].”
InfluentialRaspanti, A., Pizzo, R., Gurgone, A., Giraudo, C., Sagona, G., Macioce, A., Battaglia, A., Katsanou, L., Comai, D., Medici, G., et al. (2026) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2026.102949 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contextual gating of whisker-evoked responses by frontal cortex supports flexible decision making
Ghaderi, P., Crochet, S., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73622-y · Cited by 1
“The neuronal circuits responsible for the early stages of whisker sensory processing have begun to be delineated 10 and a variety of tasks for head-restrained mice have been developed to explore the mechanisms of whisker-dependent sensory decision making 11 – 16 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationGutman-Wei, A. Y., Sudarsanam, S., Cabalinan, A. G., Shahid, N., Shi, A., Guzman-Clavel, L., Spindler-Krage, S. M., Agarwal, A., Kolodkin, A. L., & Brown, S. P. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116792 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Silbaugh, A. M., Koster, K. P., & Hansel, C. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109183 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- positive interneurons make up ~40%, ~30%, and ~12% of the neocortical interneuron population ( Staiger and Petersen, 2021 ; Tremblay et al., 2016 ), respectively, this plasticity effect is likely comprised of a substantial portion of SST and PV…”
Silbaugh, A. M., Koster, K. P., & Hansel, C. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649578 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…somatostatin (SST)-positive interneurons, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-positive interneurons make up ~40%, ~30%, and ~12% of the neocortical interneuron population 55, 56 , respectively, this plasticity effect is likely comprised of a substantial portion of SST and PV interneurons.”
Task-Optimized Convolutional Recurrent Networks Align with Tactile Processing in the Rodent Brain
Chung, T., Shen, Y.-C., Kong, N. C. L., & Nayebi, A. (2025) · Neural Information Processing Systems · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.18361 · Cited by 1
“In fact, rodent whisking behavior is known to parallel how humans touch objects with their fingertips [Staiger and Petersen, 2021], such as in the Lateral Motion Exploratory Procedure [Lederman and Klatzky, 2009].”
Feyerabend, M., Witte, M., Möck, M., & Staiger, J. F. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112539 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“1,2 6 Many kinds of inhibition, each tied to a different subpopulation, have been proposed.”
Self-citationGestational Chlorpyrifos Exposure Imparts Lasting Alterations to the Rat Somatosensory CortexPreprint
Koenig, J. A., Haga, C., Cramer, N., & Keller, A. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.639085 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This well characterized cortical area processes information from the facial whiskers (Staiger and Petersen, 2021; Stüttgen and Schwarz, 2018).”
Cortical coding of gustatory and thermal signals in active licking mice
Nash, A. N., Shakeshaft, M., Bouaichi, C. G., Odegaard, K. E., Needham, T., Bauer, M., Bertram, R., & Vincis, R. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp287499 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…could instead be the domain of the somatosensory oral cortex, which is well suited for fine-tuned tactile stimulus discrimination (Foffani et al., 2008; Romo et al., 2002; Staiger & Petersen, 2021), that might lead to including small receptive fields and precise temperature detection.”
Fxr1 Deletion from Cortical Parvalbumin Interneurons Modifies Their Excitatory Synaptic Responses
Scheuer, K. S., Jansson, A. M., Shen, M., Zhao, X., & Jackson, M. B. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0363-24.2024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Furthermore, these roles vary between layers (Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
Shigematsu, N., Miyamoto, Y., Esumi, S., & Fukuda, T. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0518-22.2024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Sensory information acquired through whisker stimulations is diverse such as vibration frequency and phase and amplitude of whisker movement (Feldmeyer et al., 2013; Staiger and Petersen, 2021).”
BackgroundLearning Successor Features with Distributed Hebbian Temporal Memory
Dzhivelikian, E., Kuderov, P., & Panov, A. (2023) · International Conference on Learning Representations · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.13391 · Cited by 1
“Staiger and Petersen [48] showed that neurons in this layer are responsible for temporal context formation.”
Petersen, O. (2023) · Function · doi:10.1093/function/zqad042 · Cited by 1
“7 , 8 In a v er y r ecent study of neurons and astrocytes in awake and behaving mice, Alex Verkhratsky and collaborators have shown that locomotion induces fundamentally different patterns of Ca 2 + signaling in astrocytes and neurons.”
BackgroundInter and Intralaminar Excitation of Parvalbumin Interneurons in Mouse Barrel Cortex
Scheuer, K. S., Jansson, A., Zhao, X.-Y., & Jackson, M. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543448 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mishra, W., Kheradpezhouh, E., & Arabzadeh, E. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543981
Staiger, J. F., Sachkova, A., Möck, M., Guy, J., & Witte, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2022.1000107 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These long-range projecting neurons are now often called “extratelecephalic” or “pyramidal-tract” neurons due to their exclusive connectivity profile, making them the only cortical neuron type that is capable of transferring highly integrated sensorimotor output to motor command centers throughout the entire neuraxis…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
- Authors
- Staiger, J. F., & Petersen, C. C. H.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Staiger, Jochen F.
- Petersen, Carl C. H.
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2021-01-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 353-415
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W3080814453
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 731
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- infoscience.epfl.ch
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Swiss National Science Foundation (310030B_166595)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (STA 431/1-1 to 14-1, CRC 889 (TPC7))
- EC | European Research Council (ERC-2011-ADG 293660)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- barrel cortex, somatotopic map, neural circuits, excitatory and inhibitory neurons, synaptic connectivity, neuromodulation, cell-type specific connectivity, rodents
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Diseases, Humans, Neural Pathways, Sensation, Somatosensory Cortex, Vibrissae, Signal Transduction, Mice, Brain-Computer Interfaces
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