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Patrilocality and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry of populations in East-Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age

Chyleński, Maciej, Makarowicz, Przemysław, Juras, Anna, Krzewińska, Maja, Pospieszny, Łukasz, Ehler, Edvard, Breszka, Agnieszka, Górski, Jacek, Taras, Halina, Szczepanek, Anita, Polańska, Marta, Włodarczak, Piotr, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Wójcik, Irena, Romaniszyn, Jan, Szmyt, Marzena, Kośko, Aleksander, Ignaczak, Marcin, Sadowski, Sylwester, Matoga, Andrzej, Grossman, Anna, Ilchyshyn, Vasyl, Yahodinska, Maryna O., Romańska, Adriana, Tunia, Krzysztof, Przybyła, Marcin, Grygiel, Ryszard, Szostek, Krzysztof, Dabert, Miroslawa, Götherström, Anders, Jakobsson, Mattias, Malmström, Helena·2023·Nature Communications
DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-40072-9PMC PMC10393988
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Abstract

The demographic history of East-Central Europe after the Neolithic period remains poorly explored, despite this region being on the confluence of various ecological zones and cultural entities. Here, the descendants of societies associated with steppe pastoralists form Early Bronze Age were followed by Middle Bronze Age populations displaying unique characteristics. Particularly, the predominance of collective burials, the scale of which, was previously seen only in the Neolithic. The extent to which this re-emergence of older traditions is a result of genetic shift or social changes in the MBA is a subject of debate. Here by analysing 91 newly generated genomes from Bronze Age individuals from present Poland and Ukraine, we discovered that Middle Bronze Age populations were formed by an additional admixture event involving a population with relatively high proportions of genetic component associated with European hunter-gatherers and that their social structure was based on, primarily patrilocal, multigenerational kin-groups.

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Fig. 1 The geographical and temporal context and genetic affinities of the analysed Bronze Age individuals. A Maps showing the locations of samples published in this study and the geographical range of their associated cultural entities; the size of the marker corresponds to the number of samples from each site. The map was created using QGIS 2.12.249 and basemap from NOAA National Geophysical Data Center. 2009: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Accessed 2013. B The age of the newly generated genomes (calculated as an average of 2σ BCE dates) corresponding to the temporal range of the archaeological cultures they are associated with. C The results of unsupervised admixture analysis (K = 7) on the selected populations. D PCA plot of ancient individuals projected onto contemporary individuals from West Eurasia from the Human Origins reference panel (not shown). The symbols in both the PCA and admixture analysis correspond to individuals associated with the following cultures: IC - Iwno Culture, KC – Komarów Culture, MC – Mierzanowice Culture, SC – Strzyżów Culture, TC – Trzciniec Culture (from this study and reference populations), AFN – Afanasievo Culture, ALP – Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, AN – Anatolian Neolithic, AND – Andronovo Culture, BABL – Bronze Age Baltic, BAC – Battle Axe Culture, BACz Bronze Age Czechia, BAHU – Bronze Age Hungary, BAP – Bronze Age Poland, BASC – Bronze Age Scandinavia, BBC – Bell Beaker Culture (Poland, Czechia and Germany, respectively), BKG – Brześć Kujawski Group, CAT – Catacomb Culture, CWC – Corded Ware Culture, EBG – Early Bronze Age Germany, EHG – Eastern Hunter Gatherers, ENSt – Eneolithic Steppe, FBC – Funnel Beaker Culture, GAC – Globular Amphora Culture, HGBL – Hunter Gatherer Baltic, LBK – Linear Pottery Culture, LNBG – Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Germany, MNG – Middle Neolithic Germany, NBL – Neolithic Baltic, NEU – Neolithic Ukraine, POL – Poltavka Culture, PWC – Pitted Ware Culture, SHG – Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers, SNT – Sintashta Culture, SRB – Srubnaya Culture, UNC – Únětice Culture, WHG – Western Hunter Gatherers, YAM – Yamnaya Culture.
Fig. 1 The geographical and temporal context and genetic affinities of the analysed Bronze Age individuals. A Maps showing the locations of samples published in this study and the geographical range of their associated cultural entities; the size of the marker corresponds to the number of samples from each site. The map was created using QGIS 2.12.249 and basemap from NOAA National Geophysical Data Center. 2009: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Accessed 2013. B The age of the newly generated genomes (calculated as an average of 2σ BCE dates) corresponding to the temporal range of the archaeological cultures they are associated with. C The results of unsupervised admixture analysis (K = 7) on the selected populations. D PCA plot of ancient individuals projected onto contemporary individuals from West Eurasia from the Human Origins reference panel (not shown). The symbols in both the PCA and admixture analysis correspond to individuals associated with the following cultures: IC - Iwno Culture, KC – Komarów Culture, MC – Mierzanowice Culture, SC – Strzyżów Culture, TC – Trzciniec Culture (from this study and reference populations), AFN – Afanasievo Culture, ALP – Alföld Linear Pottery Culture, AN – Anatolian Neolithic, AND – Andronovo Culture, BABL – Bronze Age Baltic, BAC – Battle Axe Culture, BACz Bronze Age Czechia, BAHU – Bronze Age Hungary, BAP – Bronze Age Poland, BASC – Bronze Age Scandinavia, BBC – Bell Beaker Culture (Poland, Czechia and Germany, respectively), BKG – Brześć Kujawski Group, CAT – Catacomb Culture, CWC – Corded Ware Culture, EBG – Early Bronze Age Germany, EHG – Eastern Hunter Gatherers, ENSt – Eneolithic Steppe, FBC – Funnel Beaker Culture, GAC – Globular Amphora Culture, HGBL – Hunter Gatherer Baltic, LBK – Linear Pottery Culture, LNBG – Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Germany, MNG – Middle Neolithic Germany, NBL – Neolithic Baltic, NEU – Neolithic Ukraine, POL – Poltavka Culture, PWC – Pitted Ware Culture, SHG – Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers, SNT – Sintashta Culture, SRB – Srubnaya Culture, UNC – Únětice Culture, WHG – Western Hunter Gatherers, YAM – Yamnaya Culture.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 The hunter-gatherer ancestry in the Middle Bronze Age populations from East-Central Europe. A The shared genetic drift between the newly published individuals and WHG hunter-gathers was estimated with the use of the f3-statistic, shown separately for autosomal and (B) X-chromosome data. C the WHG ancestry estimated for new (outlined in black) and reference individuals from the Final Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age. The degree of ancestry was estimated from three-way admixture models including the WHG, AN and YAM, the points represent coefficient for WHG ancestry calculated using qpAdm (only values with p value for nested models <0.05). Error bars in (A–C) correspond to one standard error for the f3-statistics or qpAdm values (vertical) and 2σ for the dates (horizontal). The fit lines in (A–C) display smoothed conditional means for all individual (blue) and after removal of outliers (red) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (light blue and yellow respectively). D Outgroup f3 statistics values of form f3_Xchr(YRI, TC, popX) and f3_Autosomes(YRI, TC, popX) plotted against each other with error bars representing one standard deviation for each value, red line represents linear regression inserted for visualisation purpose. E The patrilocal character of Żerniki Górne cemetery as shown by the difference in the D-statistic in the form D(YRI, Żerniki individual; Żerniki, TC) for the two sexes. The boxplots show the median (middle horizontal line), interquartile range (25th and 75th percentile) indicated with lower (25th percentile) and upper (75th percentile) hinges of the box, and whiskers extending to the lowest (highest) value that is within 1.5 times the interquartile range of the upper (lower) hinge. The labels in all panels are as follows: IC – Iwno Culture, KC – Komarów Culture, MC – Mierzanowice Culture, SC – Strzyżów Culture, TC – Trzciniec Culture, AN – Anatolia Neolithic, BAC – Battle Axe Culture, BAHu – Bronze Age Hungary, BAP – Bronze Age Poland, BASC – Bronze Age Scandinavia, BBC – Bell Beaker Culture, BKG – Brzesc Kujawski Group, CWC – Corded Ware Culture, EBG – Early Bronze Age Germany, FBC – Funnel Beaker Culture, GAC – Globular Amphora Culture, LNBG – Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Germany, MNG Middle Neolithic Germany, NBL Neolithic Baltic, NCHu Neolithic/Chalcolithic Hungary.
Fig. 2 The hunter-gatherer ancestry in the Middle Bronze Age populations from East-Central Europe. A The shared genetic drift between the newly published individuals and WHG hunter-gathers was estimated with the use of the f3-statistic, shown separately for autosomal and (B) X-chromosome data. C the WHG ancestry estimated for new (outlined in black) and reference individuals from the Final Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age. The degree of ancestry was estimated from three-way admixture models including the WHG, AN and YAM, the points represent coefficient for WHG ancestry calculated using qpAdm (only values with p value for nested models <0.05). Error bars in (A–C) correspond to one standard error for the f3-statistics or qpAdm values (vertical) and 2σ for the dates (horizontal). The fit lines in (A–C) display smoothed conditional means for all individual (blue) and after removal of outliers (red) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (light blue and yellow respectively). D Outgroup f3 statistics values of form f3_Xchr(YRI, TC, popX) and f3_Autosomes(YRI, TC, popX) plotted against each other with error bars representing one standard deviation for each value, red line represents linear regression inserted for visualisation purpose. E The patrilocal character of Żerniki Górne cemetery as shown by the difference in the D-statistic in the form D(YRI, Żerniki individual; Żerniki, TC) for the two sexes. The boxplots show the median (middle horizontal line), interquartile range (25th and 75th percentile) indicated with lower (25th percentile) and upper (75th percentile) hinges of the box, and whiskers extending to the lowest (highest) value that is within 1.5 times the interquartile range of the upper (lower) hinge. The labels in all panels are as follows: IC – Iwno Culture, KC – Komarów Culture, MC – Mierzanowice Culture, SC – Strzyżów Culture, TC – Trzciniec Culture, AN – Anatolia Neolithic, BAC – Battle Axe Culture, BAHu – Bronze Age Hungary, BAP – Bronze Age Poland, BASC – Bronze Age Scandinavia, BBC – Bell Beaker Culture, BKG – Brzesc Kujawski Group, CWC – Corded Ware Culture, EBG – Early Bronze Age Germany, FBC – Funnel Beaker Culture, GAC – Globular Amphora Culture, LNBG – Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Germany, MNG Middle Neolithic Germany, NBL Neolithic Baltic, NCHu Neolithic/Chalcolithic Hungary.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 The kinship structure of the Middle Bronze Age populations from East-Central Europe. The proposed pedigrees of detected kin groups from Bronze Age cemeteries associated with the Trzciniec culture, asterisk (*) marks instances where more than one interpretation of the detected kinship is possible. The colours correspond to either the collective burials on the plan of the site in which the individuals were interred (in the case of Żerniki Górne) or the skeletal remains within collective burials. The burial photographs were reprinted with permission from Wiley from Juras, A. et al. Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 172, 176–188 (2020); © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc All Rights Reserved.
Fig. 3 The kinship structure of the Middle Bronze Age populations from East-Central Europe. The proposed pedigrees of detected kin groups from Bronze Age cemeteries associated with the Trzciniec culture, asterisk (*) marks instances where more than one interpretation of the detected kinship is possible. The colours correspond to either the collective burials on the plan of the site in which the individuals were interred (in the case of Żerniki Górne) or the skeletal remains within collective burials. The burial photographs were reprinted with permission from Wiley from Juras, A. et al. Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 172, 176–188 (2020); © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc All Rights Reserved.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Chyleński, M., Makarowicz, P., Juras, A., Krzewińska, M., Pospieszny, Ł., Ehler, E., Breszka, A., Górski, J., Taras, H., Szczepanek, A., Polańska, M., Włodarczak, P., Lasota-Kuś, A., Wójcik, I., Romaniszyn, J., Szmyt, M., Kośko, A., Ignaczak, M., Sadowski, S., Matoga, A., Grossman, A., Ilchyshyn, V., Yahodinska, M. O., Romańska, A., Tunia, K., Przybyła, M., Grygiel, R., Szostek, K., Dabert, M., Götherström, A., Jakobsson, M., & Malmström, H.
Venue
Nature Communications
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-08-01
Volume
14
Issue
1
ISSN
2041-1723
DOI
10.1038/s41467-023-40072-9
PMC
PMC10393988
Cited by
34
References
16
Language
en
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Chyleński, M., Makarowicz, P., Juras, A., Krzewińska, M., Pospieszny, Ł., Ehler, E., Breszka, A., Górski, J., Taras, H., Szczepanek, A., Polańska, M., Włodarczak, P., Lasota-Kuś, A., Wójcik, I., Romaniszyn, J., Szmyt, M., Kośko, A., Ignaczak, M., Sadowski, S., . . . Malmström, H. (2023). Patrilocality and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry of populations in East-Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40072-9