Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors
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Since the discovery of interferons (IFNs), considerable progress has been made in describing the nature of the cytokines themselves, the signalling components that direct the cell response and their antiviral activities. Gene targeting studies have distinguished four main effector pathways of the IFN-mediated antiviral response: the Mx GTPase pathway, the 2',5'-oligoadenylate-synthetase-directed ribonuclease L pathway, the protein kinase R pathway and the ISG15 ubiquitin-like pathway. As discussed in this Review, these effector pathways individually block viral transcription, degrade viral RNA, inhibit translation and modify protein function to control all steps of viral replication. Ongoing research continues to expose additional activities for these effector proteins and has revealed unanticipated functions of the antiviral response.
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The consensus IFN-γ signature included JAK-STAT pathway genes such as STAT1 and IRF1 and antiviral response genes such as MX1, OAS3, ISG20, and RSAD2.
“This consensus signature includes activation of genes in the JAK-STAT pathway, including STAT1 and IRF1 (ref.38), and in the IFN-mediated antiviral response, including MX1, OAS3, ISG20 and RSAD2 (refs.39–41).”
From Quantifying the effect of experimental perturbations at single-cell resolution (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Anti-viral host defence mechanisms induced by mRNA immune recognition increase enzymatic activities that destroy mRNA and inhibit its further cellular translation.
“Moreover, anti-viral host defence mechanisms are induced by the mRNA immune recognition increasing enzymatic activities that destroy mRNA and inhibit its further cellular translation (see section 2.2) [45].”
From Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
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Interferon-stimulated genes: A complex web of host defenses
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Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development
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Multi-layered stochasticity and paracrine signal propagation shape the type-I interferon response
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ATF3 Is a Key Regulator of Macrophage IFN Responses
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“lar effectors to inhibit transcription of viral nucleic acids, digest viral RNA, block translation and modify protein function.(15) The microglial interferon response has recently been implicated in neuroinflammation and synapse loss in Alzheimer’s disease; however, it is unclear how interferon signalling and antivira…”
BackgroundEvading innate immunity in nonviral mRNA delivery: don't shoot the messenger.
Devoldere, J., Dewitte, H., De Smedt, S. C., & Remaut, K. (2016) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2015.07.009 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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“oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), protein kinase R (PKR) and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) [reviewed in (31, 32)].”
BackgroundAbortigenic but not neurotropic equine Herpes Virus 1 modulates the interferon antiviral defense.
Poelaert, K. C. K., Van Cleemput, J., Laval, K., Favoreel, H. W., Soboll Hussey, G., Maes, R. K., & Nauwynck, H. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00312 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sadler, A. J., & Williams, B. R. G.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Williams, Bryan R. G.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 559-568
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC2522268
- OpenAlex
- W2031913105
- Cited by
- 2,160
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 140 · 2013: 148 · 2012: 121
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA 062220)
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (436814)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA062220)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI034039)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- type I interferon, ISG15, Mx protein, ribonuclease L, PKR, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, interferon signaling, viral RNA degradation, viral transcription, ubiquitination, viral replication control
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Endoribonucleases, Humans, Interferons, Ubiquitins, Virus Diseases, Virus Replication, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Receptors, Interferon, GTP-Binding Proteins, eIF-2 Kinase
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