Fully organic compliant dry electrodes self-adhesive to skin for long-term motion-robust epidermal biopotential monitoring
Open accessAbstract
Wearable dry electrodes are needed for long-term biopotential recordings but are limited by their imperfect compliance with the skin, especially during body movements and sweat secretions, resulting in high interfacial impedance and motion artifacts. Herein, we report an intrinsically conductive polymer dry electrode with excellent self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity. It shows much lower skin-contact impedance and noise in static and dynamic measurement than the current dry electrodes and standard gel electrodes, enabling to acquire high-quality electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in various conditions such as dry and wet skin and during body movement. Hence, this dry electrode can be used for long-term healthcare monitoring in complex daily conditions. We further investigated the capabilities of this electrode in a clinical setting and realized its ability to detect the arrhythmia features of atrial fibrillation accurately, and quantify muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing and contraction against resistance.
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In a clinical study, PWS dry electrodes identified electrocardiographic arrhythmia, detected muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing, and quantified muscular strength during contraction and relaxation.
“This study involved the identification of electrocardiographic arrhythmia, detection of muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing, and quantification of muscular strength during contraction and relaxation.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, L. et al. 2020
ECG results from PWS dry electrodes exhibited aberrant patterns consistent with atrial fibrillation, and EMG signals accurately captured changes in muscle activity during various tasks.
“The ECG results exhibited aberrant patterns consistent with atrial fibrillation, while the EMG signals obtained from PWS dry electrodes accurately captured changes in muscle activity during various tasks.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, L. et al. 2020
The PWS film enables acquisition of high-quality ECG, EMG, and EEG signals under diverse conditions.
“Consequently, it enables the acquisition of high-quality signals for ECG, EMG, as well as EEG under diverse conditions.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, L. et al. 2020
The PWS film dry electrode possesses self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity.
“As shown in Fig. 2d, Zhang et al. developed a highly conductive polymer dry electrode (PWS film), which possesses remarkable attributes such as self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity (Zhang, L. et al. 2020).”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, L. et al. 2020
The PWS film surpasses conventional dry electrodes and gel electrodes in lower skin-contact impedance and noise levels in static and dynamic measurements.
“The PWS film surpasses both conventional dry electrodes and gel electrodes in terms of lower skin-contact impedance and noise levels in static and dynamic measurements.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, L. et al. 2020
Zhang et al. developed smart socks based on TENG that capture and repurpose waste energy from low-frequency body movements and transmit sensory data wirelessly.
“As shown in Fig. 11a, Zhang et al. developed smart socks based on TENG, which are designed not only to capture and repurpose waste energy generated by low-frequency body movements but also to transmit sensory data wirelessly (Zhang, Z. et al. 2020).”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, Z. et al. 2020
A high accuracy of 93.54% is achieved when identifying 13 individual gait patterns using the smart socks.
“A high accuracy of 93.54% is achieved when identifying 13 individual gait patterns.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, Z. et al. 2020
The smart socks can collect and provide crucial information regarding the wearer's identity, health status, and activity level.
“Furthermore, these wearable sensors can collect and provide crucial information regarding the wearer's identity, health status, and activity level.”
From Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform (2023) · cites this paper as Zhang, Z. et al. 2020
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- Authors
- Zhang, L., Kumar, K. S., He, H., Cai, C. J., He, X., Gao, H., Yue, S., Li, C., Seet, R. C.-S., Ren, H., & Ouyang, J.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Beijing Institute of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ren, Hongliang
- Ouyang, Jianyong
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2020-09-17
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4683-4683
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3087014339
- Cited by
- 574
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 19.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, India
- National Medical Research Council (R-397-000-245-511)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
- Keywords
- dry electrodes, self-adhesive electrodes, epidermal electrodes, intrinsically conductive polymers, motion artifacts, stretchable electrodes, wearable biosensors, electrocardiogram, electromyography, EEG, atrial fibrillation detection, muscle activity measurement
- MeSH terms
- Electric Conductivity, Electrocardiography, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Epidermis, Equipment Design, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Motion, Polymers, Skin, Sorbitol, Artifacts, Electric Impedance
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