Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system
Abstract
Low-grade tissue inflammation induced by obesity can result in insulin resistance, which in turn is a key cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines and other factors that impair insulin signalling, which contributes to the connection between obesity and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we review the innate immune cells involved in secreting inflammatory factors in the obese state. In the adipose tissue, these cells include proinflammatory adipose tissue macrophages and natural killer cells. We also discuss the role of innate immune cells, such as anti-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages, eosinophils, group 2 innate lymphoid cells and invariant natural killer T cells, in maintaining an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitive environment in the lean state. In the liver, both Kupffer cells and recruited hepatic macrophages can contribute to decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity. Proinflammatory macrophages might also adversely affect insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle and pancreatic β-cell function. Finally, this Review provides an overview of the mechanisms for regulating proinflammatory immune responses that could lead to future therapeutic opportunities to improve insulin sensitivity.
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This lipotoxic vicious cycle becomes the major mechanism that drives systemic IR and sarcopenic obesity.
“As a result, this lipotoxic vicious cycle becomes the major mechanism that drives systemic IR and sarcopenic obesity.[ 57 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
The pro-inflammatory factors further induce infiltration of macrophages and other immune cells into adipose, muscle and other tissues, which further secrete a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thus broadening the local chronic inflammation into a systemic inflammaging condition in adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.
“The pro‐inflammatory factors further induce infiltration of macrophages and other immune cells into adipose, muscle and other tissues, which further secrete a large amount of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thus broadening the local chronic inflammation into a systemic inflammaging condition in adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.[ 57 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
Inflammaging, defined as the increase in senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) inflammatory cytokines with ageing, can spread this metabolic dysfunction systemically as this low-grade chronic inflammatory state spreads inflammation-induced IR, lipid dysfunction, and senescence across the adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.
“Inflammaging, defined as the increase in senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) inflammatory cytokines with ageing, can spread this metabolic dysfunction systemically as this low‐grade chronic inflammatory state spreads inflammation‐induced IR, lipid dysfunction, and senescence across the adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.[ 57 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Lackey, D. E., & Olefsky, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Olefsky, Jerrold M.
- ORCID
- Olefsky, Jerrold M.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Published
- 2015-11-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-28
- ISSN
- 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5037
- OpenAlex
- W2190117335
- Cited by
- 667
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 45
- FWCI
- 7.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- innate immunity, obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, adipose tissue macrophages, natural killer cells, eosinophils, ILC2, invariant natural killer T cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic macrophages, skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, low-grade inflammation, cytokines, insulin signaling
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Obesity
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