The DOI matches its Crossref record; 200 of the 200 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 194 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
Current frameworks for understanding the link between early adverse childhood experiences and later negative life outcomes, including psychopathology, focus on the mediating negative impact on brain and biological systems in the developing child resulting broadly from stress and trauma. Although this approach is useful, we argue that the framework could be functionally extended by distinguishing the effects of two different types of abnormal input, both deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood. Specifically, we review the consequences of inadequate input (eg, neglect/deprivation) and harmful input (eg, abuse/trauma) on brain and biological development. We then review evidence on the differential links between each type of abnormal input to four selected domains of psychopathology (indiscriminate social behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct problems), and consider potential mechanisms for inadequate and harmful input to lead to these outcomes. We conclude that the careful consideration of the type of deviation from the expected environment, while acknowledging the practical difficulties in assessing this, is likely to lead to clearer understanding of the mechanism of risk for psychopathology, and that tailored approaches to prevention and intervention may be informed by considering the unique consequences of inadequate and harmful input when experienced in early childhood.
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TL;DR
This review proposes distinguishing two deviations from the expectable early environment—inadequate input (neglect/deprivation) and harmful input (abuse/trauma)—rather than treating early adversity as a single stress/trauma construct. It reviews evidence that both types alter brain and biological development and show overlapping but potentially distinct links to indiscriminate social behavior, PTSD, ADHD, and conduct problems.
Key findings
- The paper argues that inadequate input and harmful input both disrupt development but may have different neurobiological and behavioral consequences; it calls for parsing broad adversity into these two components to clarify mechanisms and tailor prevention/intervention.
- For PTSD, Widom (1999) reported no difference in risk among adults maltreated as children by sexual abuse (23%), physical abuse (19%), or neglect (17%), all higher than nonmaltreated comparison (10%); lifetime PTSD risk was 38%, 33%, and 31%, respectively. In a child welfare sample, posttraumatic symptoms were similar for physical abuse (10%), sexual abuse (13%), and neglect (13%) (Kolko et al, 2010).
- For ADHD, youth investigated by child welfare had nearly 19% ADHD prevalence versus 5% in the general population; in BEIP at 54 months, institutionalized children were more likely to meet ADHD criteria than never-institutionalized children (21% vs 3%, OR=7.4). Ouyang et al (2008) found supervision neglect predicted inattentive (OR=1.6) and hyperactive (OR=1.5) types, physical neglect predicted inattentive type (OR=2.1), and physical/sexual abuse predicted inattentive type (OR=1.6 and 2.6).
- For conduct problems, physical abuse before age 5 was associated with four times higher likelihood of conduct problems in 3rd/4th grade (Dodge et al, 1995); childhood sexual abuse had OR=6.32 for conduct disorder (Cutajar et al, 2010). For indiscriminate behavior, persistent signs after early serious deprivation were estimated at 10–20% of children.
Methods
- Narrative/selective review, not an empirical study or meta-analysis; the authors review evidence on inadequate versus harmful input and four selected psychopathology domains: indiscriminate social behavior, PTSD, ADHD, and conduct problems.
- Draws heavily on three longitudinal studies: Widom’s prospective cohort of 4,900 children abused/neglected before age 12 with >600 matched comparisons interviewed at age 29; the English and Romanian Adoptees Study of Romanian institution-reared children adopted at different ages and assessed at 4, 6, 11, and 15 years; and the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, an RCT of foster care versus institutional care in 6- to 30-month-olds assessed at 30, 42, and 54 months with follow-ups at 8 and 12 years.
- Main analysis is a conceptual synthesis of behavioral, neurobiological, and psychopathology findings, including proposed mechanisms such as HPA-axis/cortisol changes, EEG patterns, cortical thinning, amygdala–prefrontal connectivity, attention bias to threat, and gene–environment interactions.
Limitations
- Stated: human environments cannot be experimentally controlled; inadequate and harmful input often co-occur; the review cannot fully consider developmental timing/sensitive periods; and assessing onset, duration, and severity of negative exposures is difficult, especially in young children unable to report their experiences.
- Stated: co-occurrence and confounding are major issues—over 50% of ACE Study participants reporting childhood physical neglect also endorsed physical abuse, while approximately 20% of physically abused youth also reported physical neglect; prenatal substance exposure and parental psychopathology may also confound outcomes.
- Evident: the review is selective rather than systematic, many cited findings are described as preliminary or in need of replication, and the evidence base is uneven across the four psychopathology domains.
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Claims the paper makes
159 Not checked yet · 41 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · 1 Own method
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The experience of trauma, specifically, has been linked to conduct problems.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ford et al, 2000 source
- Supportedcites Scheeringa et al, 2003 source
Table 3 (Clinical Implications; page not available) reports significantly higher CBCL Externalizing scores in both groups of trauma-exposed preschool children than in healthy controls. It also reports more oppositional defiant symptoms, supporting the stated link between trauma experience and conduct problems. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked yetcites Kaplow and Widom, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Human infants are born with a strong propensity to form attachments to a small number of caregiving adults with whom they interact regularly and substantially in the earliest years of life (Bowlby, 2008).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bowlby, 2008
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Importantly, each type has been associated with a broad array of maladaptive outcomes, including various domains of psychopathology (National Research Council, 2013).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Research Council, 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conclude that the careful consideration of the type of deviation from the expected environment, while acknowledging the practical difficulties in assessing this, is likely to lead to clearer understanding of the mechanism of risk for psychopathology”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then review evidence on the differential links between each type of abnormal input to four selected domains of psychopathology (indiscriminate social behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct problems)”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“relationships with caregivers also provide an essential role in helping infants regulate their physical and emotional response to stressors (Tronick, 1989).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tronick, 1989 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the first 3 years is considered to be a vitally important time in the development of cognitive, affective, and social domains (Humphreys et al, in press).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Humphreys et al, in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“early-life stressors predict a large degree of later-life outcomes (Hertzman and Wiens, 1996).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hertzman and Wiens, 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Absent or neglectful caregivers fail to provide necessary interactive experiences that help the child develop skills ranging from language development (Hart and Risley, 1995) to social competence (Fantuzzo et al, 1998;Smyke et al, 2007).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“In addition, children adopted out of institutions showed lower levels of oxytocin and vasopressin following interaction with their mothers compared with controls (Wismer Fries et al, 2005), indicating potential deficits in responses to social interaction.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Inadequate Input
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wismer Fries et al, 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 54
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abuse may co-occur with neglect in early child- hood, but to date no evidence has demonstrated that physical or sexual abuse alone leads to indiscriminate behavior.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between inadequate input and indiscriminate behavior.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tailored approaches to prevention and intervention may be informed by considering the unique consequences of inadequate and harmful input when experienced in early childhood.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“both inadequate input and harmful input represent deviations from the expectable environment (a concept introduced by Nelson and colleagues to describe the effects of adversity at the neural level; Curtis et al, 2002;Fox et al, 2010;Nelson et al, 2014).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Curtis et al, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al, 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current frameworks for understanding the link between early adverse childhood experiences and later negative life outcomes, including psychopathology, focus on the mediating negative impact on brain and biological systems in the developing child resulting broadly from stress and trauma.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distinction between these two types of deviation from expectable environmental input may help guide both intervention efforts and policy in this area, and extends prior frameworks that focused more broadly on stress and trauma without specific regard to differential types of input from the environment.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The concept of 'toxic stress,' the cumulative and pernicious effect of multiple, chronic environmental adversities, is believed to disrupt developing brain circuitry and other organ systems, having long-term implications for physical and mental health (Shonkoff and Garner, 2012).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shonkoff and Garner, 2012 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we argue that the framework could be functionally extended by distinguishing the effects of two different types of abnormal input, both deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Heightened plasticity of the brain in early life is a key feature of human development, and the infant brain relies upon environmental experiences in order to develop (Greenough et al, 1987).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greenough et al, 1987 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“consider potential mechanisms for inadequate and harmful input to lead to these outcomes.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The transactional model of development, first proposed by Sameroff and Chandler (1975), considers developmental outcomes, including psychopathology, as a function of ongoing transactions between the individual and the environment, which exert continual effects on one another.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sameroff and Chandler, 1975
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Institutional rearing appears to result in reduced electrical activity in higher frequencies and increased electrical activities in lower frequencies (Marshall et al, 2004(Marshall et al, , 2008;;Tarullo et al, 2011), but for children placed with families before 24 months, Vanderwert et al (2010) demonstrated normalization of brain functioning.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Inadequate Input
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result of the RCT design, this study reduces selection bias that may be present in adoption studies, includes assessments of children while they lived in deprived conditions, and allows causal conclusions to be drawn about the effects of environmental enhancement.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Informative Longitudinal Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although neglect/deprivation and trauma/abuse both involve the potential removal of expectable environmental experiences, the differing impact of these two forms of deviation (ie, inadequate vs harmful input) may be seen in specific neurobiological and behavioral outcomes.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > INTRODUCTION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of these findings should be considered preliminary and in need of replication, but they do point to neurobiological effects of deprivation on brain structure and function in young children.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Inadequate Input
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although not observed in maltreated children, adults who experienced maltreatment in childhood had smaller hippocampal volume, indicating a possible sleeper effect of maltreatment in childhood (Woon and Hedges, 2008).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Harmful Input
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Woon and Hedges, 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indiscriminate behavior is rare in epidemiological studies (Egger et al, 2006;Gleason et al, 2011b), but it is one of the most common social abnormalities described in young children living in institutions (Zeanah et al, 2002(Zeanah et al, , 2005) ) and in those adopted out of institutions (Bruce et al, 2009;Chisholm, 1998;Rutter et al, 2010a).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Indiscriminate Behavior
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, to date it is unclear the degree to which each set of responses is related to the varying types of stresses on the system (ie, inadequate or harmful input), as studies typically consider both forms of early adverse experiences together.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Harmful Input
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For example, children who were physically or sexually abused in early childhood had smaller diurnal decreases in cortisol than neglected children, however, this was only found in abused children with high internalizing symptoms (Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Harmful Input
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Young children express symptoms from each cluster somewhat differently than older individuals, and the algorithm for determining diagnostic threshold is slightly different than for older individuals, but the clinical picture is actually more similar than different (Scheeringa et al, 2011).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scheeringa et al, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Widom (1999) reported that in 29-year-old adults who had experienced childhood maltreatment, there was no difference in risk for PTSD among those who had experienced sexual abuse (23%), physical abuse (19%), or neglect (17%), but all were at greater risk than a nonmaltreated comparison group (10%).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Widom, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Those children with more prolonged institutional rearing showed reduced amygdala discrimination and more indiscriminate behavior.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between inadequate input and indiscriminate behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olsavsky et al, 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Yet, only about 25 to 30% of individuals exposed to a traumatic event develop PTSD, although many more develop subthreshold symptomatology (Kessler et al, 1995).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al, 1995 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A similar study examined brain volume after matching for socioeconomic status and found that children with PTSD had smaller brain volume in a number of regions, including the PFC, but had larger frontal lobe cerebrospinal fluid volume than nonmaltreated youth (De Bellis et al, 2002).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Bellis et al, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although no differences were found in amygdala or hippocampal volume in children with and without PTSD, smaller cerebral volumes among children with PTSD was found (De Bellis et al, 2001).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Bellis et al, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Type, severity, and intentionality of the trauma may affect risk for PTSD, and those exposed to multiple traumas may develop more severe and/or different numbers of PTSD symptoms, as well as other related biopsychosocial impairments, than those exposed to single event traumas (Ford et al, 2006;Suliman et al, 2009;van der Kolk, 2003).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ford et al, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Suliman et al, 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites van der Kolk, 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum was negatively correlated with a measure of anxiety, indicating that reduced myelination as a result of trauma may mediate the association between traumaexposure and psychopathology.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackowski et al, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to increased detection of angry emotional expression, children who have been physically abused require greater resources to disengage from angry faces (Pollak and Tolley-Schell, 2003), and show greater accuracy at identifying angry facial expression targets during a Go/No-Go type task (Pollak et al, 2001).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pollak and Tolley-Schell, 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Pollak et al, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Girls with ADHD were significantly more likely to have been sexually abused than their non-ADHD counterparts, although no increased evidence of experiences of physical abuse were found (Briscoe- Smith and Hinshaw, 2006).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Briscoe-Smith and Hinshaw, 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These attentional biases appear to indicate that abused children are vigilant to threat in the environment, a key symptom of PTSD, although the bias may be more specific to social than physical threats.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The worldwide prevalence of ADHD is estimated at 5% (Polanczyk et al, 2007).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Polanczyk et al, 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among children who experienced severe neglect in the form of institutional care during early childhood, signs of ADHD are highly prevalent, and these problems are often found in combination with other deprivation-specific mental health problems (eg, quasi-autism, disinhibited attachment, cognitive impairment) (Kreppner et al, 2007;Rutter et al, 2010a).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between inadequate input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kreppner et al, 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Rutter et al, 2010a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, among the Romanian adoptees, older age of placement into their adoptive home was linearly related to ADHD symptoms, indicating a dose-response effect for ADHD and deprivation experiences.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between inadequate input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kreppner et al, 2001 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, the type of symptoms associated with maltreatment may be specific to inattention and impulsivity, as a sample of school age children who experienced abuse or neglect had more severe levels of inattention and impulsivity, but not hyperactivity, compared with nonmaltreated children (Becker-Blease and Freyd, 2008).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Becker-Blease and Freyd, 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Etiologically, twin studies have supported high levels of heritability (Levy et al, 1997) for ADHD, indicating a strong genetic basis for the disorder.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levy et al, 1997 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Event-related potential (ERP) data indicate differential P300 activity in abused children, such that smaller P300 amplitude was found when viewing angry target faces, but no difference was found in other emotional target faces (Pollak et al, 1997).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and PTSD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pollak et al, 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a sample of children and adolescents with a range of psychopathology, the rates of trauma exposure were found to be highest in individuals with comorbid ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), indicating a potential causal role in the association between trauma and disruptive behavior disorders (Ford et al, 2000).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ford et al, 2000 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The type of neglect may differentially impact ADHD symptom domains, as research from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) indicated that supervision neglect (placing the child at risk for physical or psychological harm), predicted both the inattentive type (OR ¼ 1.6) and hyperactive type (OR ¼ 1.5), while physical neglect was a strong predictor of the inattentive type (”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between inadequate input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ouyang et al, 2008 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, the effect of EEG power appeared specific to ADHD symptoms, as there was no association between EEG power and either internalizing symptoms or disruptive behavior symptoms.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin et al, 2010 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, research from the BEIP identified EEG patterns that mediated the association between institutionalization and ADHD symptoms (McLaughlin et al, 2010), which is consistent with evidence of EEG differences in those with ADHD from non-institutionalized samples (Snyder and Hall, 2006).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin et al, 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Snyder and Hall, 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Institutional rearing leads to prevalence rates of ADHD of around 20% (Rutter et al, 2010a;Zeanah et al, 2009), which is four times greater than the worldwide prevalence figure.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rutter et al, 2010a
- Not checked yetcites Zeanah et al, 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, other studies indicate no differences in trauma exposure between children with and without ADHD (Wozniak et al, 1999), although notably the age in which trauma exposure was measured was not isolated to early life.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wozniak et al, 1999
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, investigators demonstrated that Romanian children reared in institutions had higher levels of ADHD symptoms and exhibited widespread reductions in cortical thickness across prefrontal, parietal, and temporal regions compared with never institutionalized Romanian children.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin et al, 2013
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, cortical thickness in the middle frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, supramarginal gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex significantly mediated the association between institutional rearing and inattention, and thickness in the middle frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, and superior temporal gyrus mediated the association with impulsivity.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin et al, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the AddHealth study indicate that both physical abuse and sexual abuse predicted ADHD inattention type (OR ¼ 1.6 and 2.6, respectively), while only physical abuse was a significant predictor of hyperactive type (OR ¼ 1.3) (Ouyang et al, 2008).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ouyang et al, 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In preschool children, 80% of those with PTSD had comorbid ODD, and nearly 80% of parents reported onset of ODD after the traumatic event (Scheeringa et al, 2003).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scheeringa et al, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent work has emphasized the origins of conduct problems in early childhood (first 3-5 years), indicating that a subset of youth with conduct problems can be reliably identified as early as age 3 years, with modest to moderate stability in externalizing psychopathology from early childhood into adolescence (Shaw et al, 2012).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shaw et al, 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, although not confined to abuse during young childhood, the study identified individual differences in coping selfefficacy as a potential mediator of the association between child abuse and ADHD, suggesting that the attention problems experienced following abuse may be related to poorer coping.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Singer et al, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Children with ADHD may be more likely to elicit negative or harsh parenting, as parents with children with ADHD are significantly more likely to use corporal punishment compared with parents of children without ADHD (Alizadeh et al, 2007), thus, risk for abuse may be higher among children with ADHD.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Alizadeh et al, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cortical thinning explained 20% of the association between institutionalization and inattention and 27% of the association between institutionalization and impulsivity.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Association between harmful input and ADHD symptoms.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin et al, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Twin studies have provided evidence for moderate to high levels of heritability for conduct problems and related traits, such as callous-unemotional features (Viding et al, 2007), although environmental factors should be considered in the development of conduct problems.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Viding et al, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These types of coercive parent-child interactions are found in higher rates among abusive parents, indicating a potential confluence of harmful environmental inputs in these families (Patterson, 2002).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patterson, 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as both emotional abuse and physical abuse in the early years has been linked to aggression and externalizing symptoms in school-age children, with greater abuse severity predicting increased symptoms (Manly et al, 2001).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Manly et al, 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, gene  environment interactions have been found following physical abuse and later antisocial behavior, with a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene that appeared to increase vulnerability to antisocial behaviors among boys who were abused (Kim-Cohen et al, 2006).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim-Cohen et al, 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one study, heightened morning cortisol and decline in cortisol across the day were associated with physical aggression, while low morning cortisol and relatively flat diurnal cortisol change were associated with relational aggression (Murray-Close et al, 2008).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murray-Close et al, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse all predict emotional dysregulation, which in turn predicted externalizing symptoms (Kim and Cicchetti, 2010),”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim and Cicchetti, 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prenatal exposure to alcohol was found to predict child maltreatment (composite of physical and sexual abuse and neglect) (Smith et al, 2007).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, many children experience both harmful and inadequate input,”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, prenatal exposure to illicit substances may be a common, confounding factor, to consider in the outcomes of children who experienced either type of deviation from the expected environment.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the lack of an attentive caregiver reduces both the potential for buffering stressful experiences and for fostering experience expectant developmental processes.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over 50% of individuals from the ACE Study who reported childhood physical neglect also endorsed physical abuse during childhood, whereas approximately 20% of physically abused youth also reported physical neglect (Dong et al, 2004).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dong et al, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In other words, compared with only half of the nonabused girls who had comorbid ADHD and ODD, all of the abused girls met criteria for both disorders.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > Conduct Problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Briscoe-Smith and Hinshaw, 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the fact that social neglect and deprivation lead to indiscriminate social behavior that is phenotypically similar to the indiscriminate behavior associated with microdeletions on the seventh chromosome begs similar questions about molecular pathways (Soares et al, 2013).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Soares et al, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Negative input clearly impacts the developing brain, but so does positive input.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, a recent study demonstrated that quality of parents' nonverbal cues to their 14-to 18-month-old children contributed to vocabulary at 54 months, even after controlling for quantity of language provided (Cartmill et al, 2013).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cartmill et al, 2013
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among infants in a Russian institution, more than half displayed facial phenotypic signs of prenatal exposure to alcohol, which tended to be substantiated by maternal history when available (Miller et al, 2006).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al, 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, the evidence regarding the association for increased risk for specific domains of psychopathology ranges from strong to uncertain depending on the type of input (eg, inadequate vs harmful), and the level of potential mechanisms outlined by extant research varies.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, until broad environmental risks, such as poverty, maltreatment, and parental psychopathology are parsed into more specific components as they impact circuitry, it will be difficult to elucidate mechanisms involved in sculpting the brain.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contemporary research is beginning to explore brain structure and function associated with various psychopathological profiles, but a gap remains between identifying descriptive accounts of aberrant behaviors and types of symptoms and an understanding of the mechanisms by which experiences in differing environmental conditions lead to different patterns of function.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“In addition to the type of adverse experience, chronicity of the abuse or neglect also has an important role in outcomes, with a dose-response effect often observed in negative outcomes (Jonson-Reid et al, 2012).”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jonson-Reid et al, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, considerable work remains in elucidating the neurobiological pathways by which early adverse experiences result in increased risk for negative psychopathological outcomes.”
§ Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology > CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
Early negative experiences, including living in poverty and harsh and especially coercive parenting, are risk factors for conduct problems.
“Early negative experiences, including living in poverty and harsh and especially coercive parenting, are well-known risk factors for conduct problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Institutional rearing is a form of severe neglect or inadequate input.
“Among children who experienced severe neglect in the form of institutional care during early childhood, signs of ADHD are highly prevalent”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traumas result in an initial activation of the HPA axis and the adrenergic system, which are initially adaptive, but prolonged or excessive activation have deleterious effects on physical and mental health, including posttraumatic symptomatology.
“Traumas result in an initial activation of two different stress response systems-the HPA axis that regulates cortisol and the adrenergic system activated by the locus ceruleus-which are both initially adaptive, but prolonged or excessive activation have a number of deleterious effects on physical and mental health, including posttraumatic symptomatology.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Posttraumatic stress reactions should be considered on a continuum, and symptoms considered pathological may represent more severe manifestations of the biological stress response system.
“Although PTSD is often studied using a binary framework, there is substantial evidence that posttraumatic stress reactions should be considered on a continuum and that symptoms considered pathological may represent more severe manifestations of the biological stress response system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Behaviorally difficult children are more likely to be moved in foster care.
“Although it is likely that behaviorally difficult children are more likely to be moved,”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In typically developing children, this caregiver regulation of infant physiology has been shown to be critical for a child’s interaction with the world, including reduction of fear, response to novelty, and learning (Humphreys and Zeanah, 2015, Gee et al., 2013, Nachmias et al., 1996).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Humphreys and Zeanah, 2015
In the citing paper
“For instance, data from children raised in institutional care typically reflects the consequences of neglect, rather than abuse (Humphreys and Zeanah, 2015).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Humphreys and Zeanah, 2015
In the citing paper
“Indeed, studies in rodents, primates, and humans have identified a sensitive period in early life during which abusive care from an attachment figure interacts with heightened neural plasticity to program long-term impairments in social behavior through effects on amygdala development (Opendak and Sullivan, 2016, Humphreys and Zeanah, 2015, Drury et al., 2015).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Humphreys and Zeanah, 2015
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress
Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., THE COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, C. O. E. C., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., & Wood, D. L. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2663 · Cited by 5,164 · cited 1×
“The concept of ‘toxic stress,’ the cumulative and pernicious effect of multiple, chronic environmental adversities, is believed to disrupt developing brain circuitry and other organ systems, having long-term implications for physical and mental health (Shonkoff and Garner, 2012).”
BackgroundStress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load
McEWEN, B. S. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x · Cited by 5,092
A secure base: parent-child attachment and healthy human development
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Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
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Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3435 · Cited by 4,103
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Brett ZH, Humphreys KL, Smyke AT, Gleason MM, Nelson CA, Zeanah CH et al. (in press-b). 5HTTLPR genotype moderates the longitudinal impact of early caregiving on externalizing behavior. Dev Psychopathol.
- Humphreys KL, Zeanah CH, Scheeringa MS (in press). Infant development. The first 3 years of life. In: Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, First MB, Riba M, (eds) Psychiatry 4th edn Wiley-Blackwell.
- Rutter M, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Castle J (2010b). I. Investigating the impact of early institutional deprivation on development: background and research strategy of the English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 75: 1–20. · DOI
- Sameroff AJ, Chandler MJ (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. Rev Child Dev Res 4: 187–244.
- Sroufe LA (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: the roots of maladaptation and competence. Dev Policy Concern Child with Spec Needs (Minnesota Symp Child Psychol 16: 41–83.
- Zeanah CH, Gleason MM (in press). Attachment disorders in early childhood: clinical presentation, causes, correlates and treatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389
Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892
Paradise lost: the neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect
Nemeroff, C. B. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019 · Cited by 768
Humphreys, K. L., LeMoult, J., Wear, J. G., Piersiak, H. A., Lee, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104361 · Cited by 640
Self-citationFuture Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 · Cited by 576
“Recently, others have argued for the importance taking this type of dimensional approach as well (Hamby & Grych, 2013; Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zeanah, Charles H
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2014-07-07
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 154-170
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC4262894
- OpenAlex
- W2071747875
- Semantic Scholar
- 79ca5b27dc38b3841c9fb2b33846b50c04c1e4c2
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- early childhood adversity, adverse childhood experiences, psychopathology, brain development, biological development, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct problems, prevention and intervention
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Child, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Humans, Psychopathology, Social Environment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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