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Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine
Open accessAbstract
The historical reliance of biological research on the use of animal models has sometimes made it challenging to address questions that are specific to the understanding of human biology and disease. But with the advent of human organoids - which are stem cell-derived 3D culture systems - it is now possible to re-create the architecture and physiology of human organs in remarkable detail. Human organoids provide unique opportunities for the study of human disease and complement animal models. Human organoids have been used to study infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers through the genetic engineering of human stem cells, as well as directly when organoids are generated from patient biopsy samples. This Review discusses the applications, advantages and disadvantages of human organoids as models of development and disease and outlines the challenges that have to be overcome for organoids to be able to substantially reduce the need for animal experiments.
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“In particular, for cancer treatment, several different patient-derived organoid models tested, including but not limited to: pancreas, colorectal and liver cancer all exhibit heterogeneous responses to known chemotherapeutic and anticancer agents49,132,212.”
From Organoids (2022) · cites this paper as [212]
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“Meanwhile, being entirely derived from human cells, these organoids can fully replicate human biology and potentially reduce the translational barriers from experimental findings to therapeutic applications (20–22), offering advantages over animal models (23–25).”
From Understanding monocyte-driven neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease using human cortical organoid microphysiological systems (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
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“The versatile skin OTC-based platform is ideally suited for investigating a broad range of physiological and pathological scenarios, presenting significant potential for advancing our understanding of skin developmental biology, disease modeling, and applications in regenerative medicine [69–71].”
From Diversity of human skin three-dimensional organotypic cultures (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, J., Koo, B.-K., & Knoblich, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Koo, Bon-Kyoung
- Knoblich, Juergen A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2020-07-07
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 571-584
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- PMC
- PMC7339799
- OpenAlex
- W3040646360
- Cited by
- 2,187
- References
- 210
- Citations by year
- 2026: 311 · 2025: 410 · 2024: 409 · 2023: 381 · 2022: 352 · 2021: 291 · 2020: 31
- FWCI
- 25.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Austrian Science Fund (Z_153_B09)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Keywords
- human organoids, stem cell-derived organoids, alternative to animal models, disease modeling, organogenesis, infectious diseases, genetic disorders, tumor models, patient-derived organoids, drug discovery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biology, Communicable Diseases, Genetic Engineering, Humans, Medicine, Neoplasms, Organoids, Stem Cells, Genetic Diseases, Inborn
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