Cited by 667Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesAdipose Tissue and MetabolismImmune cells in cancer

Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system

Lackey, Denise E., Olefsky, Jerrold M.·2016·Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Abstract

Low-grade tissue inflammation induced by obesity can result in insulin resistance, which in turn is a key cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines and other factors that impair insulin signalling, which contributes to the connection between obesity and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we review the innate immune cells involved in secreting inflammatory factors in the obese state. In the adipose tissue, these cells include proinflammatory adipose tissue macrophages and natural killer cells. We also discuss the role of innate immune cells, such as anti-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages, eosinophils, group 2 innate lymphoid cells and invariant natural killer T cells, in maintaining an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitive environment in the lean state. In the liver, both Kupffer cells and recruited hepatic macrophages can contribute to decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity. Proinflammatory macrophages might also adversely affect insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle and pancreatic β-cell function. Finally, this Review provides an overview of the mechanisms for regulating proinflammatory immune responses that could lead to future therapeutic opportunities to improve insulin sensitivity.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nrendo.2015.189

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  • This lipotoxic vicious cycle becomes the major mechanism that drives systemic IR and sarcopenic obesity.

    “As a result, this lipotoxic vicious cycle becomes the major mechanism that drives systemic IR and sarcopenic obesity.[ 57 ]”
  • The pro-inflammatory factors further induce infiltration of macrophages and other immune cells into adipose, muscle and other tissues, which further secrete a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thus broadening the local chronic inflammation into a systemic inflammaging condition in adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.

    “The pro‐inflammatory factors further induce infiltration of macrophages and other immune cells into adipose, muscle and other tissues, which further secrete a large amount of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thus broadening the local chronic inflammation into a systemic inflammaging condition in adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.[ 57 ]”
  • Inflammaging, defined as the increase in senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) inflammatory cytokines with ageing, can spread this metabolic dysfunction systemically as this low-grade chronic inflammatory state spreads inflammation-induced IR, lipid dysfunction, and senescence across the adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.

    “Inflammaging, defined as the increase in senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) inflammatory cytokines with ageing, can spread this metabolic dysfunction systemically as this low‐grade chronic inflammatory state spreads inflammation‐induced IR, lipid dysfunction, and senescence across the adipose depots, muscles and other tissues.[ 57 ]”

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Authors
Lackey, D. E., & Olefsky, J. M.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Olefsky, Jerrold M.
Venue
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Published
2015-11-10
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
15-28
ISSN
  • 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-5037
OpenAlex
W2190117335
Cited by
667
References
194
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 45
FWCI
7.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
Keywords
innate immunity, obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, adipose tissue macrophages, natural killer cells, eosinophils, ILC2, invariant natural killer T cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic macrophages, skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, low-grade inflammation, cytokines, insulin signaling
MeSH terms
Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Obesity

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