Cited by 1,419SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 detection and testing

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Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans

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Seow, Jeffrey, Graham, Carl, Merrick, Blair, Acors, Sam, Pickering, Suzanne, Steel, Kathryn J. A., Hemmings, Oliver, O’Byrne, Aoife, Kouphou, Neophytos, Galao, Rui Pedro, Betancor, Gilberto, Wilson, Harry D., Signell, Adrian W., Winstone, Helena, Kerridge, Claire, Huettner, Isabella, Jimenez-Guardeño, Jose M., Lista, Maria Jose, Temperton, Nigel, Snell, Luke B., Bisnauthsing, Karen, Moore, Amelia, Green, Adrian, Martinez, Lauren, Stokes, Brielle, Honey, Johanna, Izquierdo-Barras, Alba, Arbane, Gill, Patel, Amita, Tan, Mark Kia Ik, O’Connell, Lorcan, O’Hara, Geraldine, MacMahon, Eithne, Douthwaite, Sam, Nebbia, Gaia, Batra, Rahul, Martinez-Nunez, Rocio, Shankar-Hari, Manu, Edgeworth, Jonathan D., Neil, Stuart J. D., Malim, Michael H., Doores, Katie J.·2020·Nature Microbiology

DOI 10.1038/s41564-020-00813-8PMC PMC7610833

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Abstract

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most infected individuals 10-15 d after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, due to the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, it is not known how long antibody responses will be maintained or whether they will provide protection from reinfection. Using sequential serum samples collected up to 94 d post onset of symptoms (POS) from 65 individuals with real-time quantitative PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show seroconversion (immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgA, IgG) in >95% of cases and neutralizing antibody responses when sampled beyond 8 d POS. We show that the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response is typical of an acute viral infection, with declining neutralizing antibody titres observed after an initial peak, and that the magnitude of this peak is dependent on disease severity. Although some individuals with high peak infective dose (ID 50 > 10,000) maintained neutralizing antibody titres >1,000 at >60 d POS, some with lower peak ID 50 had neutralizing antibody titres approaching baseline within the follow-up period. A similar decline in neutralizing antibody titres was observed in a cohort of 31 seropositive healthcare workers. The present study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, and may suggest that vaccine boosters are required to provide long-lasting protection.

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BackgroundInfluential
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“11”
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Background
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Background
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Result
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Bertè, R., Mazza, S., Stefanucci, M. R., Noviello, D., Costa, S., Ciafardini, C., Mileti, E., Mapelli, M., Pasqualato, S., Pinto, S. W. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa237 · Cited by 27
“05), in line with previous reports in paucisymptomatic convalescent individuals [9, 12, 13] (Figure 2, Supplementary Figure 2).”
Result
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Law, J. C., Koh, W. H., Budylowski, P., Lin, J., Yue, F., Abe, K. T., Rathod, B., Girard, M., Li, Z., Rini, J. M., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2001067 · Cited by 27
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Background
Assessing seropositivity for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Ahmedabad city of India: a cross-sectional study
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Protection of Healthcare Workers Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reinfection
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Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID‐19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development
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The role of pseudotype neutralization assays in understanding SARS CoV-2
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Self-citation
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Eberhardt, K. A., Dewald, F., Heger, E., Gieselmann, L., Vanshylla, K., Wirtz, M., Kleipass, F., Johannis, W., Schommers, P., Gruell, H., et al. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040733 · Cited by 26
A SARS-CoV-2 Label-Free Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test and a Longitudinal Study of Antibody Characteristics in COVID-19 Patients
Luo, Y. R., Yun, C., Chakraborty, I., Wu, A. H. B., & Lynch, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00193-21 · Cited by 24
“quantitative methods for total antibody or antibody subclasses (IgG, IgM, IgA) (1, 4), IgG avidity 57 (5), and antibody neutralization activity.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Infection and Immune Memory: Variables in Robust Protection by Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2
Ahluwalia, P. K., Vaibhav, K., Ahluwalia, M., Mondal, A. K., Sahajpal, N., Rojiani, A. M., & Kolhe, R. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.660019 · Cited by 25
IMMUNO-COV v2.0: Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Clinical Assay for Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody Titers
Vandergaast, R., Carey, T. S., Reiter, S., Lathrum, C., Lech, P. J., Gnanadurai, C. W., Haselton, M., Buehler, J., Narjari, R., Schnebeck, L., et al. (2021) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00170-21 · Cited by 27
“As has been reported by others (7, 8, 16, 28, 32), we observed that donors recovering from more severe COVID-19 disease generally developed higher-titer neutralizing antibody responses (Fig.”
BackgroundResult
Deconvoluting the T Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2: Specificity Versus Chance and Cognate Cross-Reactivity
Lehmann, A. A., Kirchenbaum, G. A., Zhang, T., Reche, P. A., & Lehmann, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.635942 · Cited by 27
“While the majority of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals initially develop an antibody response to this virus, false negative results are a concern because not all infected individuals attain high levels of serum antibody reactivity acutely after infection (1–3), and those who do develop detectable antibody reactivity mi…”
Background
COVID-19 breakthrough infections and humoral immune response among BNT162b2 vaccinated healthcare workers in Malaysia
Yang, S. L., Ripen, A. M., Leong, C. T., Lee, J. V., Yen, C. H., Chand, A. K., Koh, K., Rahim, N. A. B. A., Gokilavanan, V., Mohamed, N. N. E., et al. (2022) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2065936 · Cited by 28
“mild breakthrough cases observed in our study might be due to the highly transmissible variant circulating in the community [24].”
Background
Immune Determinants of Viral Clearance in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients: Reduced Circulating Naïve CD4+ T Cell Counts Correspond with Delayed Viral Clearance
Zlei, M., Sidorov, I. A., Joosten, S. A., Heemskerk, M. H. M., Myeni, S. K., Pothast, C. R., Brouwer, C. S. V. D. B.-D., van der Zanden, A. L., van Meijgaarden, K. E., Morales, S. T., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11172743 · Cited by 30
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of the Dynamics of RNA Viruses in Presence of Immunity and Treatment: A Case Study of SARS-CoV-2
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“Serum IgA are detected on day 6 to 8 [14], they reach the maximum on day 20 to 22 [14,15].”
Background
Duration of viral infectiousness and correlation with symptoms and diagnostic testing in non-hospitalized adults during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: A longitudinal cohort study
Drain, P. K., Dalmat, R. R., Hao, L., Bemer, M. J., Budiawan, E., Morton, J. F., Ireton, R. C., Hsiang, T.-Y., Marfatia, Z., Prabhu, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105420 · Cited by 26
Immune Correlates of COVID-19 Control
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Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: Discrete SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) Modeling Using Empirical Infection Data
McMahon, A., & Robb, N. C. (2020) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/21168 · Cited by 28
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A critical perspective through efficacy data and barriers to herd immunity
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Continuous-time stochastic processes for the spread of COVID-19 disease simulated via a Monte Carlo approach and comparison with deterministic models
Calleri, F., Nastasi, G., & Romano, V. (2021) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-021-01657-4 · Cited by 26
Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies
James, J., Rhodes, S. G., Ross, C. S., Skinner, P., Smith, S. P., Shipley, R., Warren, C. J., Goharriz, H., McElhinney, L. M., Temperton, N. J., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13040713 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
COVID-19 re-infection in Shahroud, Iran: a follow-up study
Zare, F., Teimouri, M., Khosravi, A., Rohani-Rasaf, M., Chaman, R., Hosseinzadeh, A., Atergeleh, H. J., Binesh, E., & Emamian, M. H. (2021) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s095026882100087x · Cited by 27
“It has also been reported that people with more severe disease have higher levels of neutralizing antibody titers, and that antibody levels are still detectable 2 to 3 months after primary symptoms, while those who were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms, had lower antibody titers, and in less than two months the antib…”
Background
Intensified antibody response elicited by boost suggests immune memory in individuals administered two doses of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine
Liao, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Pu, J., Zhao, Z., Li, D., Fan, S., Yu, L., Xu, X., Wang, L., et al. (2021) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1937328 · Cited by 26
“Observation of neutralizing antibodies in the convalescent serum of patients showed that antibody levels decrease during 3–6 months after recovery [9].”
Background
Prevalence of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in acute infection and convalescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Savage, H. R., Santos, V. S., Edwards, T., Giorgi, E., Krishna, S., Planche, T., Staines, H. M., Fitchett, J. R. A., Kirwan, D. E., Cubas-Atienzar, A. I., et al. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009551 · Cited by 24
“As neutralising antibodies peak within 21 days after symptoms onset, and symptoms onset if often poorly documented, it may be that the one-month timepoint is not ideal to demonstrate differences over time [37].”
Background
What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?
Tiyo, B. T., Schmitz, G. J. H., Ortega, M. M., da Silva, L. T., de Almeida, A., Oshiro, T. M., & Duarte, A. J. D. S. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11111152 · Cited by 28
Cross-reactivity of antibodies from non-hospitalized COVID-19 positive individuals against the native, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins
Jodaylami, M. H., Djaïleb, A., Ricard, P., Lavallée, É., Cellier-Goetghebeur, S., Parker, M.-F., Coutu, J., Stuible, M., Gervais, C., Durocher, Y., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00844-z · Cited by 28
SARS-CoV-2 antibodies protect against reinfection for at least 6 months in a multicentre seroepidemiological workplace cohort
Finch, E., Lowe, R., Fischinger, S., Aubin, M. D. S., Siddiqui, S. M., Dayal, D., Loesche, M. A., Rhee, J., Beger, S. B., Hu, Y. D., et al. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001531 · Cited by 27
“Studies have estimated that over 95% of symptomatic COVID-19 cases develop antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with most individuals developing antibodies within 3 weeks of symptom onset [3,4].”
Background
Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Against SARS-CoV-2 After Natural Infection Is More Potent Than After Vaccination
Rieke, G. J., van Bremen, K., Bischoff, J., ToVinh, M., Monin, M. B., Schlabe, S., Raabe, J., Kaiser, K. M., Finnemann, C., Odainic, A., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac060 · Cited by 25
COVID-19 in Elderly, Immunocompromised or Diabetic Patients—From Immune Monitoring to Clinical Management in the Hospital
Wuensch, K., Anastasiou, O. E., Alt, M., Brochhagen, L., Cherneha, M., Thümmler, L., van Baal, L., Madel, R. J., Lindemann, M., Taube, C., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14040746 · Cited by 26
“Although SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies remain detectable in the first few months after mild COVID-19 [22,23], their levels may decrease with time after SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
Background
Antibody Levels Poorly Reflect on the Frequency of Memory B Cells Generated following SARS-CoV-2, Seasonal Influenza, or EBV Infection
Wolf, C., Köppert, S., Becza, N., Küerten, S., Kirchenbaum, G. A., & Lehmann, P. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11223662 · Cited by 23
Measles, mumps and rubella: control by vaccination.
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Identification of HLA-A*02:01-Restricted Candidate Epitopes Derived from the Nonstructural Polyprotein 1a of SARS-CoV-2 That May Be Natural Targets of CD8 + T Cell Recognition In Vivo
Takagi, A., & Matsui, M. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01837-20 · Cited by 25
Selecting COVID ‐19 convalescent plasma for neutralizing antibody potency using a high‐capacity SARS‐CoV ‐2 antibody assay
Meyer, E., Simmons, G., Grebe, E., Gannett, M. S., Franz, S., Darst, O., Germanio, C. D., Stone, M., Contestable, P., Prichard, A. B., et al. (2021) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.16321 · Cited by 21
Assessing the impact of widespread respirator use in curtailing COVID-19 transmission in the USA
Ngonghala, C. N., Knitter, J. R., Marinacci, L., Bonds, M. H., & Gumel, A. B. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210699 · Cited by 27
Serology study after BTN162b2 vaccination in participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 in two different waves versus naïve
Carbonare, L. D., Valenti, M. T., Bisoffi, Z., Piubelli, C., Pizzato, M., Accordini, S., Mariotto, S., Ferrari, S., Minoia, A., Bertacco, J., et al. (2021) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-021-00039-7 · Cited by 25
Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Children With COVID-19
Han, M. S., Um, J., Lee, E. J., Kim, K. M., Chang, S. H., Lee, H., Kim, Y. K., Choi, Y. Y., Cho, E. Y., Kim, D. H., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piac012 · Cited by 27
Structure of a Vaccine-Induced, Germline-Encoded Human Antibody Defines a Neutralizing Epitope on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-Terminal Domain
Altomare, C. G., Adelsberg, D. C., Carreño, J. M., Sapse, I. A., Amanat, F., Ellebedy, A. H., Simon, V. R., Krammer, F., & Bajic, G. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03580-21 · Cited by 24
Considerations for Novel COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine Development
Alturaiki, W. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081173 · Cited by 25
Antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 spike
Errico, J. M., Adams, L. J., & Fremont, D. H. (2022) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2022.07.001 · Cited by 22
“IgM, IgA, and IgG develop simultaneously (Graham et al., 2020; Isho et al., 2020; Iyer et al., 2020; Seow et al., 2020), with some studies reporting a slight delay in IgG production compared to IgM and IgA (Ma et al.”
Influential
Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG Antibodies 3 Months after COVID-19 Onset in Moroccan Patients
Assaid, N., Arich, S., Charoute, H., Akarid, K., Sadat, M. A., Maaroufi, A., Ezzikouri, S., & Sarih, M. (2022) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.22-0448 · Cited by 25
“Several investigations have shown a continuous decrease in antibody titers to SARSCoV-2 observed 3 months after symptom onset.(17,18) Other”
Attenuated humoral responses in HIV after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination linked to B cell defects and altered immune profiles
Touizer, E., Alrubayyi, A., Ford, R., Hussain, N., Gerber, P. P., Shum, H.-L., Rees-Spear, C., Muir, L., Gea‐Mallorquí, E., Kopycinski, J. T., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105862 · Cited by 27
“Median age (range) 33(21-65) 41(23-66) 53 (22-93) 49 (26-73)”
Influential
Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 prime-boost vaccinations: Homologous BBIBP-CorV versus heterologous BNT162b2 boosters in BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals
Mallah, S. I., AlAwadhi, A. I., Jawad, J. S., Wasif, P., Alsaffar, B., Alalawi, E., Mohamed, A., Butler, A. E., Alalawi, B., Qayed, D., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.032 · Cited by 27
“Current clinical trials have played a key role in the approval of different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on their efficacy data; however, there is still uncertainty regarding the robustness and duration of protection offered [6,7] and the reliability of antibody levels as surrogate markers for immunity [8].”
Background
Appearance of tolerance-induction and non-inflammatory SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG4 antibodies after COVID-19 booster vaccinations
Akhtar, M., Islam, M. R., Khaton, F., Soltana, U. H., Jafrin, S. A., Rahman, S. I. A., Tauheed, I., Ahmed, T., Khan, I. I., Akter, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1309997 · Cited by 25
Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies post-COVID-19 in a Brazilian Amazon population
Bichara, C. D. A., Amoras, E. D. S. G., Vaz, G. L., Torres, M. K. D. S., Queiroz, M. A. F., do Amaral, I. P. C., Vallinoto, I. M. V. C., Bichara, C. N. C., & Vallinoto, A. C. R. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06156-x · Cited by 26
Computational, Experimental, and Clinical Evidence of a Specific but Peculiar Evolutionary Nature of (COVID-19) SARS-CoV-2
Goh, G. K., Dunker, A. K., Foster, J. A., & Uversky, V. N. (2022) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00001 · Cited by 23
What the immune response to the coronavirus says about the prospects for a vaccine
Ledford, H. K. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02400-7 · Cited by 24
Does common cold coronavirus infection protect against severe SARS-CoV-2 disease?
Meyerholz, D. K., & Perlman, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci144807 · Cited by 22
SARS-CoV-2 Serologic Assays in Control and Unknown Populations Demonstrate the Necessity of Virus Neutralization Testing
Rathe, J. A., Hemann, E. A., Eggenberger, J., Li, Z., Knoll, M. L., Stokes, C., Hsiang, T.-Y., Netland, J., Takehara, K. K., Pepper, M., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa797 · Cited by 22
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among blood donors in Québec, and analysis of symptoms associated with seropositivity: a nested case-control study
Lewin, A., Therrien, R., Serres, G. D., Grégoire, Y., Perreault, J., Drouin, M., Fournier, M., Tremblay, T., Beaudoin, J., Beaudoin-Bussières, G., et al. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00531-6 · Cited by 23
An examination of school reopening strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Landeros, A., Ji, X., Lange, K. L., Stutz, T. C., Xu, J., Sehl, M. E., & Sinsheimer, J. S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251242 · Cited by 24
Evaluating Humoral Immunity against SARS-CoV-2: Validation of a Plaque-Reduction Neutralization Test and a Multilaboratory Comparison of Conventional and Surrogate Neutralization Assays
Valcourt, E. J., Manguiat, K., Robinson, A., Lin, Y.-C., Abe, K. T., Mubareka, S., Shigayeva, A., Zhong, Z., Girardin, R. C., Dupuis, A. P., et al. (2021) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00886-21 · Cited by 23
AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine induces robust broadly cross-reactive antibody responses in Malawian adults previously infected with SARS-CoV-2
Chibwana, M. G., Moyo-Gwete, T., Kwatra, G., Mandolo, J. J., Hermanaus, T., Motlou, T. P., Mzindle, N. B., Ayres, F., Chaponda, M., Tembo, G., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02342-z · Cited by 23
“However, levels of pseudovirus neutralising antibodies induced following mild/moderate SARSCoV-2 infection declined significantly within 6 months post diagnosis, which agrees with published literature [29, 30].”
Complement-mediated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19: A review
Gianni, P., Goldin, M., Ngu, S., Zafeiropoulos, S., Geropoulos, G., & Giannis, D. (2022) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v12.i4.53 · Cited by 26
SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine strategies in people with HIV
Mullender, C., da Costa, K., Alrubayyi, A., Pett, S. L., & Peppa, D. (2022) · Oxford Open Immunology · doi:10.1093/oxfimm/iqac005 · Cited by 23
“Although these specific antibody responses can be detected within 2 weeks of initial infection [41, 42], it has been well-documented that humoral immune responses to coronaviruses are variable and short-lived; levels decay post-infection and vaccination after approximately the first month, with a half-life of 2 months…”
The Associated Factors of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection by Omicron Variant — Guangdong Province, China, December 2022 to January 2023
Cai, C., Guangdong Field Epidemiology Training Program, G. C., Li, Y., Hu, T., Liang, R., Wang, K., Guo, C., Li, Y., Zhang, M., & Kang, M. (2023) · China CDC Weekly · doi:10.46234/ccdcw2023.075 · Cited by 24
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Clinical, Serological, Whole Genome Sequence Analyses to Confirm SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection in Patients From Mumbai, India
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“New immunological evidence is enriching our knowledge of the immune response to infection (20) and duration of immunity following infection (21).”
Background
Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 antibody study using the Easy Check COVID-19 IgM/IgG™ lateral flow assay
Higgins, R. L., Rawlings, S. A., Case, J., Lee, F., Chan, C. W., Barrick, B. L., Burger, Z. C., Yeo, K.-T. J., & Marrinucci, D. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247797 · Cited by 24
Determinants of IgG antibodies kinetics after severe and critical COVID‐19
Greef, J. D., Scohy, A., Zech, F., Nana, F. A., Pilette, C., Gérard, L., Pothen, L., Yıldız, H., Belkhir, L., & Yombi, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27059 · Cited by 22
“it has been stressed that the magnitude of the antibody response appears to be associated with disease severity.(5) Serological testing also carries the theoretical possibility to inform individuals about their immune protection against reinfections.”
Background
Different Profiles of Antibodies and Cytokines Were Found Between Severe and Moderate COVID-19 Patients
Guo, Y., Li, T., Xia, X., Su, B., Li, H., Feng, Y., Han, J., Wang, X., Jia, L., Bao, Z., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.723585 · Cited by 21

Authors: Seow, J., Graham, C., Merrick, B., Acors, S., Pickering, S., Steel, K. J. A., Hemmings, O., O’Byrne, A., Kouphou, N., Galao, R. P., Betancor, G., Wilson, H. D., Signell, A. W., Winstone, H., Kerridge, C., Huettner, I., Jimenez-Guardeño, J. M., Lista, M. J., Temperton, N., Snell, L. B., Bisnauthsing, K., Moore, A., Green, A., Martinez, L., Stokes, B., Honey, J., Izquierdo-Barras, A., Arbane, G., Patel, A., Tan, M. K. I., O’Connell, L., O’Hara, G., MacMahon, E., Douthwaite, S., Nebbia, G., Batra, R., Martinez-Nunez, R., Shankar-Hari, M., Edgeworth, J. D., Neil, S. J. D., Malim, M. H., & Doores, K. J.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
Guy's Hospital (GB)
Medway School of Pharmacy (GB)
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Doores, Katie J.
ORCID: Seow, Jeffrey
Merrick, Blair
Acors, Sam
Pickering, Suzanne
Steel, Kathryn J. A.
Hemmings, Oliver
O’Byrne, Aoife
Kouphou, Neophytos
Galao, Rui Pedro
Betancor, Gilberto
Wilson, Harry D.
Signell, Adrian W.
Winstone, Helena
Jimenez-Guardeño, Jose M.
Temperton, Nigel
Snell, Luke B.
Bisnauthsing, Karen
Martinez, Lauren
Stokes, Brielle
Izquierdo-Barras, Alba
Patel, Amita
Tan, Mark Kia Ik
O’Connell, Lorcan
O’Hara, Geraldine
Douthwaite, Sam
Nebbia, Gaia
Batra, Rahul
Shankar-Hari, Manu
Edgeworth, Jonathan D.
Neil, Stuart J. D.
Malim, Michael H.
Doores, Katie J.
Venue: Nature Microbiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-10-26
Volume: 5
Issue: 12
Pages: 1598-1607
ISSN: 2058-5276 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00813-8
PMC: PMC7610833
OpenAlex: W3093667122
Cited by: 1,419
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 311 · 2021: 615 · 2020: 207
FWCI: 41.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Microbiology (publishedVersion)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (University of Málaga) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: RCUK | Medical Research Council (MC/PC/15068, MR/N013700/1, MR/R015643/1, MC/PC/15068, MR/R015643/1, MR/S023747/1)
Huo Family Foundation
Wellcome Trust (WT098049AIA, MR/S023747/1, 106223/Z/14/Z)
Huo Family Foundation King’s Together Rapid COVID-19 Call award
DH | National Institute for Health Research (CS-2016-16-011)
King’s Together Rapid COVID-19 Call award Huo Family Foundation
Fondation Dormeur, Vaduz King’s Together Rapid COVID-19 Call award Huo Family Foundation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, neutralizing antibodies, antibody waning, seroconversion, antibody kinetics, disease severity, infectious dose, reinfection protection, healthcare workers, booster vaccination, serological testing
MeSH terms: Seroconversion, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Viral, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing

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Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans

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