Cited by 5,748Genomics and Phylogenetic StudiesBacterial Identification and Susceptibility TestingMicrobial Community Ecology and Physiology

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High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries

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Jain, Chirag, Rodriguez-R, Luis M., Phillippy, Adam M., Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T., Aluru, Srinivas·2018·Nature Communications

DOI 10.1038/s41467-018-07641-9PMC PMC6269478

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Abstract

A fundamental question in microbiology is whether there is continuum of genetic diversity among genomes, or clear species boundaries prevail instead. Whole-genome similarity metrics such as Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) help address this question by facilitating high resolution taxonomic analysis of thousands of genomes from diverse phylogenetic lineages. To scale to available genomes and beyond, we present FastANI, a new method to estimate ANI using alignment-free approximate sequence mapping. FastANI is accurate for both finished and draft genomes, and is up to three orders of magnitude faster compared to alignment-based approaches. We leverage FastANI to compute pairwise ANI values among all prokaryotic genomes available in the NCBI database. Our results reveal clear genetic discontinuity, with 99.8% of the total 8 billion genome pairs analyzed conforming to >95% intra-species and <83% inter-species ANI values. This discontinuity is manifested with or without the most frequently sequenced species, and is robust to historic additions in the genome databases.

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Fig. 1 Correlation of FastANI and Mash-based ANI output with ANIb values for datasets D1–D5. Because FastANI assumes a probabilistic identity cutoff that is set to 80% by default, it reports 76, 570, 4271, 464, and 130 genome matches for the individual queries in datasets D1–D5 respectively. To enable a direct quality comparison against FastANI, Mash is executed for only those pairs that are reported by FastANI. Notice that each dataset encompasses a different nucleotide identity range (x-axes). Gray line represents a straight line y = x plot for reference. Pearson correlation coefficients corresponding to these plots are listed separately in Table 2. Last plot shows error of these methods w.r.t. ANIb using all five datasetsCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Scaling up FastANI’s performance using multi-core parallel execution. We executed parallel FastANI processes on 40 physical cores, where each process was assigned an equally sized part of the reference D1–D5 databases. Left and right plots evaluate FastANI’s compute and indexing phase, respectively. FastANI achieves reasonable speedups on all datasets except the compute phase in D1 and D5, as their runtime on a single core is too small to begin with (Table 3)CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Genetic discontinuity observed using 90 K genomes. a Histogram plot showing the distribution of ANI values among the 90 K genomes. Only ANI values in the 76–100% range are shown. Out of total 8.01 billion pairwise genome comparisons, FastANI reported only 17M ANI values (0.21%) with ANI between 83 and 95% indicating a genetic discontinuum. Multiple colors are used to show how genomes from different genera are contributing to this distribution. Few peaks in the histogram arise from genera that have been extensively sequenced and dominate the database. b Density curves of ANI values in the ANI range 76–100%. Each curve shows the density curve corresponding to the database at a particular time period. Discontinuity in all four curves is observed consistently. c. Distribution of ANI values with each comparison labeled by the nomenclature of genomes being compared. All the comparisons between Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. have been labeled separately. The 95% ANI threshold on x-axis serves as a valid classifier for comparisons belonging to same and different speciesCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 4 FastANI algorithm explained using synthetic and real examples. a Illustration of FastANI’s work-flow for computing ANI between a query genome and a reference genome. Five mappings are obtained from three query fragments using Mashmap24. Mforward saves the maximum identity mapping for each query fragment. In this example, Mforward = {m2, m4, m5}. From this set, Mreciprocal picks m4 and m5 as the maximum identity mapping for each reference bin. Mapping identities of orthologous mappings, thus found in Mreciprocal, are finally averaged to compute ANI. b FastANI supports visualization of the orthologous mappings Mreciprocal that are used to estimate the ANI value using genoPlotR39. In this figure, ANI is computed between Bartonella quintana strain (NC_018533.1) as query and Bartonella henselae strain (NC_005956.1) as reference. Red line segments denote the orthologous mappings computed by FastANI for ANI estimationCC BY · PubMed Central

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Method
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Background
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Method
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ResultSelf-citation
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Six novel species of the obligate marine actinobacterium Salinispora, Salinispora cortesiana sp. nov., Salinispora fenicalii sp. nov., Salinispora goodfellowii sp. nov., Salinispora mooreana sp. nov., Salinispora oceanensis sp. nov. and Salinispora vitiensis sp. nov., and emended description of the genus Salinispora
Román‐Ponce, B., Millán‐Aguiñaga, N., Matus, D. G. G., Chase, A. B., Ginigini, J. G. M., Soapi, K., Feussner, K., Jensen, P. R., & Trujillo, M. E. (2020) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004330 · Cited by 25
KITSUNE: A Tool for Identifying Empirically Optimal K-mer Length for Alignment-Free Phylogenomic Analysis
Pornputtapong, N., Acheampong, D. A., Patumcharoenpol, P., Jenjaroenpun, P., Wongsurawat, T., Jun, S., Yongkiettrakul, S., Chokesajjawatee, N., & Nookaew, I. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.556413 · Cited by 26
“KITSUNE also provides the transformation distance based on the formula presented by Fan et al. (2015), which is used for Mash (Ondov et al., 2016) and FastANI (Jain et al., 2018) for genomic distance calculation, that is where k is the considered k-mer length and j is the similarity index (1 – distance) between two ge…”
BackgroundMethod
Description of Candidatus Mesopelagibacter carboxydoxydans and Candidatus Anoxipelagibacter denitrificans: Nitrate-reducing SAR11 genera that dominate mesopelagic and anoxic marine zones
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Self-citation
Streptomyces sp. M54: an actinobacteria associated with a neotropical social wasp with high potential for antibiotic production
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Metabolic Capacity of the Antarctic Cyanobacterium Phormidium pseudopriestleyi That Sustains Oxygenic Photosynthesis in the Presence of Hydrogen Sulfide
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Novel Microbial Groups Drive Productivity in an Archean Iron Formation
Sheik, C. S., Badalamenti, J. P., Telling, J. P., Hsu, D. S. Y., Alexander, S. C., Bond, D. R., Gralnick, J. A., Lollar, B. S., & Toner, B. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.627595 · Cited by 25
“Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and Amino Acid Identity (AAI) of the MAGs that share a similar lineage, such as Soudan3, Soudan-5, and Soudan-8, indicate these genomes likely represent individual species as the ANI values were all below the proposed 95% cutoff for species (Jain et al., 2018).”
Background
Molecular Characterization of German Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Analysis Based on WGS Reveals Novel STs
Wareth, G., Linde, J., Hammer, P., Splettstoesser, W. D., Pletz, M. W., Neubauer, H., & Sprague, L. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10060690 · Cited by 25
Genomic characterization of Achromobacter species isolates from chronic and occasional lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients
Veschetti, L., Sandri, A., Patuzzo, C., Melotti, P., Malerba, G., & Lleò, M. M. (2021) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000606 · Cited by 25
Proposal for the creation of a new genus Musicola gen. nov., reclassification of Dickeya paradisiaca (Samson et al. 2005) as Musicola paradisiaca comb. nov. and description of a new species Musicola keenii sp. nov.
Hugouvieux‐Cotte‐Pattat, N., Jacot‐des‐Combes, C., Briolay, J., & Pritchard, L. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005037 · Cited by 25
Description, Taxonomy, and Comparative Genomics of a Novel species, Thermoleptolyngbya sichuanensis sp. nov., Isolated From Hot Springs of Ganzi, Sichuan, China
Tang, J., Li, L., Li, M., Du, L., Shah, M. M. R., Waleron, M. M., Waleron, M., Waleron, K., & Daroch, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.696102 · Cited by 26
“Comparative Genome Analyses As shown in Table 5, results of genome-wide ANI and AAI conformed to the suggested values for species (ANI > 96%, AAI ≥ 95%) and genus (ANI < 83%, AAI ≤ 70%) delimitation (Walter et al., 2017; Jain and Rodriguez, 2018), again confirming the taxonomy delineation of strain A183 as a novel spe…”
BackgroundResult
Whole genome sequencing and de novo assembly of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: a pangenome approach to unravelling pathogenesis of canine pyoderma
Ferrer, L., Fonticoba, R., Pérez, D., Viñes, J., Fàbregas, N., Madroñero, S., Meroni, G., Martino, P. A., Martínez, S., Maté, L., et al. (2021) · Veterinary Dermatology · doi:10.1111/vde.13040 · Cited by 25
Sporadic Dissemination of tet (X3) and tet (X6) Mediated by Highly Diverse Plasmidomes among Livestock-Associated Acinetobacter
Cheng, Y.-Y., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, F.-M., Chen, R.-C., Xiao, Y.-H., & Zhou, K. (2021) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01141-21 · Cited by 25
Toward shotgun metagenomic approaches for microbial source tracking sewage spills based on laboratory mesocosms
Lindner, B. G., Suttner, B., Zhu, K. J., Conrad, R. E., Rodriguez‐R, L. M., Hatt, J. K., Brown, J. M., & Konstantinidis, K. T. (2021) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117993 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Frequencies and characteristics of genome-wide recombination in Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus suis
Lee, I. P. A., & Andam, C. P. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-04995-5 · Cited by 25
Comparative Genomic Analyses of the Genus Nesterenkonia Unravels the Genomic Adaptation to Polar Extreme Environments
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Polyphasic Identification and Genomic Insights of Leptothermofonsia sichuanensis gen. sp. nov., a Novel Thermophilic Cyanobacteria Within Leptolyngbyaceae
Tang, J., Shah, M. M. R., Yao, D., Jiang, Y., Du, L., Zhao, K., Li, L., Li, M., Waleron, M. M., Waleron, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.765105 · Cited by 25
Metaomics unveils the contribution of Alteromonas bacteria to carbon cycling in marine oxygen minimum zones
Henríquez‐Castillo, C., Plominsky, Á. M., Ramírez‐Flandes, S., Bertagnolli, A. D., Stewart, F. J., & Ulloa, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.993667 · Cited by 23
“Average nucleotide identity (ANI) was computed using fastANI (Jain et al., 2018).”
Method
Taxonomy and Species Diversity of Sourdough Lactic Acid Bacteria
Vuyst, L. D., González-Alonso, V., Wardhana, Y. R., & Pradal, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23084-4_6 · Cited by 25
Genome-wide identification and oxacillinase OXA distribution characteristics of Acinetobacter spp. based on a global database
Li, J., Li, Y., Cao, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, Y., Xie, H., Li, C., Liu, C., & Shen, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174200 · Cited by 26
“3 (Jain et al., 2018) was used to calculate the ANI values with all 6,639 genomes were as query, and all genomes of type strains belonging to this genus as reference.”
Method
Newly Isolated Virulent Salmophages for Biocontrol of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Ready-to-Eat Plant-Based Food
Wójcicki, M., Świder, O., Średnicka, P., Shymialevich, D., Ilczuk, T., Koperski, Ł., Cieślak, H., Sokołowska, B., & Juszczuk‐Kubiak, E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210134 · Cited by 25
Plasmid genomic epidemiology of bla KPC carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Canada, 2010–2021
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Rapid identification of enteric bacteria from whole genome sequences using average nucleotide identity metrics
Lindsey, R. L., Gladney, L. M., Huang, A. D., Griswold, T., Katz, L. S., Dinsmore, B. A., Im, M. S., Kučerová, Z., Smith, P. A., Lane, C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225207 · Cited by 25
“FastANI has shown results that are comparable to the previous methods but has significantly improved the overall runtime to just seconds (Jain et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
First single-strain enrichments of Electrothrix cable bacteria, description of E. aestuarii sp. nov. and E. rattekaaiensis sp. nov., and proposal of a cable bacteria taxonomy following the rules of the SeqCode
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Systematics: The Cohesive Nature of Bacterial Species Taxa
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Maintenance of Sympatric and Allopatric Populations in Free-Living Terrestrial Bacteria
Chase, A. B., Arevalo, P., Brodie, E., Polz, M. F., Karaöz, U., & Martiny, J. B. H. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02361-19 · Cited by 25
Highly accurate metagenome-assembled genomes from human gut microbiota using long-read assembly, binning, and consolidation methodsPreprint
Portik, D. M., Feng, X., Benoit, G., Nasko, D. J., Auch, B., Bryson, S., Cano, R. J., Carlin, M. R., Damerum, A., Farthing, B., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593587 · Cited by 25
“4.3 (Olm et al. 2017) to cluster MAGs into species-level groups based on an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 95% (Jain et al. 2018; Olm et al. 2020).”
Influential
Clinical and Molecular Characterizations of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Causing Bloodstream Infection in a Chinese Hospital
Zhang, N., Qi, L., Liu, X., Jin, M., Jin, Y., Yang, X., Chen, J., Qin, S., Liu, F., Tang, Y., et al. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01690-22 · Cited by 24
Phylogenetic lineages and antimicrobial resistance determinants of clinical Klebsiella oxytoca spanning local to global scales
Ikhimiukor, O. O., Souza, S. S. R., Akintayo, I. J., Marcovici, M. M., Workman, A. D., Martin, I. W., & Andam, C. P. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00549-23 · Cited by 24
“We used the recommended ≥95% ANI threshold to delineate species boundary (38).”
Method
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Wang, D., Shang, J., Lin, H., Liang, J., Wang, C., Sun, Y., Bai, Y., & Qu, J. (2023) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.120859 · Cited by 24
A history of repeated antibiotic usage leads to microbiota-dependent mucus defects
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Li, N., Li, L., He, B., Li, D., Jin, W., Wu, Y. S., Zhu, B., Cheng, M., Wu, N., Tan, D., et al. (2025) · hLife · doi:10.1016/j.hlife.2025.03.004 · Cited by 24
Phenotype–genotype discordance in antimicrobial resistance profiles of Gram-negative uropathogens recovered from catheter-associated urinary tract infections in Egypt
Eladawy, M., Heslop, N., Negus, D., Thomas, J. C., & Hoyles, L. (2025) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkaf352 · Cited by 28
“Another example, the smeF gene in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , responsible for quinolones resistance (Jia et al., 2015) was detected only by AMRFinder. smeF was detected in only one strain in this study, and that Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp. had poor concordance in this study and previous…”
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Culturable diversity of bacterial endophytes associated with medicinal plants of the Western Ghats, India
Webster, G., Mullins, A. J., Cunningham-Oakes, E., Renganathan, R. R. A., Aswathanarayan, J. B., Mahenthiralingam, E., & Vittal, R. R. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiaa147 · Cited by 33
“The MinHash-based ANI tool FastANI (Jain et al. 2018) was used to identify RefSeq genomes of the same genus with high sequence similarity to each endophyte isolate.”
Method
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Mullins, A. J., Li, Y., Qin, L., Hu, X., Xie, L., Gu, C., Mahenthiralingam, E., Liao, X., & Webster, G. (2020) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.000986 · Cited by 24
Mechanisms driving genome reduction of a novel Roseobacter lineage
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“The average nucleotide identity (ANI) between genomes was 88 calculated using fastANI (18).”
Method
Reexamining the Association of AmpC Variants with Enterobacter Species in the Context of Updated Taxonomy
Feng, Y., Hu, Y., & Zong, Z. (2021) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01596-21 · Cited by 24
“using pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) with FastANI (9) v1.”
MethodInfluential
Large-scale fungal strain sequencing unravels the molecular diversity in mating loci maintained by long-term balancing selection
Peris, D., Lu, D. S., Kinneberg, V. B., Methlie, I.-S., Dahl, M. S., James, T. Y., Kauserud, H., & Skrede, I. (2022) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010097 · Cited by 24
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Evolutionary Ecology of Natural Comammox Nitrospira Populations
Palomo, A., Dechesne, A., Cordero, O. X., & Smets, B. F. (2022) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.01139-21 · Cited by 25
The minimizer Jaccard estimator is biased and inconsistent
Belbasi, M., Blanca, A., Harris, R. S., Koslicki, D., & Medvedev, P. (2022) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btac244 · Cited by 23
“Here, we will consider the example of the minimizer Jaccard estimate [12, 13, 15], which computes the Jaccard similarity using minimizer sketches and forms the basis of the widely used mashmap [12, 13] aligner.”
The Notable Achievements and the Prospects of Bacterial Pathogen Genomics
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“FastANI [51] is designed to compare complete genomes by utilising the Mashmap sequence mapping algorithm instead of alignment software.”
Method
Salt flat microbial diversity and dynamics across salinity gradient
Hazzouri, K. M., Sudalaimuthuasari, N., Saeed, E. E., Kundu, B., Al-Maskari, R. S., Nelson, D., AlShehhi, A. A., Aldhuhoori, M. A., Almutawa, D. S., Alshehhi, F. R., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15347-8 · Cited by 24
Using average nucleotide identity ( ANI ) to evaluate microsporidia species boundaries based on their genetic relatedness
de Albuquerque, N. R. M., & Haag, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jeu.12944 · Cited by 24
“…on 65 available microsporidian genomes did not reveal a clear discontinuity between intra- and interspecific ANI values as described for bacteria (Jain et al., 2018), instead there are overlapping ANI values in some intra- and interspecies comparisons as found for yeasts (Lachance et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
WGS-Based Lineage and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated during 2000–2017 in Peru
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“1 [42] to determine the degree of genomic relatedness.”
Background
Whole-genome scanning reveals environmental selection mechanisms that shape diversity in populations of the epipelagic diatom Chaetoceros
Nef, C., Madoui, M., Pelletier, É., & Bowler, C. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001893 · Cited by 24
“ANI between the MAGs was calculated using FastANI [124] on the whole genomes with the— ql and—rl parameters and—minFraction 0.05 to retrieve all the identity percentages even for highly divergent MAGs.”
Influential
Genomic and Metabolite Profiling Reveal a Novel Streptomyces Strain, QHH-9511, from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Feng, X., Zhang, R., Wang, D., Dong, W.-G., Wang, Z., Zhai, Y., Han, W., Xia, Y. Y., Tian, J., Wei, J., et al. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02764-22 · Cited by 26
“ANI values between the genomes of QHH-9511 and other species were calculated by FastANI (32).”
Multifactorial Microvariability of the Italian Raw Milk Cheese Microbiota and Implication for Current Regulatory Scheme
Fontana, F., Longhi, G., Alessandri, G., Lugli, G. A., Mancabelli, L., Tarracchini, C., Viappiani, A., Anzalone, R., Ventura, M., Turroni, F., et al. (2023) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.01068-22 · Cited by 25
“Genome quality assessment was performed manually and through the use of checkM (54) software for completeness and contamination score, fastANI (55) software for the Average Nucleotide Identity between strains of the same species and sourmash (56) software for k-mer based genomes comparison.”
Method
Thermophilic Dehalococcoidia with unusual traits shed light on an unexpected past
Palmer, M., Covington, J. K., Zhou, E., Thomas, S. C., Habib, N., Seymour, C. O., Lai, D., Johnston, J., Hashimi, A., Jiao, J., et al. (2023) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-023-01405-0 · Cited by 24
“Genomes of all Tepidiforma species ranged between 2.74 and 2.77 Mbp (see Supplementary Note 1) and enabled identi ﬁ cation of the new isolates as novel species in the genus Tepidiforma , with ANI values well below suggested species delineation guidelines [28].”
Influential

Authors: Jain, C., Rodriguez-R, L. M., Phillippy, A. M., Konstantinidis, K. T., & Aluru, S.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T.
Aluru, Srinivas
ORCID: Jain, Chirag
Rodriguez-R, Luis M.
Phillippy, Adam M.
Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T.
Aluru, Srinivas
Venue: Nature Communications
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-11-30
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 5114-5114
ISSN: 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07641-9
PMC: PMC6269478
OpenAlex: W2951254987
Cited by: 5,748
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 1107 · 2025: 1110 · 2024: 977 · 2023: 789 · 2022: 695 · 2021: 617 · 2020: 305 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 16
FWCI: 96.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (1416259, 1816027, 1356288)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
Keywords: average nucleotide identity, prokaryotic genomes, species boundaries, taxonomic classification, draft genome sequence
MeSH terms: Phylogeny, Prokaryotic Cells, Genetic Variation, Databases, Factual, Genome, Bacterial, Sequence Analysis, DNA

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High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries

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