How the Timing and Quality of Early Experiences Influence the Development of Brain Architecture
Open accessAbstract
Early life events can exert a powerful influence on both the pattern of brain architecture and behavioral development. In this study a conceptual framework is provided for considering how the structure of early experience gets “under the skin.” The study begins with a description of the genetic framework that lays the foundation for brain development, and then proceeds to the ways experience interacts with and modifies the structures and functions of the developing brain. Much of the attention is focused on early experience and sensitive periods, although it is made clear that later experience also plays an important role in maintaining and elaborating this early wiring diagram, which is critical to establishing a solid footing for development beyond the early years.
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Early stages of life from embryonic development through adolescence are a time window when there is greater susceptibility to environmental toxins than at later periods in life.
“These early stages are a time window when there is greater susceptibility to environmental toxins than at later periods in life.68–70”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [69]
The Genetics and Environment section (page unavailable) says prenatal exposure to toxins can disrupt brain and behavioral development. The Global Development section (page unavailable) describes heightened sensitivity to experiences in early development, but the paper does not establish that susceptibility to toxins remains greater through adolescence than in later life. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExperience with prototypical IDS prosody and vocal affect elicits greater responsiveness from the infant and fosters a positive interactive loop of social interaction between mother and child, which scaffolds infant vocal communication and supports healthy brain development.
“Thus, experience with prototypical IDS prosody and vocal affect not only elicits greater responsiveness from the infant [13], but also fosters a positive interactive loop of social interaction between mother and child [2,6,14] which in turn scaffolds infant vocal communication [15–18], and supports healthy brain development.”
From Effect of maternal depression on infant-directed speech to prelinguistic infants: Implications for language development (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvents early in life may be embedded preferentially due to a preponderance of sensitive periods, or windows of rapid development and heightened plasticity.
“Events early in life may be embedded preferentially due to a preponderance of sensitive periods, or windows of rapid development and heightened plasticity (responsiveness to experience).”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
A lack of expected environmental inputs during the critical period has long-lasting effects on neurocognitive development.
“A lack of expected environmental inputs during this critical period has long-lasting effects on neurocognitive development (Fox et al., 2010).”
From Resting brain activity in early childhood predicts IQ at 18 years (2023) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2010
Normal brain development requires expected inputs to guide neural pruning and cortical specialization.
“normal brain development requires expected inputs to guide neural pruning and cortical specialization (Black et al., 1998, Fox et al., 2010, Greenough et al., 2002).”
From Resting brain activity in early childhood predicts IQ at 18 years (2023) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2010
Environmental determinants, whether risk or protective factors, may differentially modulate gene expression and stress response, with enduring health effects.
“depending on their nature, whether risk or protective factors, such environmental determinants may differentially modulate gene expression and stress response, with enduring health effects [32]”
From Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care? (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
Both inadequate input and harmful input represent deviations from the expectable environment.
“both inadequate input and harmful input represent deviations from the expectable environment (a concept introduced by Nelson and colleagues to describe the effects of adversity at the neural level; Curtis et al, 2002;Fox et al, 2010;Nelson et al, 2014).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Fox et al, 2010
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“These include sensory inputs (e.g., variation in patterned light information that is required for normal development of the visual system), exposure to language, and the presence of a sensitive and responsive caregiver (Fox et al., 2010).”
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V. THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL TOLL OF EARLY HUMAN DEPRIVATION
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“Third, the timing of the intervention mattered for some domains but not others, compatible with sensitive periods in brain development (Fox et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAtypical social referencing in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders
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Resting brain activity in early childhood predicts IQ at 18 years
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“…could be the basis for processing and responding to the surrounding environment (Hammock & Levitt, 2006) and may function as a building block for the development of a more re fi ned structure driven by additional (social) environmental factors (Fox et al., 2010; Lindenberger & Lövdén, 2019).”
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- Authors
- Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-40
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC2846084
- OpenAlex
- W2009890969
- Cited by
- 1,088
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH078829, R01MH080759, MH080759, R01MH078829)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS03445, R01NS034458)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD015052, HD 15052)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- early life experience, brain architecture, sensitive period, experience-dependent brain development, behavioral development, developmental plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Critical Period, Psychological, Humans, Psychoanalytic Theory, Time Factors
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