Adaptive immunity in obesity and insulin resistance
Abstract
Obesity is the hallmark of the metabolic syndrome and predisposes patients to the development of major chronic metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity is characterized by increasing infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells into adipose tissue causing chronic, low-grade inflammation. Phenotypic switching of macrophages is an important mechanism of adipose tissue inflammation, and there is involvement of cells from the adaptive immune system in this process. T-cell phenotype changes and recruitment of B cells and T cells precedes macrophage infiltration. Cytokines and chemokines produced by immune cells influence localized and systemic inflammation, which is a pathogenic link between obesity and insulin resistance. Antigens absorbed from the gut might contribute to T-cell activation and recruitment into visceral adipose tissue in obesity. This Review summarizes, in the context of obesity, the evidence for infiltration of adipose tissue by cells of the adaptive immune system, how adaptive system cells affect innate cell populations and the influence of adaptive immune cells on the development of insulin resistance.
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TNF-α and macrophage infiltration are closely related to liver inflammation and insulin resistance.
“TNF‐α and macrophage infiltration are closely related to liver inflammation and insulin resistance (Sell et al., 2012).”
From <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> alleviates <scp>high‐fat‐diet</scp> ‐related metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiota and bile acids (2023) · cites this paper as Sell et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Sell, H., Habich, C., & Eckel, J.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Published
- 2012-07-31
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 709-716
- ISSN
- 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5037
- OpenAlex
- W2080755877
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- obesity, insulin resistance, adaptive immunity, adipose tissue inflammation, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, macrophage polarization, T cells, B cells, cytokines, chemokines, visceral adipose tissue, immune cell infiltration
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Inflammation Mediators, Adaptive Immunity
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