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The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Past, Present, and Future
Open accessAbstract
Plant-based psychedelics, such as psilocybin, have an ancient history of medicinal use. After the first English language report on LSD in 1950, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychology and psychiatry. Used most notably as aids to psychotherapy for the treatment of mood disorders and alcohol dependence, drugs such as LSD showed initial therapeutic promise before prohibitive legislature in the mid-1960s effectively ended all major psychedelic research programs. Since the early 1990s, there has been a steady revival of human psychedelic research: last year saw reports on the first modern brain imaging study with LSD and three separate clinical trials of psilocybin for depressive symptoms. In this circumspective piece, RLC-H and GMG share their opinions on the promises and pitfalls of renewed psychedelic research, with a focus on the development of psilocybin as a treatment for depression.
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“Classic psychedelics, such as synthetic LSD and psilocybin, which is found in certain mushrooms, have shown promise as aids in psychotherapy e.g., for mood disorders and substance dependence [1, 5, 33].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
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“In contrast, classical psychedelics are not generally considered to be addictive (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017;Nichols et al., 2017) as animals will not readily self-administer these compounds (Fantegrossi et al., 2008).”
From Psychedelics and Neural Plasticity: Therapeutic Implications (2022) · cites this paper as Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017
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Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationPsychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity
Ly, C., Greb, A. C., Cameron, L. P., Wong, J. M., Barragan, E. V., Wilson, P. C., Burbach, K. F., Soltanzadeh Zarandi, S., Sood, A., Paddy, M. R., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022 · Cited by 1,207
REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics
Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.118.017160 · Cited by 1,180
“There is growing interest in the potential of psychedelics to treat various psychiatric disorders (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Rucker et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPsilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Day, C. M. J., Rucker, J., Watts, R., Erritzoe, D. E., Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Bloomfield, M., Pilling, S., et al. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x · Cited by 970
“See Carhart-Harris and Goodwin (2017) for a review of historical and recent trials with psychedelics.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRoseman, L., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00974 · Cited by 808
“Given the growing evidence favoring the therapeutic value of psychedelics (dos Santos et al., 2016; Rucker et al., 2016; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017), it is timely that we better understand their therapeutic mechanisms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSerotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors
Carhart-Harris, R., & Nutt, D. (2017) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117725915 · Cited by 739
“…2015b; Muthukumaraswamy et al., 2013) and clinical trials (Bogenschutz et al., 2015; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016a; Gasser et al., 2014; Griffiths et al., 2016; Grob et al., 2011; Mithoefer et al., 2011; Ross et al., 2016; Sanches et al., 2016) – see Carhart-Harris and Goodwin (2017) for a review.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPsychedelics and the essential importance of context
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I., & Kaelen, M. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118754710 · Cited by 657
“…is that a careful and honest management of context may serve to minimise harm and maximise the considerable therapeutic potential of psychedelics (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; CarhartHarris and Nutt, 2017), yielding a powerful treatment model with a compelling neuropsychological action that…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPsilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Bolstridge, M., Demetriou, L., Pannekoek, J. N., Wall, M. B., Tanner, M., Kaelen, M., McGonigle, J., Murphy, K., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7 · Cited by 587
Self-citationWatts, R., Day, C., Krzanowski, J., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2017) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167817709585 · Cited by 589
Self-citationThe entropic brain - revisited
Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.010 · Cited by 522
“, 2017) and psychiatrists (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017), regardless of firsthand experience.”
Self-citationPredicting responses to psychedelics: a prospective study
Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00897 · Cited by 417
“Peak experience is effectively synonymous with a mysticaltype experience, but could arguably be a more operationally useful term for science (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness
Millière, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Trautwein, F.-M., & Berkovich-Ohana, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475 · Cited by 390
“The recent Ego Dissolution Inventory, which has been psychometrically validated, does not discriminate between the loss of narrative and embodied or multisensory aspects of self-consciousness either (Nour and Carhart-Harris, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPreller, K. H., Burt, J. B., Ji, J. L., Schleifer, C. H., Adkinson, B. D., Stämpfli, P., Seifritz, E., Repovs, G., Krystal, J. H., Murray, J. D., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.35082 · Cited by 390
Agin-Liebes, G. I., Malone, T., Yalch, M. M., Mennenga, S. E., Ponté, K. L., Guss, J., Bossis, A. P., Grigsby, J., Fischer, S., & Ross, S. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119897615 · Cited by 360
“…increased entropy in the brain (Carhart-Harris, 2018), and disruption of activity within the default mode network, a brain system that is associated with self-referential information processing and mindwandering (Carhart-Harris and Nutt, 2017; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Ly et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPsilocybin desynchronizes the human brain
Siegel, J. S., Subramanian, S., Perry, D., Kay, B. P., Gordon, E. M., Laumann, T. O., Reneau, T. R., Metcalf, N. V., Chacko, R. V., Gratton, C., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07624-5 · Cited by 308
Self-citationThe hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy
Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Raine, J., Evans, L., Timmermann, C., Rodriguez, N., Roseman, L., Feilding, A., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5 · Cited by 303
“Recent clinical trials have rekindled interest in psychedelic therapy (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017), with positive findings for depression (Carhart-Harris et al. 2016a; de Osório et al. 2015), addiction (Bogenschutz et al. 2015; Johnson et al. 2014, 2016), end-of-life care (Gasser et al. 2014;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychedelics and connectedness
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzøe, D., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., & Watts, R. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4701-y · Cited by 278
“One of the most curious aspects of the growing literature on the therapeutic potential of psychedelics is the seeming general nature of their therapeutic applicability (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017), i.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure
Erritzoe, D., Roseman, L., Nour, M. M., MacLean, K., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart‐Harris, R. L. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12904 · Cited by 267
“Problems related to the potentially non-secular meaning of ‘mystical experience’ have recently been raised (24) but if the construct has predictive value, then it at least forces us to ask ‘why’? With the exception of spiritual Experience, blissful state, and unity predicting increased Extroversion, the major personal…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMason, N. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Müller, F., Reckweg, J., Tse, D. H. Y., Toennes, S. W., Hutten, N. R. P. W., Jansen, J. F. A., Stiers, P., Feilding, A., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8 · Cited by 258
“Importantly, there is a renewed interest in the use of these substances in the treatment of various psychiatric conditions characterized by distortions of the selfexperience [4, 5].”
BackgroundClassical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety: A systematic review
Muttoni, S., Ardissino, M., & John, C. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.076 · Cited by 256
Holze, F., Vizeli, P., Ley, L., Müller, F., Dolder, P., Stocker, M., Duthaler, U., Varghese, N., Eckert, A., Borgwardt, S., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00883-6 · Cited by 245
The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin
Lowe, H. I. C., Toyang, N. J., Steele, B., Valentine, H., Grant, J., Ali, A., Ngwa, W. F., & Gordon, L. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26102948 · Cited by 282
Hartogsohn, I. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00129 · Cited by 229
“…of psychedelic efficacy relates to the agents’ ability to enhance the perception of meaning can be found in the growing discourse contrasting the dissimilar modes in which psychedelics and SSRI-anti depressants treat depression (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Roseman, 2017; Watts et al., 2017).”
ResultSANTOS, R. G. D., Bouso, J. C., Alcázar‐Córcoles, M. Á., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2018) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424 · Cited by 244
“Psychedelics are experiencing a renewed interest in several disciplines in the mental health field in studies that go from understanding its neurobiological basis [5,6], to researching its psychotherapeutic potential [7], as well as the eventual neurobiological mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects [8].”
BackgroundThe role of dissociation in ketamine’s antidepressant effects
Ballard, E. D., & Zarate, C. A. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20190-4 · Cited by 231
Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
Szigeti, B., Kartner, L., Blemings, A., Rosas, F., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzoe, D. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.62878 · Cited by 192
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“However, use of hallucinogens in modern medicine has been considerably shorter lived, and fraught with cultural and legal complications almost since the outset (Bonson, 2018; Carhart-Harris & Goodwin, 2017; Dyck, 2005; Rucker, Iliff & Nutt, 2017; Sessa, 2016).”
BackgroundA Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878 · Cited by 212
“Because it is generally acknowledged that psychedelics cannot be ethically administered for treatment purposes without concurrent psychotherapeutic support (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017), the role of this aspect of treatment merits further study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWalsh, Z., Mollaahmetoğlu, Ö. M., Rootman, J. M., Golsof, S., Keeler, J. L., Marsh, B., Nutt, D., & Morgan, C. J. A. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1061 · Cited by 204
“25 However, distinct psychotherapeutic support has not typically been emphasised in current psychiatric use of ketamine.”
Metallogels: Availability, Applicability, and Advanceability
Wu, H., Zheng, J., Kjøniksen, A., Wang, W., Na, Z., & Ma, J. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201806204 · Cited by 185
Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects
Swanson, L. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00172 · Cited by 194
“therapeutic utility of psychedelic drugs in treating a wide range of mental health issues (Tupper et al., 2015; Lieberman and Shalev, 2016; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017), including anxiety and depression (Grob et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialLyons, T., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117748902 · Cited by 201
“The reduction of depressive symptoms following psilocybin treatment found here is consistent with previous studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017).”
ResultSelf-citationTherapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials
Fuentes, J. J., Fonseca, F., Elices, M., Farré, M., & Torrens, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943 · Cited by 177
Effects of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine on Rat Behaviors Relevant to Anxiety and Depression
Cameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., Dunlap, L. E., & Olson, D. E. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00134 · Cited by 171
LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain
Luppi, A. I., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Pappas, I., Menon, D. K., & Stamatakis, E. A. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117653 · Cited by 165
Self-citationCameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., DeFelice, B. C., Fiehn, O., & Olson, D. E. (2019) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00692 · Cited by 168
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“However, the duration of the therapeutic response associated with classic (direct 5-HT2AR agonist) psychedelics (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017) appears to exceed that associated with a single exposure to ketamine and although MDMA causes an appreciable increase in activity at the 5-HT2AR through…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAdverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hinkle, J. T., Graziosi, M., Nayak, S. M., & Yaden, D. B. (2024) · JAMA psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546 · Cited by 156
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Psilocybin
Geiger, H. A., Wurst, M. G., & Daniels, R. N. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00186 · Cited by 159
Peill, J. M., Trinci, K. E., Kettner, H., Mertens, L. J., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Rosas, F. E., Lyons, T., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211066709 · Cited by 141
“A growing body of evidence supports the potential utility of psychedelic compounds for aiding the treatment of numerous psychiatric disorders (for reviews, see Aday et al., 2020; Andersen et al., 2021; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000467 · Cited by 141
Self-citationHistory repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science
van Elk, M., & Fried, E. I. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253231198466 · Cited by 137
“95,96 This explains why many studies have been conducted in treatment-resistant populations.”
BackgroundPsychedelic drugs—a new era in psychiatry?
Nutt, D. (2019) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.2/dnutt · Cited by 147
Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Haikazian, S., Chen-Li, D. C. J., Johnson, D. E., Fancy, F., Levinta, A., Husain, M. I., Mansur, R. B., McIntyre, R. S., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115531 · Cited by 134
Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Psychedelic-Induced Neuroplasticity
Olson, D. E. (2022) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00812 · Cited by 146
Transient stimulation with psychoplastogens is sufficient to initiate neuronal growth
Ly, C., Greb, A. C., Vargas, M. V., Duim, W. C., Grodzki, A. C. G., Lein, P. J., & Olson, D. E. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00065 · Cited by 123
Hartogsohn, I. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11888.001.0001 · Cited by 160
Psychedelic-Assisted Group Therapy: A Systematic Review
Trope, A., Anderson, B. T., Hooker, A. R., Glick, G., Stauffer, C. S., & Woolley, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559 · Cited by 113
“To fill this knowledge gap, and complement other reviews of psychedelic research (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017; Mangini 1998; Passie 1997, 2006; Rucker, Iliff, and Nutt 2017; Rucker et al. 2016), we conducted a systematic review of academic publications from 1900 to 2018 that employed a group…”
BackgroundPolito, V., & Liknaitzky, P. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706 · Cited by 130
Reckweg, J. T., Uthaug, M. V., Szabó, A., Davis, A. K., Lancelotta, R., Mason, N. L., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2022) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15587 · Cited by 126
Psychedelic Microdosing: Prevalence and Subjective Effects
Cameron, L. P., Nazarian, A., & Olson, D. E. (2020) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1718250 · Cited by 110
“…have shown promise as experimental therapeutics in the clinic for treating depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder (Cameron and Olson 2018b; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017; Dos Santos et al. 2016; Kyzar et al. 2017; Mithoefer, Grob, and Brewerton 2016; Nichols, Johnson, and Nichols 2017).”
BackgroundThe Enactive Approach to Habits: New Concepts for the Cognitive Science of Bad Habits and Addiction
Ramírez–Vizcaya, S., & Froese, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00301 · Cited by 121
Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Watts, R., Kettner, H., Mertens, L. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00782 · Cited by 106
“org 6 In the full sample, Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity had been violated c2(2)=73.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRucker, J., Marwood, L., Ajantaival, R.-L. J., Bird, C., Eriksson, H., Harrison, J., Lennard-Jones, M., Mistry, S. J., Saldarini, F., Stansfield, S. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211064720 · Cited by 113
“Both doses of psilocybin elicited expected, transient psychedelic effects, which in previous studies have correlated with antidepressive/ anxiolytic efficacy (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Davis et al., 2021; Griffiths et al., 2016; Grob et al., 2011).”
ResultKadriu, B., Greenwald, M., Henter, I. D., Gilbert, J. R., Kraus, C., Park, L. T., & Zarate, C. A. (2021) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaa087 · Cited by 99
“With regard to SPs, a recent study looked at changes in RSFC in 19 TRD participants 1 day after the second of 2 psilocybin administrations (8 days after the first) and found increased DMN connectivity post-treatment (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017); stronger RSFC between particular nodes predicted sustained response…”
BackgroundStroud, J., Freeman, T. P., Leech, R., Hindocha, C., Lawn, W., Nutt, D., Curran, H. V., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4754-y · Cited by 110
Self-citationBehavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs
(2018) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55880-5 · Cited by 103
Rothberg, R. L., Azhari, N., Haug, N. A., & Dakwar, E. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120970879 · Cited by 97
“Psychedelics are broadly defined as substances that produce shifts in consciousness comparable to trance, meditation, mystical experience, and other non-ordinary experiences (Borgonovi, 2014; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Escohotado, 1999).”
BackgroundRegistered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders
Siegel, A. N., Meshkat, S., Benitah, K., Lipsitz, O., Gill, H., Lui, L. M. W., Teopiz, K. M., McIntyre, R. S., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.019 · Cited by 97
Hadar, A. A., David, J., Shalit, N., Roseman, L., Gross, R., Sessa, B., & Lev‐Ran, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2021.2022254 · Cited by 103
“This renaissance in human psychedelic research follows a period of almost 30 years of scientifically incapacitating strict prohibition laws that abruptly halted first wave of psychedelic research conducted in the 1950s-1960s (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017).”
BackgroundErritzøe, D., Smith, J., Fisher, P. M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Frøkjær, V. G., & Knudsen, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119827891 · Cited by 97
“Thus, clinical pilot studies designed to test the use of psychedelics in conjunction with psychotherapies to treat a variety of mental health conditions, from addiction to anxiety and depression have been carried out (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPalitsky, R., Kaplan, D. M., Peacock, C., Zarrabi, A. J., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Grant, G. H., Dunlop, B. W., & Raison, C. L. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.1554 · Cited by 91
“(1) Patient factors relevant to biopsychosocial-spiritual treatment are represented, beginning with idiopathic presentation of symptoms and extending through the broader sociocultural context of the patient’s life.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeinhardt, M. W., Pfarr, S., Fouquet, G., Rohleder, C., Meinhardt, M. L., Barroso-Flores, J., Hoffmann, R., Jeanblanc, J., Paul, E., Wagner, K., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2399 · Cited by 89
Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution
Rodríguez Arce, J. M., & Winkelman, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425 · Cited by 86
Michaiel, A. M., Parker, P. R. L., & Niell, C. M. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.104 · Cited by 82
“There is increased urgency for under-standing the neurophysiological effects of 5-HT2AR modulation given the recent resurgence in use of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of mental health disorders (Johnson and Griffiths, 2017; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017).”
BackgroundWhy was early therapeutic research on psychedelic drugs abandoned?
Hall, W. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004207 · Cited by 98
“For example, prescribers will be able to use psilocybin off label as a first-line treatment for depression (Carhart-Harris & Goodwin, 2017) and as a treatment for anxiety disorders (Muttoni et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPsychedelics and Neural Plasticity: Therapeutic Implications
Grieco, S. F., Castrén, E., Knudsen, G. M., Kwan, A. C., Olson, D. E., Zuo, Y., Holmes, T. C., & Xu, X. (2022) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1121-22.2022 · Cited by 82
“In contrast, classical psyche-delics are not generally considered to be addictive (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Nichols et al., 2017) as animals will not readily self-administer these compounds (Fantegrossi et al., 2008).”
Effects of External Stimulation on Psychedelic State Neurodynamics
Mediano, P. A. M., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Nutt, D., Feilding, A., Kaelen, M., Kringelbach, M. L., Barrett, A. B., Seth, A. K., et al. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00289 · Cited by 84
Self-citationNeural Mechanisms and Psychology of Psychedelic Ego Dissolution
Stoliker, D., Egan, G. F., Friston, K. J., & Razi, A. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.121.000508 · Cited by 96
An analog of psychedelics restores functional neural circuits disrupted by unpredictable stress
Lu, J., Tjia, M., Mullen, B., Cao, B., Lukasiewicz, K., Shah-Morales, S., Weiser, S., Cameron, L. P., Olson, D. E., Chen, L., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01159-1 · Cited by 84
The influence of ketamine on drug discovery in depression
Kraus, C., Wasserman, D., Henter, I. D., Acevedo-Diaz, E., Kadriu, B., & Zarate, C. A. (2019) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.007 · Cited by 75
“Most of this research has looked at anxiety and depression, with some studies examining alcohol and substance dependence and OCD; for more information, we refer the interested reader to several recent reviews of the topic [11,88].”
BackgroundSchneier, F. R., Feusner, J., Wheaton, M. G., Gomez, G. J., Cornejo, G., Naraindas, A. M., & Hellerstein, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.031 · Cited by 81
The Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
Zaretsky, T. G., Jagodnik, K. M., Barsic, R., Antonio, J. H., Bonanno, P. A., MacLeod, C., Pierce, C., Carney, H., Morrison, M. T., Saylor, C. F., et al. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147 · Cited by 92
Awe and the interconnected self
Chen, S. K., & Mongrain, M. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1818808 · Cited by 86
“Psychedelics are known to provide spiritual experiences such as self-transcendence, interconnectedness, and the small-self that is characteristic of awe experiences (Carhart-Harris & Goodwin, 2017; Tupper et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMore Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Lyons, T., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721 · Cited by 77
“Depressive Symptoms, Biases and Accuracy of Predictions The alleviation of depressive symptoms one week after psilocybin treatment found here is consistent with previous research demonstrating the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationTimmermann, C., Spriggs, M. J., Kaelen, M., Leech, R., Nutt, D., Moran, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Muthukumaraswamy, S. D. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.039 · Cited by 75
Self-citationResearch abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research
Strauss, D., de la Salle, S., Sloshower, J., & Williams, M. T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2021-107262 · Cited by 75
Dupuis, D., & Veissière, S. P. L. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221131465 · Cited by 86
“…a psychedelic revival (Pollan, 2018), psychedelic drugs are increasingly hailed as a therapeutic panacea thought to enhance creativity and productivity and cure such ailments as depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance use disorder, among others (see Carhart-Harris & Goodwin, 2017, for a review).”
BackgroundRegulation of human research with LSD in the United States (1949-1987)
Bonson, K. R. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4777-4 · Cited by 74
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings
Pallavicini, C., Cavanna, F., Zamberlán, F., de la Fuente, L. A., Ilksoy, Y. A., Perl, Y. S., Arias, M., Romero, C., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Timmermann, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120981384 · Cited by 90
“Even though compounds such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were studied during the 1950s and 1960s, the modern study of psychedelics has been revitalized by improved experimental designs and ethical standards, as well as by the availability of more sophisticated non-in…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychedelics as a treatment for disorders of consciousness
Scott, G., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2019) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niz003 · Cited by 74
Self-citationLi, N.-X., Hu, Y.-R., Chen, W.-N., & Zhang, B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.041 · Cited by 72
HOPE: A Pilot Study of Psilocybin Enhanced Group Psychotherapy in Patients With Cancer
Lewis, B. R., Garland, E. L., Byrne, K., Durns, T. A., Hendrick, J., Beck, A. C., & Thielking, P. D. (2023) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.006 · Cited by 70
Johnston, J. N., Kadriu, B., Allen, J., Gilbert, J. R., Henter, I. D., & Zarate, C. A. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109422 · Cited by 73
Psilocybin and LSD have no long-lasting effects in an animal model of alcohol relapse
Meinhardt, M. W., Güngör, C., Skorodumov, I., Mertens, L. J., & Spanagel, R. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0694-z · Cited by 65
Gandy, S., Forstmann, M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Timmermann, C., Luke, D. P., & Watts, R. (2020) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102920978123 · Cited by 70
Self-citationPsychedelic‐inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders
Saeger, H. N., & Olson, D. E. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15544 · Cited by 72
The Development of Novel Drug Treatments for Stroke Patients: A Review
Frank, D., Zlotnik, A. A., Boyko, M., & Gruenbaum, B. F. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23105796 · Cited by 63
“encourage faster recovery after stroke [48].”
Backgroundvan Mulukom, V., Patterson, R. E., & van Elk, M. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05568-y · Cited by 62
The emerging role of psilocybin and MDMA in the treatment of mental illness
Gill, H., Gill, B., Chen-Li, D. C. J., El‐Halabi, S., Rodrigues, N. B., Cha, D. S., Lipsitz, O., Lee, Y. L., Rosenblat, J. D., Majeed, A., et al. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1826931 · Cited by 63
Mans, K., Kettner, H., Erritzøe, D., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909 · Cited by 63
Self-citationDARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: NBOMes
Poulie, C. B. M., Jensen, A. A., Halberstadt, A. L., & Kristensen, J. L. (2019) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00528 · Cited by 68
Psychedelics as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia
Jones, S. V., & O’Kelly, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00034 · Cited by 68
“Psychedelics induce brain plasticity andmodify connectivity between brain regions and there is considerable anecdotal evidence of cognitive benefits from micro-dosing—a dose that does not cause perceptual change or impair functioning (Carhart-Harris et al., 2012; Wood et al., 2012; Catlow et al., 2013; Muthukumaraswam…”
BackgroundBarker, S. A. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06065-0 · Cited by 58
“…of psychedelics as therapeutics has begun to show great promise for the treatment of depression, posttraumatic stress disorders, substance abuse and addiction, as well as many other often intractable maladies (Tupper et al., 2015; Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Andersen et al., 2021).”
BackgroundShahar, O., Botvinnik, A., Esh-Zuntz, N., Brownstien, M., Wolf, R., Lotan, A., Wolf, G., Lerer, B., & Lifschytz, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232214148 · Cited by 61
“Psychedelics significantly alter consciousness, cognition and mood (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Nutt, 2022) and have been used for centuries for healing and spiritual purposes (Garcia-Romeu and Richards, 2018; Winkelman, 2019).”
BackgroundPsychiatric risks for worsened mental health after psychedelic use
Marrocu, A., Kettner, H., Weiss, B., Zeifman, R. J., Erritzoe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241232548 · Cited by 60
“The resurgence of psychedelics as putative medical interventions (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017; Sessa, 2018) has yielded evidence in favor of the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy as a treatment for a wide range of psychiatric disorders, from major depressive disorder (MDD) to…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Emerging Field of Psychedelic Psychotherapy
Barber, G., & Aaronson, S. T. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01363-y · Cited by 68
Mendes, F. R., Costa, C. D. S., Wiltenburg, V. D., Morales-Lima, G., Fernandes, J. A. B., & Filev, R. (2022) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100025 · Cited by 67
A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Psychedelic Experience
Guss, J. R. (2022) · Psychoanalytic Dialogues · doi:10.1080/10481885.2022.2106140 · Cited by 61
“The past three decades have seen a tumultuous revival of interest, in both professional and lay circles, in the group of substances known as psychedelics (R. Carhart-Harris & Goodwin, 2017; Sessa, 2012).”
BackgroundReckweg, J., Mason, N. L., van Leeuwen, C., Toennes, S. W., Terwey, T. H., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.760671 · Cited by 58
Metadata
- Authors
- Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Goodwin, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carhart-Harris, Robin L
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2017-04-26
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2105-2113
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC5603818
- OpenAlex
- W2610144880
- Cited by
- 706
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Strong
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- psychedelics, psilocybin, LSD, depression treatment, mood disorders, alcoholism, psychedelic drug regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psilocybin, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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