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The global epidemiology of hypertension

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Mills, Katherine T., Stefanescu, Andrei, He, Jiang·2020·Nature Reviews Nephrology
DOI 10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
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Abstract

Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. Owing to the widespread use of antihypertensive medications, global mean blood pressure (BP) has remained constant or has decreased slightly over the past four decades. By contrast, the prevalence of hypertension has increased, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Estimates suggest that 31.1% of adults (1.39 billion) worldwide had hypertension in 2010. The prevalence of hypertension among adults was higher in LMICs (31.5%, 1.04 billion people) than in high-income countries (28.5%, 349 million people). Variations in the levels of risk factors for hypertension, such as high sodium intake, low potassium intake, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet, may explain some of the regional heterogeneity in hypertension prevalence. Despite the increasing prevalence, the proportions of hypertension awareness, treatment and BP control are low, particularly in LMICs, and few comprehensive assessments of the economic impact of hypertension exist. Future studies are warranted to test implementation strategies for hypertension prevention and control, especially in low-income populations, and to accurately assess the prevalence and financial burden of hypertension worldwide. Hypertension is the leading global cause of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. In this Review, the authors describe the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension worldwide, as well as risk factors for hypertension and the financial burden of this disease. Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. The prevalence and absolute burden of hypertension is rising globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension are unacceptably low worldwide, particularly in LMICs. Reductions in risk factors, including high sodium intake, low potassium intake, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet, are recommended for the prevention and control of hypertension. Multifaceted implementation strategies for hypertension prevention and control are needed to address barriers at the patient, provider, system and community levels. Comprehensive assessments are needed to evaluate the economic impact of hypertension worldwide.

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Metadata

Authors
Mills, K. T., Stefanescu, A., & He, J.
Venue
Nature Reviews Nephrology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-02-05
Volume
16
Issue
4
Pages
223-237
ISSN
  • 1745-8323 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-5061
  • 1759-507X
DOI
10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
OpenAlex
W3004465995
Cited by
4,133
References
41
FWCI
105.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence

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