Amyloid PET in clinical practice: Its place in the multidimensional space of Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Amyloid imaging is currently introduced to the market for clinical use. We will review the evidence demonstrating that the different amyloid PET ligands that are currently available are valid biomarkers for Alzheimer-related β amyloidosis. Based on recent findings from cross-sectional and longitudinal imaging studies using different modalities, we will incorporate amyloid imaging into a multidimensional model of Alzheimer's disease. Aside from the critical role in improving clinical trial design for amyloid-lowering drugs, we will also propose a tentative algorithm for when it may be useful in a memory clinic environment. Gaps in our evidence-based knowledge of the added value of amyloid imaging in a clinical context will be identified and will need to be addressed by dedicated studies of clinical utility.
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The early Aβ regions have been identified using PET ligands that bind primarily to dense-core Aβ aggregates and to a lesser extent or not at all to diffuse plaques.
“A limitation of our early Aβ regions is that they have been identified using PET ligands that bind to primarily dense-core Aβ aggregates and to a lesser extent or not at all to diffuse plaques39, 40.”
From Earliest accumulation of β-amyloid occurs within the default-mode network and concurrently affects brain connectivity (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
A strength of the methodology is that similar early Aβ regions were detected in two different cohorts using two different types of PET ligands; 18F-florbetapir and 18F-flutemetamol.
“Nonetheless, a strength of the methodology is that we could detect similar early Aβ regions in two different cohorts using two different types of PET ligands; 18F-florbetapir (a stilbene compound) and 18F-flutemetamol (an 18F-labeled analog of 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) derived from thioflavin T)40.”
From Earliest accumulation of β-amyloid occurs within the default-mode network and concurrently affects brain connectivity (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
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BackgroundGenome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer's disease
the European Alzheimer's Disease Initiative Investigators, Lambert, J.-C., Heath, S., Even, G., Campion, D., Sleegers, K., Hiltunen, M., Combarros, O., Zelenika, D., Bullido, M. J., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.439 · Cited by 2,234 · see citing works
Profound Loss of Layer II Entorhinal Cortex Neurons Occurs in Very Mild Alzheimer’s Disease
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“…familial impact, the public health burden may become unsurmountable for healthcare systems over the next decades (Brookmeyer et al., 2007; Hebert et al., 2001) except if more efficacious interventions to prevent, halt or slow down Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Brookmeyer et al., 1998) are discovered.”
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“11C-PIB retention values correlate with Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) measurements of Aβ42 more so than Aβ40 (Ikonomovic et al., 2012).”
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Tangle and neuron numbers, but not amyloid load, predict cognitive status in Alzheimer’s disease
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BackgroundInfluentialUse of Florbetapir-PET for Imaging β-Amyloid Pathology
Clark, C. M. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.2008 · Cited by 1,117 · cited 5× · see citing works
“High sensitivity and specificity values have also been obtained in the phase 3 clinicopathological studies, which included a variety of non-AD dementias, each in low number (Clark et al., 2011, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialImaging β-amyloid burden in aging and dementia
Rowe, C. C., Ng, S., Ackermann, U., Gong, S. J., Pike, K., Savage, G., Cowie, T. F., Dickinson, K. L., Maruff, P., Darby, D., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000261919.22630.ea · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
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In-vivo measurement of activated microglia in dementia
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Sperling, R. A., LaViolette, P. S., O'Keefe, K., O'Brien, J., Rentz, D. M., Pihlajamaki, M., Marshall, G., Hyman, B. T., Selkoe, D. J., Hedden, T., et al. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.003 · Cited by 1,027 · cited 1× · see citing works
“During encoding of associations between faces and names, the precuneus and temporoparietal cortex, partially overlapping with the posterior nodes of the default mode network, were less deactivated in amyloidpositive subjects compared to amyloid-negative subjects (Sperling et al., 2009).”
ResultHippocampal synaptic loss in early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
Scheff, S. W., Price, D. A., Schmitt, F. A., & Mufson, E. J. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.012 · Cited by 1,017 · cited 17× · see citing works
“The principal structural changes are: • Loss of synaptic density (Davis et al., 1999; DeKosky and Scheff, 1990; Scheff et al., 2006; Terry et al., 1991), starting in the dentate gyrus and correlated to episodic memory scores (Scheff et al., 2006) • Neuronal loss, starting in entorhinal cortex (Gómez-Isla et al., 1996)…”
BackgroundInfluentialAmyloid imaging results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging
Rowe, C. C., Ellis, K. A., Rimajova, M., Bourgeat, P., Pike, K. E., Jones, G., Fripp, J., Tochon-Danguy, H., Morandeau, L., O'Keefe, G., et al. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.007 · Cited by 986 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Within the MCI group, episodic memory scores are lower in the amyloid-positive than the −negative MCI cases (Rowe et al., 2010; Wolk et al., 2009).”
BackgroundJack, C. R., Lowe, V. J., Senjem, M. L., Weigand, S. D., Kemp, B. J., Shiung, M. M., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Klunk, W. E., Mathis, C. A., et al. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm336 · Cited by 958 · cited 4× · see citing works
“At the single-case level, several cases show dissociations between the presence of cortical 11C-PIB retention and hippocampal volume loss, in both directions (Jack et al., 2008; Vandenberghe et al., 2013).”
InfluentialPost-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease
Ikonomovic, M. D., Klunk, W. E., Abrahamson, E. E., Mathis, C. A., Price, J. C., Tsopelas, N. D., Lopresti, B. J., Ziolko, S., Bi, W., Paljug, W. R., et al. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn016 · Cited by 933 · cited 4× · see citing works
“There is no affinity for cerebellar plaques and only partial affinity for extracellular ‘ghost tangles’, probably due to adjacent neuritic plaques (Ikonomovic et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Anatomical Connections of the Macaque Monkey Orbitofrontal Cortex. A Review
Cavada, C. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.220 · Cited by 917 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Possibly, the latter pattern may relate to the connections of ventral striatum with mesolimbic and allocortical regions and with orbitofrontal cortex (Aggleton et al., 1987; Cavada et al., 2000; Haber et al., 1990), structures that are affected early in the AD course by neuronal loss and tau pathology.”
BackgroundAge, Neuropathology, and Dementia
Savva, G. M., Wharton, S. B., Ince, P. G., Forster, G., Matthews, F. E., & Brayne, C. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0806142 · Cited by 900 · cited 6× · see citing works
“In a prospective population-based series of 456 autopsy cases between 70 and 100 years of age (Savva et al., 2009), a strong relationship between dementia and the presence of NFT and neuritic plaqueswas seen until 75 years of age (Savva et al., 2009).”
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“Also, if disease-modifying drugs are introduced into the clinic,MRIGradient Echo sequencemay allow to detect cerebral amyloid angiopathywhich is associated with a higher risk for AmyloidRelated Imaging Abnormalities (Sperling et al., 2011), as seen in most passive immunization trials.”
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“High sensitivity and specificity values have also been obtained in the phase 3 clinicopathological studies, which included a variety of non-AD dementias, each in low number (Clark et al., 2011, 2012).”
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Discrimination between Alzheimer dementia and controls by automated analysis of multicenter FDG PET
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“, 2006) and severity (Herholz et al., 2002; Jagust et al., 2009; Rabinovici et al., 2010) of clinical deficits in AD.”
BackgroundInfluentialPike, K. E., Savage, G., Villemagne, V. L., Ng, S., Moss, S. A., Maruff, P., Mathis, C. A., Klunk, W. E., Masters, C. L., & Rowe, C. C. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm238 · Cited by 789 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Approximately 50% of MCI patients have a positive amyloid scan (Okello et al., 2009; Pike et al., 2007; Vandenberghe et al., 2010; Wolk et al., 2009), with highest proportions (89”
Associations between cognitive, functional, and FDG-PET measures of decline in AD and MCI
Landau, S. M., Harvey, D., Madison, C. M., Koeppe, R. A., Reiman, E. M., Foster, N. L., Weiner, M. W., & Jagust, W. J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.07.002 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Celone, K., Calhoun, V. D., Dickerson, B. C., Atri, A., Chua, E. F., Miller, S. L., DePeau, K. M., Rentz, D., Selkoe, D. J., Blacker, D., et al. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2250-06.2006 · Cited by 733 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Deactivation in PCC is inversely related to hippocampal activation (Celone et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPET of Brain Amyloid and Tau in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Small, G. W., Kepe, V., Ercoli, L. M., Siddarth, P., Bookheimer, S. Y., Miller, K. J., Lavretsky, H., Burggren, A. C., Cole, G. M., Vinters, H. V., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054625 · Cited by 731 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2010), and the naphthol (18)F-FDDNP (Small et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMosconi, L., Tsui, W. H., Herholz, K., Pupi, A., Drzezga, A., Lucignani, G., Reiman, E. M., Holthoff, V., Kalbe, E., Sorbi, S., et al. (2008) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.045385 · Cited by 726 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…Alzheimer's disease versus normal controls encompasses posterior cingulate and precuneus, temporoparietal association cortex, prefrontal and ventromedial frontal cortex, with sparing of primary sensory and motor cortex, basal ganglia and thalami (Herholz et al., 2002; Mosconi et al., 2008).”
PET imaging of amyloid deposition in patients with mild cognitive impairment
Forsberg, A., Engler, H., Almkvist, O., Blomquist, G., Hagman, G., Wall, A. E., Ringheim, A., Långström, B., & Nordberg, A. K. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.029 · Cited by 725 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A positive amyloid PET has a predictive value for future conversion to Alzheimer's disease according to early studies with follow-up periods up to 3 years (Forsberg et al., 2008; Nordberg et al., 2013; Okello et al., 2009).”
MethodConsensus Report of the Working Group on: “Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease”
The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer’s Association and, & National Institute on Aging Working Group (1998) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00022-0 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Rinne, J. O., Brooks, D. J., Rossor, M. N., Fox, N. C., Bullock, R., Klunk, W. E., Mathis, C. A., Blennow, K., Barakos, J., Okello, A. A., et al. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70043-0 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Episodic memory loss is related to hippocampal-mediated -amyloid deposition in elderly subjects
Mormino, E. C., Kluth, J. T., Madison, C. M., Rabinovici, G. D., Baker, S. L., Miller, B. L., Koeppe, R. A., Mathis, C. A., Weiner, M. W., Jagust, W. J., et al. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn320 · Cited by 684 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It has been suggested that in MCI the amyloid ligand retention values have a bimodal distribution, but currently, to the best of our knowledge, there is no statistical proof of such a bimodal distribution (Mormino et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodWong, D. F., Rosenberg, P. B., Zhou, Y., Kumar, A., Raymont, V., Ravert, H. T., Dannals, R. F., Nandi, A., Brašić, J. R., Ye, W., et al. (2010) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.069088 · Cited by 684 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2008) and (18)F-florbetapir (Wong et al., 2010), and the naphthol (18)F-FDDNP (Small et al.”
BackgroundIn Vivo Mapping of Gray Matter Loss with Voxel-Based Morphometry in Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Baron, J., Chételat, G., Desgranges, B., Perchey, G., Landeau, B., Sayette, V. D. L., & Eustache, F. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0848 · Cited by 683 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A relatively consistent spatiotemporal pattern of volume loss has been described using structural MRI (Baron et al., 2001; Becker et al., 2011; Rombouts et al., 2000; Whitwell et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRowe, C. C., Ackerman, U., Browne, W. F., Mulligan, R. S., Pike, K. E., O'Keefe, G. J., Tochon‐Danguy, H., Chan, G., Berlangieri, S. U., Jones, G. R., et al. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70001-2 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Vandenberghe, R. R., Laere, K. V., Ivanoiu, A., Salmon, É., Bastin, C., Triau, E., Hasselbalch, S. G., Law, I. G., Andersen, A., Kørner, A., et al. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22068 · Cited by 649 · cited 6× · see citing works
“The test–retest variability of the 18F-labeled amyloid ligand is provided in Table 3 (Cselényi et al., 2012; Joshi et al., 2012; Vandenberghe et al., 2010; Villemagne et al., 2011).”
InfluentialSelf-citationTwo-year follow-up of amyloid deposition in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Engler, H., Forsberg, A., Almkvist, O., Blomquist, G., Larsson, E., Savitcheva, I., Wall, A. E., Ringheim, A., Långström, B., & Nordberg, A. K. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl178 · Cited by 614 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The pattern of hypometabolism also correlates with the type (Engler et al., 2006) and severity (Herholz et al.”
BackgroundFDG-PET improves accuracy in distinguishing frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Foster, N. L., Heidebrink, J. L., Clark, C. M., Jagust, W. J., Arnold, S. E., Barbas, N. R., DeCarli, C. S., Scott Turner, R., Koeppe, R. A., Higdon, R., et al. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm177 · Cited by 608 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…to a comparative study of 11C-PIB and FDG-PET (Ng et al., 2007), but this may improve when statisticalmaps are used based on the contrast between an individual's scan and a normal database rather than visual reads of native images (Foster et al., 2007; Herholz et al., 2002; Mosconi et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMorris, J. C., Storandt, M., McKeel, D. W., Rubin, E. H., Price, J. L., Grant, E. A., & Berg, L. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.46.3.707 · Cited by 603 · cited 2× · see citing works
“There however remains debate about the pathological nature of diffuse as opposed to neuritic plaques (Masliah et al., 1990; Morris et al., 1996).”
BackgroundBarthel, H., Gertz, H., Dresel, S. H. J., Peters, O., Bartenstein, P., Büerger, K., Hiemeyer, F. J., Wittemer‐Rump, S., Seibyl, J. P., Reininger, C. B., et al. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70077-1 · Cited by 588 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2004), (18)F-florbetaben (Barthel et al., 2011; Rowe et al., 2008) and (18)F-florbetapir (Wong et al.”
BackgroundNeurofibrillary Tangles, Amyloid, and Memory in Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Guillozet-Bongaarts, A. L., Weıntraub, S., Mash, D. C., & Mesulam, M. M. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.5.729 · Cited by 572 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The clinical phenotype and severity in AD is determined principally by the topographic distribution and density of neuronal loss and NFTs, starting in the hippocampal formation and extending into inferior and lateral temporal cortex and beyond (Arriagada et al., 1992; Bancher et al., 1993; Giannakopoulos et al., 1998,…”
BackgroundConversion of amyloid positive and negative MCI to AD over 3 years
Okello, A., Koivunen, J., Edison, P., Archer, H. A., Turkheimer, F., Någren, K., Bullock, R. M., Walker, Z., Kennedy, A. M., Fox, N. C., et al. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181b23564 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Alzheimer neuropathologic alterations in aged cognitively normal subjects
Davis, D. G., Schmitt, F. A., Wekstein, D. R., & Markesbery, W. R. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199904000-00008 · Cited by 516 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The principal structural changes are: • Loss of synaptic density (Davis et al., 1999; DeKosky and Scheff, 1990; Scheff et al., 2006; Terry et al., 1991), starting in the dentate gyrus and correlated to episodic memory scores (Scheff et al., 2006) • Neuronal loss, starting in entorhinal cortex…”
BackgroundImaging of amyloid burden and distribution in cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Johnson, K. A., Gregas, M., Becker, J. A., Kinnecom, C., Salat, D. H., Moran, E. K., Smith, E. E., Rosand, J., Rentz, D. M., Klunk, W. E., et al. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21164 · Cited by 495 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, 2011), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (Dhollander et al., 2011; Dierksen et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2007) and frontotemporal degeneration (Rabinovici et al.”
BackgroundAβ amyloid and glucose metabolism in three variants of primary progressive aphasia
Rabinovici, G. D., Jagust, W. J., Furst, A. J., Ogar, J. M., Racine, C. A., Mormino, E. C., O'Neil, J. P., Lal, R. A., Dronkers, N. F., Miller, B. L., et al. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21451 · Cited by 477 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…et al., 2011), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (Dhollander et al., 2011; Dierksen et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2007) and frontotemporal degeneration (Rabinovici et al., 2007, 2008, 2011; Rowe et al., 2007; Villemagne et al., 2011) and determined sensitivity and specificity with the clinical…”
BackgroundThe importance of neuritic plaques and tangles to the development and evolution of AD
Tiraboschi, P., Hansen, L. A., Thal, L. J., & Corey-Bloom, J. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000129697.01779.0a · Cited by 477 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They subsequently spread to inferior temporal and lateral temporal cortex (stage III/IV) and then become widely distributed over neocortical association zones (stages V/VI) (Braak and Braak, 1991; Hyman et al., 2012; Tiraboschi et al., 2004).”
BackgroundAnnual Incidence of Alzheimer Disease in the United States Projected to the Years 2000 Through 2050
Hebert, L. E., Beckett, L. A., Scherr, P. A., & Evans, D. A. (2001) · Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-200110000-00002 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Relationships between biomarkers in aging and dementia
Jagust, W. J., Landau, S. M., Shaw, L. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Koeppe, R. A., Reiman, E. M., Foster, N. L., Petersen, R. C., Weiner, M. W., Price, J. C., et al. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181bc010c · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity Failure in Alzheimer's Disease
Mesulam, M.-M. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81109-5 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Mechanism of amyloid removal in patients with Alzheimer disease treated with gantenerumab
Ostrowitzki, S. (2012) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.1538 · Cited by 431 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Both in Rinne et al. (2010) and Ostrowitzki et al. (2012), competition assays did not reveal any alteration of the tracer affinity of amyloid plaques due to the passive immunization.”
BackgroundInfluentialEdison, P., Rowe, C. C., Rinne, J. O., Ng, S., Ahmed, I., Kemppainen, N. M., Villemagne, V. L., O'Keefe, G. J., Någren, K., Chaudhuri, К. R., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.127878 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
11 C-PIB PET imaging in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Rabinovici, G. D., Furst, A. J., O’Neil, J. P., Racine, C. A., Mormino, E. C., Baker, S. L., Chetty, S., Patel, P. R., Pagliaro, T. A., Klunk, W. E., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000259035.98480.ed · Cited by 408 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…et al., 2011), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (Dhollander et al., 2011; Dierksen et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2007) and frontotemporal degeneration (Rabinovici et al., 2007, 2008, 2011; Rowe et al., 2007; Villemagne et al., 2011) and determined sensitivity and specificity with the clinical…”
Joshi, A. D., Pontecorvo, M. J., Clark, C. M., Carpenter, A. P., Jennings, D. L., Sadowsky, C., Adler, L. P., Kovnat, K. D., Seibyl, J. P., Arora, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.090340 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
MRI correlates of neurofibrillary tangle pathology at autopsy: A voxel-based morphometry study
Whitwell, J. L., Josephs, K. A., Murray, M. E., Kantarci, K., Przybelski, S. A., Weigand, S. D., Vemuri, P., Senjem, M. L., Parisi, J. E., Knopman, D. S., et al. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324924.91351.7d · Cited by 376 · cited 15× · see citing works
“Task-related fMRI can reveal adaptive changes in cognitive brain circuits during cognitive processing which may provide resilience against the functional impact of amyloid pathology.”
BackgroundInfluentialLa Joie, R., Perrotin, A., Barré, L., Hommet, C., Mézenge, F., Ibazizene, M., Camus, V., Abbas, A., Landeau, B., Guilloteau, D., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2170-12.2012 · Cited by 374 · cited 3× · see citing works
“A third pattern is seen in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with high ligand retention and limited volume loss or hypometabolism (Jack et al., 2008; La Joie et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAmyloid Imaging with18F-Florbetaben in Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
Villemagne, V. L., Ong, K. T., Mulligan, R. S., Holl, G., Pejoska, S., Jones, G. R., O'Keefe, G. J., Ackerman, U., Tochon‐Danguy, H., Chan, J. G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.089730 · Cited by 374 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…et al., 2011; Dierksen et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2007) and frontotemporal degeneration (Rabinovici et al., 2007, 2008, 2011; Rowe et al., 2007; Villemagne et al., 2011) and determined sensitivity and specificity with the clinical diagnosis as standard-of-truth (Villemagne et al., 2011).”
Relationship between atrophy and β‐amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease
Chételat, G., Villemagne, V. L., Bourgeat, P., Pike, K. E., Jones, G., Ames, D., Ellis, K. A., Szoeke, C., Martins, R. N., O'Keefe, G. J., et al. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21955 · Cited by 373 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Within the MCI or AD group, global (11)PIB-retention levels do not correlate with structural volume loss (Bourgeat et al., 2010; Chételat et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCholinergic nucleus basalis tauopathy emerges early in the aging‐MCI‐AD continuum
Mesulam, M. M., Shaw, P. L., Mash, D. C., & Weıntraub, S. (2004) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20100 · Cited by 365 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These NFT stages correlate relatively well with neuronal loss and with the severity of clinical symptoms (Arriagada et al., 1992; Bancher et al., 1993; Giannakopoulos et al., 1998, 2003; Guillozet et al., 2003; Mesulam, 1999; Mesulam et al., 2004).”
BackgroundChételat, G., Joie, R. L., Villain, N., Perrotin, A., Sayette, V. D. L., Eustache, F., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.02.006 · Cited by 353 · cited 5× · see citing works
“A second clinically relevant issue is the prevalence of ‘intermediate values’ (see also side-to-side review by Chételat et al. (2013)).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAmyloid‐β associated cortical thinning in clinically normal elderly
Becker, J. A., Hedden, T., Carmasin, J., Maye, J., Rentz, D. M., Putcha, D., Fischl, B., Greve, D. N., Marshall, G. A., Salloway, S., et al. (2011) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22333 · Cited by 342 · cited 15× · see citing works
“Task-related fMRI can reveal adaptive changes in cognitive brain circuits during cognitive processing which may provide resilience against the functional impact of amyloid pathology.”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular imaging with Pittsburgh Compound B confirmed at autopsy: a case report.
Bacskai, B. J., Frosch, M. P., Freeman, S. H., Raymond, S. B., Augustinack, J. C., Johnson, K. A., Irizarry, M. C., Klunk, W. E., Mathis, C. A., DeKosky, S. T., et al. (2007) · PubMed · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.3.431 · Cited by 341 · cited 6× · see citing works
“White matter lesions due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) would be expected to bind amyloid ligands given the affinity of 11C-PIB for CAA (Bacskai et al., 2007;Dhollander et al., 2011;Dierksen et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2007; Lockhart et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialAmyloid imaging in mild cognitive impairment subtypes
Wolk, D. A., Price, J. C., Saxton, J. A., Snitz, B. E., James, J. A., López, O. L., Aizenstein, H. J., Cohen, A. D., Weissfeld, L. A., Mathis, C. A., et al. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21598 · Cited by 339 · cited 5× · see citing works
“%) in the multidomain amnestic MCI subtype (Wolk et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialNelissen, N., Laere, K. V., Thurfjell, L., Owenius, R., Vandenbulcke, M., Koole, M. J. B., Bormans, G. M., Brooks, D. J., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2009) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.063305 · Cited by 331 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…use are the thioflavin T derived 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) (Klunk et al., 2004), its 18F-labeled analog 18F-flutemetamol (Koole et al., 2009; Nelissen et al., 2009), the benzofuranes 11C-AZD-2184 (Nyberg et al., 2009) and 18F-AZD-4694 (Cselényi et al., 2012), the benzoxazole 11C-BF-227…”
BackgroundSelf-citation18F-THK523: a novel in vivo tau imaging ligand for Alzheimer's disease
Fodero‐Tavoletti, M. T., Okamura, N., Furumoto, S., Mulligan, R. S., Connor, A. R., McLean, C., Cao, D., Rigopoulos, A., Cartwright, G. A., O'Keefe, G. J., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr038 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
In-Vivo Imaging of Alzheimer Disease -Amyloid With [11C]SB-13 PET
Verhoeff, N. P. L. G., Wilson, A. A., Takeshita, S., Trop, L., Hussey, D., Singh, K., Kung, H. F., Kung, M.-P., & Houle, S. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.6.584 · Cited by 323 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…(Nyberg et al., 2009) and 18F-AZD-4694 (Cselényi et al., 2012), the benzoxazole 11C-BF-227 (Furukawa et al., 2010), the stilbene compounds 11C-SB (Verhoeff et al., 2004), 18F-florbetaben (Barthel et al., 2011; Rowe et al., 2008) and 18F-florbetapir (Wong et al., 2010), and the naphthol 18F-FDDNP…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAmyloid vs FDG-PET in the differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD
Rabinovici, G. D., Rosen, H. J., Alkalay, A., Kornak, J., Furst, A. J., Agarwal, N., Mormino, E. C., O'Neil, J. P., Janabi, M., Karydas, A., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31823b9c5e · Cited by 318 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Interrater agreement of the visual reads was higher for 11C-PIB (Fleiss κ 0.96) than for FDG-PET (Fleiss κ 0.72) (Rabinovici et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBancher, C., Braak, H., Fischer, P., & Jellinger, K. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90590-h · Cited by 314 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The clinical phenotype and severity in AD is determined principally by the topographic distribution and density of neuronal loss and NFTs, starting in the hippocampal formation and extending into inferior and lateral temporal cortex and beyond (Arriagada et al., 1992; Bancher et al., 1993; Giannakopoulos et al., 1998,…”
BackgroundCell-to-cell transmission of non-prion protein aggregates
Lee, S., Desplats, P., Sigurdson, C. J., Tsigelny, I. F., & Masliah, E. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.145 · Cited by 307 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This resonates with the basic neurobiological idea of self-propagation of Aβ deposition (Lee et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPIB is a non-specific imaging marker of amyloid-beta (A ) peptide-related cerebral amyloidosis
Lockhart, A., Lamb, J. R., Osredkar, T., Sue, L. I., Joyce, J. N., Ye, L., Libri, V., Leppert, D., & Beach, T. G. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm191 · Cited by 302 · cited 2× · see citing works
“There however remains debate about the pathological nature of diffuse as opposed to neuritic plaques (Masliah et al., 1990; Morris et al., 1996).”
BackgroundHyman, B., Marzloff, K., & Arriagada, P. (1993) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199311000-00006 · Cited by 294 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At a certain stage the increase in β amyloid aggregatesmay level off, also referred to as a ‘growth arrest’ of the amyloid plaques (Christie et al., 2001; Hyman et al., 1993).”
BackgroundHaber, S. N., Lynd‐Balta, E., Klein, C. M., & Groenewegen, H. J. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902930210 · Cited by 291 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Possibly, the latter pattern may relate to the connections of ventral striatum with mesolimbic and allocortical regions and with orbitofrontal cortex (Aggleton et al., 1987; Cavada et al., 2000; Haber et al., 1990), structures that are affected early in the AD course by neuronal loss and tau pathology.”
BackgroundRabinovici, G. D., Furst, A. J., Alkalay, A., Racine, C. A., O’Neil, J. P., Janabi, M., Baker, S. L., Agarwal, N., Bonasera, S. J., Mormino, E. C., et al. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp326 · Cited by 280 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, 2006) and severity (Herholz et al., 2002; Jagust et al., 2009; Rabinovici et al., 2010) of clinical deficits in AD.”
BackgroundCognitive impairment, decline and fluctuations in older community-dwelling subjects with Lewy bodies
Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Yu, L., Boyle, P. A., Leurgans, S. E., & Bennett, D. A. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws234 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Ng, S., Villemagne, V. L., Berlangieri, S. U., Lee, S.-T., Cherk, M. H., Gong, S., Ackermann, U., Saunder, T., Tochon‐Danguy, H., Jones, G. R., et al. (2007) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.106.037762 · Cited by 258 · cited 12× · see citing works
“Binary reads, however, of FDG-PET scans are performed by nuclear medicine physicians on a daily basis and it is therefore of clinical relevance to compare the diagnostic accuracy of binary classification of FDG-PET with that of amyloid PET.”
MethodInfluentialVillain, N., Chételat, G., Grassiot, B., Bourgeat, P., Jones, G., Ellis, K. A., Ames, D., Martins, R. N., Eustache, F., Salvado, O., et al. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws125 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationHof, P. R., Vogt, B. A., Bouras, C., & Morrison, J. H. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00240-4 · Cited by 246 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In atypical variants of AD, such as posterior cortical atrophy (Hof et al., 1993, 1997; von Gunten et al., 2006) or the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (Gefen et al., 2012), the unusual clinical phenotype at initial presentation is mirrored by an unusual distribution of neuronal…”
BackgroundClinical amyloid imaging in Alzheimer's disease
Herholz, K., & Ebmeier, K. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70123-5 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Amyloid-β assessed by florbetapir F 18 PET and 18-month cognitive decline
Doraiswamy, P. M., Sperling, R. A., Coleman, R. E., Johnson, K. A., Reiman, E. M., Davis, M. D., Grundman, M., Sabbagh, M. N., Sadowsky, C., Fleisher, A., et al. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182661f74 · Cited by 228 · cited 4× · see citing works
“37% of MCI patients were amyloid positive (Doraiswamy et al., 2012).”
InfluentialClinical Validation of 18 F-AZD4694, an Amyloid-β–Specific PET Radioligand
Cselényi, Z., Eriksdotter, M., Forsberg, A., Halldin, C., Julin, P., Schou, M., Johnström, P., Varnäs, K., Svensson, S., & Farde, L. (2012) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.094029 · Cited by 225 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The test–retest variability of the (18)F-labeled amyloid ligand is provided in Table 3 (Cselényi et al., 2012; Joshi et al., 2012; Vandenberghe et al., 2010; Villemagne et al., 2011).”
MethodInfluentialBourgeat, P., Chételat, G., Villemagne, V. L., Fripp, J., Raniga, P., Pike, K., Acosta, O., Szoeke, C., Ourselin, S., Ames, D., et al. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181c918b5 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationKoole, M. J. B., Lewis, D. M., Buckley, C. J., Nelissen, N., Vandenbulcke, M., Brooks, D. J., Vandenberghe, R. R., & Laere, K. V. (2009) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.060756 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationOkamura, N., Suemoto, T., Furumoto, S., Suzuki, M., Shimadzu, H., Akatsu, H., Yamamoto, T., Fujiwara, H., Nemoto, M., Maruyama, M., et al. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1738-05.2005 · Cited by 212 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2001) or tau hyperphosphorylation (Fodero-Tavoletti et al., 2011; Okamura et al., 2005).”
Diffuse plaques do not accentuate synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease.
(1990) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Stankoff, B., Freeman, L. A., Aigrot, M., Chardain, A., Dollé, F., Williams, A., Damien Galanaud, E., Armand, L., Lehéricy, S., Lubetzki, C., et al. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22320 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cairns, N. J., Ikonomović, M. D., Benzinger, T. L. S., Storandt, M., Fagan, A. M., Shah, A. R., Taylor‐Reinwald, L., Carter, D. R., Felton, A., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.279 · Cited by 203 · cited 5× · see citing works
“If the amyloid plaque area is used as comparator and both neuritic and diffuse plaques are counted, false-positives have not been described until now and false-negatives only exceptionally (Cairns et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLeinonen, V. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.65.10.noc80013 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Christie, R. H., Bacskai, B. J., Zipfel, W. R., Williams, R. M., Kajdasz, S. T., Webb, W. W., & Hyman, B. T. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-03-00858.2001 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Spatial relation between microbleeds and amyloid deposits in amyloid angiopathy
Dierksen, G. A., Skehan, M. E., Khan, M. A., Jeng, J., Nandigam, R. N. K., Becker, J. A., Kumar, A., Neal, K. L., Betensky, R. A., Frosch, M. P., et al. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22099 · Cited by 195 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…such as Lewy body disease (Edison et al., 2008; Rowe et al., 2007; Villemagne et al., 2011), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (Dhollander et al., 2011; Dierksen et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2007) and frontotemporal degeneration (Rabinovici et al., 2007, 2008, 2011; Rowe et al., 2007; Villemagne et…”
BackgroundComparison of 11C-PiB and 18F-florbetaben for Aβ imaging in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease
Villemagne, V. L., Mulligan, R. S., Pejoska, S., Ong, K. T., Jones, G. R., O'Keefe, G. J., Chan, J. G., Young, K., Tochon‐Danguy, H., Masters, C. L., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2088-x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
A European multicentre PET study of fibrillar amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease
Nordberg, A., Carter, S. F., Rinne, J., Drzezga, A., Brooks, D. J., Vandenberghe, R., Perani, D., Forsberg, A., Långström, B., Scheinin, N., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2237-2 · Cited by 186 · cited 3× · see citing works
“A positive amyloid PET has a predictive value for future conversion to Alzheimer's disease according to early studies with follow-up periods up to 3 years (Forsberg et al., 2008; Nordberg et al., 2013; Okello et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationIdentification of pure subcortical vascular dementia using <sup>11</sup> C-Pittsburgh compound B
Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., Kim, G. H., Seo, S. W., Park, H. K., Oh, S. J., Kim, J. S., Cheong, H. K., & Na, D. L. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318221acee · Cited by 179 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a study of 45 cases with subcortical vascular disease in the absence of large-vessel stroke or macrohemorrhage, approximately one third of cases were (11)C-PIB positive (Lee et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Positron Emission Tomography β-Amyloid Plaque Imaging Agents
Mathis, C. A., Mason, N. S., Lopresti, B. J., & Klunk, W. E. (2012) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.07.001 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Schöll, M., Wall, A., Thordardottir, S., Ferreira, D., Bogdanovic, N., Långström, B., Almkvist, O., Graff, C., & Nordberg, A. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31825fdf18 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Unbiased whole-brain analysis of gray matter loss in Alzheimer's disease
Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Barkhof, F., Witter, M. P., & Scheltens, P. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01067-3 · Cited by 168 · cited 15× · see citing works
“Task-related fMRI can reveal adaptive changes in cognitive brain circuits during cognitive processing which may provide resilience against the functional impact of amyloid pathology.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, K., Langbaum, J. B. S., Fleisher, A., Ayutyanont, N., Reschke, C., Lee, W., Liu, X., Bandy, D., Alexander, G. E., Thompson, P. M., et al. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.064 · Cited by 166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Longitudinal studies based on FDG-PET have demonstrated widespread metabolic changes in MCI and AD, affecting, among other regions, posterior cingulate, precuneus, and medial temporal cortex (Chen et al., 2010; Fouquet et al., 2009).”
In vivo and post-mortem memory circuit integrity in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
Hornberger, M., Wong, S., Tan, R. H., Irish, M., Piguet, O., Kril, J. J., Hodges, J. R., & Halliday, G. M. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws239 · Cited by 165 · cited 4× · see citing works
“For instance, awareness is increasing that FTLDmay present initiallywith an amnestic syndrome that is hardly distinguishable fromwhat is seen in AD (Hornberger et al., 2012; Pao et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialIn vivo amyloid imaging in autopsy-confirmed Parkinson disease with dementia
Burack, M. A., Hartlein, J. M., Flores, H., Taylor-Reinwald, L., Perlmutter, J. S., & Cairns, N. J. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181c7da8e · Cited by 163 · cited 6× · see citing works
“For instance, Burack et al. (2010) reported 3 cases with Parkinson disease dementia, two of whom had a positive 11C-PIB scan within 15 months of death.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRelationship of Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers to11C-PiB and18F-FDDNP Binding
Tolboom, N., van der Flier, W. M., Yaqub, M. M., Boellaard, R., Verwey, N. A., Blankenstein, M. A., Windhorst, A. D., Scheltens, P., Lammertsma, A. A., & van Berckel, B. N. M. (2009) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.064360 · Cited by 160 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Values in hippocampus were higher for 18F-FDDNP than for 11C-PIB (Shin et al., 2010; Tolboom et al., 2009a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGurol, M. E., Viswanathan, A., Gidicsin, C. M., Hedden, T., Martínez‐Ramírez, S., Dumas, A. P., Vashkevich, A., Ayres, A. M., Auriel, E., van Etten, E. S., et al. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23830 · Cited by 159 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The amount of white matter hyperintensities correlates with (11)C-PIB based measures of Aβ load in patients with clinically probable CAA but not in AD (Gurol et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAmyloid and tau proteins in cortical brain biopsy and Alzheimer's disease
Leinonen, V., Koivisto, A. M., Savolainen, S., Rummukainen, J. K., Tamminen, J. N., Tillgren, T., Vainikka, S., Pyykkö, O. T., Mölsä, J. A. A., zu Fraunberg, M. V. U., et al. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22100 · Cited by 149 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These studies confirmed the correlation between ligand retention levels and β amyloid plaque surface area (Leinonen et al., 2013; Rinne et al., 2012; Wong et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLongitudinal brain metabolic changes from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease
Fouquet, M., Desgranges, B., Landeau, B., Duchesnay, É., Mézenge, F., Sayette, V. D. L., Viader, F., Baron, J., Eustache, F., & Chételat, G. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp132 · Cited by 148 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Longitudinal studies based on FDG-PET have demonstrated widespread metabolic changes in MCI and AD, affecting, among other regions, posterior cingulate, precuneus, and medial temporal cortex (Chen et al., 2010; Fouquet et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCognition, glucose metabolism and amyloid burden in Alzheimer's disease
Furst, A. J., Rabinovici, G. D., Rostomian, A. H., Steed, T., Alkalay, A., Racine, C. A., Miller, B. L., & Jagust, W. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.011 · Cited by 144 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In contrast, in controls, MCI and AD, amyloid ligand retention only showed a small increase over time in the absence of between-group differences (Jack et al., 2009) and without any relationship to cognitive decline (Fouquet et al., 2009; Furst et al., 2012; Landau et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultWhite matter hyperintensities predict amyloid increase in Alzheimer's disease
Grimmer, T., Faust, M., Auer, F., Alexopoulos, P., Förstl, H., Henriksen, G., Perneczky, R., Sorg, C., Yousefi, B. H., Drzezga, A. E., et al. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.01.016 · Cited by 139 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, 2010) and vascular white matter lesions (Grimmer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundClinically concordant variations of Alzheimer pathology in aphasic versus amnestic dementia
Gefen, T. D., Gasho, K., RADEMAKER, A. W., Lalehzari, M., Weıntraub, S., Rogalski, E. J., Wieneke, C., Bigio, E. H., Geula, C., & Mesulam, M. M. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws076 · Cited by 131 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2006) or the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (Gefen et al., 2012), the unusual clinical phenotype at initial presentation is mirrored by an unusual distribution of neuronal loss and NFTs.”
BackgroundRudelli, R. D., Ambler, M. W., & Wı́sniewski, H. M. (1984) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00690393 · Cited by 129 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Early neuropathological studies have revealed the presence of amyloid plaques in striatum (Brilliant et al., 1997; Gearing et al., 1993; Rudelli et al., 1984), in particular the ventral striatum (Suenaga et al.”
BackgroundThe pursuit of susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease: progress and prospects
Sleegers, K., Lambert, J.-C., Bertram, L., Cruts, M., Amouyel, P., & Van Broeckhoven, C. (2010) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.12.004 · Cited by 129 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A multidimensional view fits with recent genetic evidence in sporadic AD (Lambert et al., 2009; Sleegers et al., 2010): AD can be regarded as a network of multiple pathways with multiple hubs that may separately and interactively result in a given behavioral phenotype.”
BackgroundDissociation of neuropathology from severity of dementia in late-onset Alzheimer disease
Prohovnik, I., Perl, D. P., Davis, K. L., Libow, L. S., Lesser, G. T., & Haroutunian, V. H. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000191298.68045.50 · Cited by 129 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As age increases, the classical hallmark lesions of AD (NFT and neuritic plaques) allow one to discriminate less and less reliably between subjects with versus without dementia (Davis et al., 1999; Prohovnik et al., 2006).”
BackgroundFollow-up of [ 11 C]PIB uptake and brain volume in patients with Alzheimer disease and controls
Scheinin, N. M., Aalto, S., Koikkalainen, J. R., Lötjönen, J. M. P., Karrasch, M., Kemppainen, N. M., Viitanen, M. H., Någren, K., Helin, S., Scheinin, M., et al. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181bacf1b · Cited by 128 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, in both AD and controls, a 3–4% increase in 11C-PIB uptake over a two-year period was restricted tomedial frontal cortex (Scheinin et al., 2009).”
Wolk, D. A., Zhang, Z., Boudhar, S., Clark, C. M., Pontecorvo, M. J., & Arnold, S. E. (2012) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-302548 · Cited by 121 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Wolk et al. (2012) compared 18F-florbetapir and 11C-PIB in 14 AD and 15 healthy controls.”
BackgroundSpatial patterns of brain amyloid- burden and atrophy rate associations in mild cognitive impairment
Tosun, D., Schuff, N. W., Mathis, C. A., Jagust, W., Weiner, M. W., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr044 · Cited by 117 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In MCI, Tosun et al. (2011) performed a parallel independent component analysis of baseline amyloid scans and brain atrophy rates over the subsequent year.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSojkova, J., Driscoll, I. F., Iacono, D., Zhou, Y., Codispoti, K.-E., Kraut, M. A., Ferrucci, L., Pletniková, O., Mathis, C. A., Klunk, W. E., et al. (2011) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.357 · Cited by 112 · cited 6× · see citing works
“In the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), a communityrecruited cohort is followed longitudinally with cognitive assessments until close to time of death and brain autopsy (Driscoll et al., 2012; Sojkova et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevanand, D. P., Mikhno, A., Pelton, G. H., Cuasay, K., Pradhaban, G., Kumar, J. S. D., Upton, N., Lai, R. Y. K., Gunn, R. N., Libri, V., et al. (2010) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988710363715 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Hof, P. R., Archin, N. M., Osmand, A. P., Dougherty, J. H., Wells, C. E., Bouras, C., & Morrison, J. H. (1993) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00304135 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In atypical variants of AD, such as posterior cortical atrophy (Hof et al., 1993, 1997; von Gunten et al., 2006) or the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (Gefen et al., 2012), the unusual clinical phenotype at initial presentation is mirrored by an unusual distribution of neuronal…”
BackgroundDriscoll, I., Troncoso, J. C., Rudow, G., Sojkova, J., Pletnikova, O., Zhou, Y., Kraut, M. A., Ferrucci, L., Mathis, C. A., Klunk, W. E., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-1025-1 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Grimmer, T., Tholen, S., Yousefi, B. H., Alexopoulos, P., Förschler, A., Förstl, H., Henriksen, G., Klunk, W. E., Mathis, C. A., Perneczky, R., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.013 · Cited by 101 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Besides Aβ load at baseline, other baseline factors that have been associated with a higher increase in Aβ load over time in AD are APOE 4 status (Grimmer et al., 2010) and vascular white matter lesions (Grimmer et al.”
BackgroundHippocampal Sclerosis in the Elderly
Pao, W. C., Dickson, D. W., Crook, J. E., Finch, N. A., Rademakers, R., & Graff‐Radford, N. R. (2011) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e31820f8f50 · Cited by 98 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…an unusual distribution of neuronal loss and NFTs. Conversely, when other proteinopathies, such as Tar DNA Binding Protein (TDP)43-proteinopathies (Pao et al., 2011) or tauopathies (Hornberger et al., 2012) have an atypical distribution and predominantly affect medial temporal cortex, they may…”
BackgroundIkonomovic, M., Abrahamson, E., Price, J., Hamilton, R., Mathis, C., Paljug, W. R., Debnath, M., Cohen, A., Mizukami, K., Dekosky, S., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0943-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Detection of amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease with positron emission tomography using [11C]AZD2184
Nyberg, S., Eriksdotter, M., Cselényi, Z., Halldin, C., Julin, P., Olsson, H., Freund‐Levi, Y., Andersson, J. D., Varnäs, K., Svensson, S., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1182-1 · Cited by 85 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2009), the benzofuranes (11)C-AZD-2184 (Nyberg et al., 2009) and (18)F-AZD-4694 (Cselényi et al.”
BackgroundWomack, K. B., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Aizenstein, H. J., Arnold, S. E., Barbas, N. R., Boeve, B. F., Clark, C. M., DeCarli, C. S., Jagust, W. J., Leverenz, J. B., et al. (2011) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.295 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Deficient high-affinity binding of Pittsburgh compound B in a case of Alzheimer’s disease
Rosen, R. F., Ciliax, B. J., Wingo, T. S., Gearing, M., Dooyema, J. M., Lah, J. J., Ghiso, J. A., LeVine, H., & Walker, L. C. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0583-3 · Cited by 82 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Some neuropathologically definite PIB-negative AD cases however have neuritic plaques that seem ‘11C-PIB refractory’ (Rosen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRinne, J. O., Wong, D. F., Wolk, D. A., Leinonen, V., Arnold, S. E., Buckley, C. J., Smith, A. P. L., McLain, R. W., Sherwin, P. F., Farrar, G., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-1051-z · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Suenaga, T., Hirano, A., Llena, J. F., Yen, S. H., & Dickson, D. W. (1990) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00294646 · Cited by 80 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The plaques in dorsal and ventral striatum are immunochemically distinct from cortical plaques and also differ between dorsal and ventral striatum, with relatively more diffuse plaques in dorsal striatum and more dystrophic neurites in association with the plaques in ventral striatum (Suenaga et al., 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialShin, J., Lee, S., Kim, S. J., Kim, S., Cho, S., & Kim, Y.-B. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.013 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Test-retest variability of quantitative [11C]PIB studies in Alzheimer’s disease
Tolboom, N., Yaqub, M. M., Boellaard, R., Luurtsema, G., Windhorst, A. D., Scheltens, P., Lammertsma, A. A., & van Berckel, B. N. M. (2009) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1129-6 · Cited by 76 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In MCI, Tosun et al. (2011) performed a parallel independent component analysis of baseline amyloid scans and brain atrophy rates over the subsequent year.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNeural substrates of cognitive and behavioral deficits in atypical Alzheimer's disease
von Gunten, A., Bouras, C., Kövari, E., Giannakopoulos, P., & Hof, P. R. (2006) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.003 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In atypical variants of AD, such as posterior cortical atrophy (Hof et al., 1993, 1997; von Gunten et al., 2006) or the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (Gefen et al., 2012), the unusual clinical phenotype at initial presentation is mirrored by an unusual distribution of neuronal…”
BackgroundAggleton, J. P., Friedman, D. P., & Mishkin, M. (1987) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00247288 · Cited by 70 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Possibly, the latter pattern may relate to the connections of ventral striatum with mesolimbic and allocortical regions and with orbitofrontal cortex (Aggleton et al., 1987; Cavada et al., 2000; Haber et al., 1990), structures that are affected early in the AD course by neuronal loss and tau pathology.”
BackgroundAnte mortem amyloid imaging and β-amyloid pathology in a case with dementia with Lewy bodies
Kantarci, K., Yang, C., Schneider, J. A., Senjem, M. L., Reyes, D. A., Lowe, V. J., Barnes, L. L., Aggarwal, N. T., Bennett, D. A., Smith, G. E., et al. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.007 · Cited by 70 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…2012), caseswith abundant diffuse plaques and no or sparse neuritic plaques may be associated with a positive amyloid scan, although such cases would not meet CERAD or NIA-RI neuropathological criteria for AD (Bacskai et al., 2007; Burack et al., 2010; Kantarci et al., 2012; Sojkova et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWord Reading and Posterior Temporal Dysfunction in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Vandenbulcke, M., Peeters, R. R., Dupont, P. J., Hecke, P. V., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj179 · Cited by 68 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…changes in the language network occur in the posterior part of the left superior temporal sulcus and these changes correlate with subclinical changes in written word identification speed, in line with the critical role of this region in lexical-semantic retrieval (Vandenbulcke et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA amyloid deposition in the language system and how the brain responds
Nelissen, N., Vandenbulcke, M., Fannes, K., Verbruggen, A., Peeters, R. R., Dupont, P. J., Laere, K. V., Bormans, G. M., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm133 · Cited by 67 · cited 7× · see citing works
“…between 11C-PIB levels in this region and the clinical deficit (Nelissen et al., 2007). fMRI activity levels to the homotopical right side show increased activity in those patients whohad preserved naming on the confrontation naming, suggestive of a compensatory increase (Nelissen et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTarget-Specific PET Probes for Neurodegenerative Disorders Related to Dementia
Kadir, A., & Nordberg, A. K. (2010) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.077164 · Cited by 64 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In a studywith 3–5 years follow-up, 11C-PIB uptake increased in MCI but remained stationary in the AD group, be it with considerable inter-individual heterogeneity (Kadir and Nordberg, 2010).”
BackgroundVandenberghe, R. R., Nelissen, N., Salmon, É., Ivanoiu, A., Hasselbalch, S. G., Andersen, A., Kørner, A., Minthon, L., Brooks, D. J., Laere, K. V., et al. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.015 · Cited by 63 · cited 8× · see citing works
“The gray matter based classifier classified more scans from healthy controls as pathological than the 18F-flutemetamol based classifier (Vandenberghe et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBartlett, J. W., Frost, C. D., Mattsson, N., Skillbäck, T. B., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., & Schott, J. M. (2012) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.12.49 · Cited by 63 · cited 2× · see citing works
“From the viewpoint of implementation in a clinical environment, CSF biomarkers still have to go through the standardization steps that other diagnostic laboratory tests, e.g. for measuring protein levels in blood, have gone through (Bartlett et al., 2012; Mattsson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDuara, R., Loewenstein, D., Shen, Q., Barker, W., Potter, E., Varón, D., Heurlin, K., Vandenberghe, R. R., & Buckley, C. J. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.01.006 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This could be partly explained by the overlap in hippocampal volumes between the AD group and the controls (Duara et al., 2012; Thurfjell et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThurfjell, L., Lötjönen, J. M. P., Lundqvist, R., Koikkalainen, J. R., Soininen, H. S., Waldemar, G., Brooks, D. J., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2012) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000335381 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationJefferies, K., & Agrawal, N. (2009) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.004572 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Brilliant, M., Elble, R. J., Ghobrial, M., & Struble, R. G. (1997) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2990.1997.4198041.x · Cited by 56 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Early neuropathological studies have revealed the presence of amyloid plaques in striatum (Brilliant et al., 1997; Gearing et al., 1993; Rudelli et al., 1984), in particular the ventral striatum (Suenaga et al.”
BackgroundEarly-Onset Dementia: a multidisciplinary approach
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192630346.001.0001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wong, D. F., Moghekar, A., Rigamonti, D., Brašić, J. R., ROUSSET, O. G., Willis, W. D., Buckley, C. J., Smith, A. P. L., Gok, B., Sherwin, P. F., et al. (2012) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-012-0583-x · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These studies confirmed the correlation between ligand retention levels and β amyloid plaque surface area (Leinonen et al., 2013; Rinne et al., 2012; Wong et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAmyloid PET in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease with BF-227: comparison to FDG–PET
Furukawa, K., Okamura, N., Tashiro, M., Waragai, M., Furumoto, S., Iwata, R., Yanai, K., Kudo, Y., & Arai, H. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5396-8 · Cited by 45 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2012), the benzoxazole (11)C-BF-227 (Furukawa et al., 2010), the stilbene compounds (11)C-SB (Verhoeff et al.”
BackgroundLeinonen, V., Rinne, J. O., Virtanen, K. A., Eskola, O., Rummukainen, J., Huttunen, J., zu Fraunberg, M. V. U., Nerg, O., Koivisto, A. M., Rinne, J., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.12102 · Cited by 43 · cited 4× · see citing works
“3H-PIB colocalizes with neuritic plaques and also with diffuse amyloid plaques and Aβ in the blood vessel wall (Lockhart et al., 2007), andmuch less sowith tangles (Lockhart et al., 2007) or otherβ sheets aggregates such as Lewy bodies (Lockhart et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrilliant, M., Elble, R. J., Ghobrial, M., & Struble, R. G. (1997) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1997.tb01302.x · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Early neuropathological studies have revealed the presence of amyloid plaques in striatum (Brilliant et al., 1997; Gearing et al., 1993; Rudelli et al., 1984), in particular the ventral striatum (Suenaga et al.”
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in the Striatum in Alzheimerʼs Disease: An Immunohistochemical Study
Gearing, M., Wilson, R. W., Unger, E. R., Shelton, E. R., Chan, H. W., Masters, C. L., Beyreuther, K. T., & Mirra, S. S. (1993) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199301000-00004 · Cited by 40 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Early neuropathological studies have revealed the presence of amyloid plaques in striatum (Brilliant et al., 1997; Gearing et al., 1993; Rudelli et al., 1984), in particular the ventral striatum (Suenaga et al.”
BackgroundLack of association between 11C-PiB and longitudinal brain atrophy in non-demented older individuals
Driscoll, I. F., Zhou, Y., An, Y., Sojkova, J., Davatzikos, C. A., Kraut, M. A., Ye, W., Ferrucci, L., Mathis, C. A., Klunk, W. E., et al. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Selective vulnerability of neocortical association areas in Alzheimer's disease
Giannakopoulos, P., Hof, P. R., & Bouras, C. (1998) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19981001)43:1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Proficiency Testing Programs for Alzheimer’s Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers
Mattsson, N., Andréasson, U., Carrillo, M. C., Persson, S., Shaw, L. M. J., Zegers, I., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2012) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.12.41 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
In vivo amyloid imaging in cortical superficial siderosis
Dhollander, I., Nelissen, N., Laere, K. V., Peeters, D., Demaerel, P., Paesschen, W. V., Thijs, V., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2010) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.194480 · Cited by 16 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, 2011), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (Dhollander et al., 2011; Dierksen et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2007) and frontotemporal degeneration (Rabinovici et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHasegawa, M. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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- Mesulam M.-M. Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, Chapter Aging, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: Clinical and Neurobiological Perspectives 2000 Oxford University Press 439 522
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Palmqvist, S., Schöll, M., Strandberg, O., Mattsson, N., Stomrud, E., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Landau, S., Jagust, W., & Hansson, O. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01150-x · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: mapping the road to the clinic
Hampel, H., O’Bryant, S. E., Molinuevo, J. L., Zetterberg, H., Masters, C. L., Lista, S., Kiddle, S. J., Batrla, R., & Blennow, K. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0079-7 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Florbetaben PET imaging to detect amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer's disease: Phase 3 study
Sabri, O., Sabbagh, M. N., Seibyl, J., Barthel, H., Akatsu, H., Ouchi, Y., Senda, K., Murayama, S., Ishii, K., Takao, M., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.004 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
“Progress in research to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment for Alzheimer disease (AD) depends on the characterization of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms [1].”
BackgroundChételat, G., Joie, R. L., Villain, N., Perrotin, A., Sayette, V. D. L., Eustache, F., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.02.006 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“…to account for this large variability, as several studies reported a very good correlation between the different PET amyloid ligands (Johnson et al., 2013; Vandenberghe et al., 2010; Villemagne et al., 2012) (see also the side article by Vandenberghe et al. 2013–in this issue, for further details).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImaging biomarkers in neurodegeneration: current and future practices
Young, P. N. E., Estarellas, M., Coomans, E. M., Srikrishna, M., Beaumont, H., Maaß, A., Venkataraman, A. V., Lissaman, R., Jiménez, D., Betts, M. J., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00612-7 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“These tracers also have a key place in AD research in differentiating diagnostic groups and tracking disease progression [40].”
BackgroundOttoy, J., Niemantsverdriet, E., Verhaeghe, J., De Roeck, E., Struyfs, H., Somers, C., wyffels, L., Ceyssens, S., Van Mossevelde, S., Van den Bossche, T., et al. (2019) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101771 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“On the other hand, the extent and anatomical pattern of Aβ deposition are known to show poor correlations to cognitive severity or disease progression (Vandenberghe et al., 2013).”
Quantitative susceptibility mapping to evaluate the early stage of Alzheimer's disease
Kim, H., Park, S., Rhee, H. Y., Lee, K. M., Ryu, C., Rhee, S. J., Lee, S. Y., Wang, Y., & Jahng, G. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.08.019 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“One important feature of AD is associated with depositions of amyloid β peptide (Cuajungco et al., 2000; Hardy and Selkoe, 2002; Vandenberghe et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodThe EMIF-AD Multimodal Biomarker Discovery study: design, methods and cohort characteristics
Bos, I., Vos, S., Vandenberghe, R., Scheltens, P., Engelborghs, S., Frisoni, G., Molinuevo, J. L., Wallin, A., Lleó, A., Popp, J., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0396-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Use and Utility of Amyloid Imaging
Barthel, H., & Sabri, O. (2017) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.185017 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“(12) stated that, to define appropriate use for amyloid imaging in a clinical setting, 3 factors need to be considered jointly: the clinical context, the health care system, and the societal perception of AD.”
BackgroundVerhoog, S., Kee, C. W., Wang, Y., Khotavivattana, T., Wilson, T. C., Kersemans, V., Smart, S., Tredwell, M. J., Davis, B. G., & Gouverneur, V. (2018) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.7b10227 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Amyloid-beta Alzheimer targets - protein processing, lipid rafts, and amyloid-beta pores.
Arbor, S., LaFontaine, M., & Cumbay, M. G. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Sala, A., & Perani, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00617 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Test-retest reproducibility for the tau PET imaging agent flortaucipir F 18.
Devous, M. D., Joshi, A. D., Navitsky, M., Southekal, S., Pontecorvo, M. J., Shen, H., Lu, M., Shankle, W. R., Seibyl, J. P., Marek, K., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.200691 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“There is, however, a modest literature on this topic for amyloid imaging tracers (38).”
BackgroundHampel, H. J., Schneider, L. S., Giacobini, E., Kivipelto, M., Sindi, S., Dubois, B., Broich, K., Nisticò, R., Aisen, P. S. S., & Lista, S. (2014) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.995637 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“So for the time being a positive amyloid scan must be considered in the full clinical picture of a patient, on the other hand, a negative amyloid scan indicates that the likelihood of cognitive impairment due to AD might be low, nevertheless, further data on sensitivity and specificity are needed [135–138].”
BackgroundUpdate on Biomarkers For Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease
Ashton, N. J., Schöll, M., Heurling, K., Gkanatsiou, E., Portelius, E., Höglund, K., Brinkmalm, G., Hye, A., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H. (2018) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2017-0433 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Encouragingly, Aβ specific (18)F tracers have replicated findings from (11)CPiB studies in AD [36-39].”
BackgroundMultimodality Imaging of Alzheimer Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Dementias
Nasrallah, I. M., & Wolk, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.114.141416 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Amyloid PET was positive with high sensitivity for AD in a series with pathologic confirmation (33).”
BackgroundClassification of the primary progressive aphasias: principles and review of progress since 2011
Vandenberghe, R. R. (2016) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0185-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Whitwell JL, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Xia R, Mandrekar J, Machulda MM, et al. Distinct regional anatomic and functional correlates of neurodegenerative apraxia of speech and aphasia: an MRI and FDG-PET study.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAdvances in the development of tau PET radiotracers and their clinical applications
Okamura, N., Harada, R., Furukawa, K., Furumoto, S., Tago, T., Yanai, K., Arai, H., & Kudo, Y. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.010 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Advances in MRI Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Kehoe, E. G., McNulty, J. P., Mullins, P. G., & Bokde, A. L. W. (2014) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.14.42 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Secondary prevention of Alzheimer’s dementia: neuroimaging contributions
ten Kate, M., Ingala, S., Schwarz, A. J., Fox, N. C., Chételat, G., van Berckel, B. N. M., Ewers, M., Foley, C., Gispert, J. D., Hill, D., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0438-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationVanderschaeghe, G., Dierickx, K., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2018) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-018-9844-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationCarswell, C. J., Win, Z., Muckle, K., Kennedy, A. M., Waldman, A. D., Dawe, G., Barwick, T. D., Khan, S., Malhotra, P., & Perry, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-316194 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ ratios in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
Adamczuk, K., Schaeverbeke, J. M., Vanderstichele, H., Lilja, J., Nelissen, N., Laere, K. V., Dupont, P. J., Hilven, K., Poesen, K., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2015) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0159-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Adding the separate measurement of a biomarker that increases with the intensity of the neurodegenerative process may enhance specificity because AD is a multidimensional disease [34, 35] so that adding a second dimension (neuronal loss) improves accuracy of classification.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAdamczuk, K., Schaeverbeke, J. M., Nelissen, N., Neyens, V., Vandenbulcke, M., Goffin, K. E., Lilja, J., Hilven, K., Dupont, P. J., Laere, K. V., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3156-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationVanderschaeghe, G., Schaeverbeke, J. M., Bruffaerts, R., Vandenberghe, R. R., & Dierickx, K. (2017) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0321-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Several questions remain before amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) can be recommended for application in routine clinical practice in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) [4, 5].”
Self-citationDuan, P., Chen, K. J., Wijegunawardena, G., Dregni, A. J., Wang, H. K., Wu, H., & Hong, M. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c12056 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wollenweber, F. A., Därr, S., Müller, C., Duering, M., Büerger, K., Zietemann, V., Malik, R., Brendel, M., Ertl-Wagner, B. B., Bartenstein, P., et al. (2016) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.116.013778 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke 53 (95) 3 (5) 119 (98) 3 (2) 0.”
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Early Molecular and Cellular Changes in Alzheimer's Disease
Knight, M. J., McCann, B., Kauppinen, R. A., & Coulthard, E. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00139 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“As water molecules have two 1 Hs and our body is ∼ 70% water, 1 H is an excellent reporter for MRI (sodium = 23 Na is the other inherent nucleus used for MRI of living objects, not covered here).”
BackgroundGuerra, U. P., Nobili, F. M., Padovani, A., Perani, D., Pupi, A., Sorbi, S., & Trabucchi, M. (2015) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2079-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The recommendations drawn-up by this working group are extensively based on available international scientific literature and recommendations [3–10].”
MethodNeuroimaging in Alzheimer's Disease for Early Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review
Aramadaka, S., Mannam, R., Narayanan, R. S., Bansal, A., Yanamaladoddi, V. R., Sarvepalli, S. S., & Vemula, S. L. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38544 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“[18F] Flutemetamol ([18F] FMT) is a PET radiotracer having a longer half-life than [18F] FBP, allowing it to be dispersed in vivo for a longer time [68].”
MethodIf Human Brain Organoids Are the Answer to Understanding Dementia, What Are the Questions?
Ooi, L., Dottori, M., Cook, A. L., Engel, M., Gautam, V., Grubman, A., Hernández, D., King, A. E., Maksour, S., Anastacio, H. T. D., et al. (2020) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858420912404 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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“To date, their mandatory adoption in clinical trials and the great potential for diagnostic purposes is recognized, in particular to rule out AD pathology (Vandenberghe et al., 2013b; Vandenberghe et al., 2013a).”
BackgroundTimmers, T., Ossenkoppele, R., Visser, D., Tuncel, H., Wolters, E. E., Verfaillie, S. C. J., van der Flier, W. M., Boellaard, R., Golla, S. S. V., & van Berckel, B. N. M. (2019) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x19879226 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In patients with AD, flow changes can occur with disease progression,30–32 and these changes in flow may affect target and reference areas differently, thereby impacting SUVr.28,33,34 Furthermore, flow changes might also occur as a result of therapeutic agents which may cause neuro-inflammation and disrupt blood–brain…”
ResultInfluentialLeuzy, A., Zimmer, E. R., Heurling, K., Rosa-Neto, P., & Gauthier, S. (2014) · Amyloid · doi:10.3109/13506129.2014.926267 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Owing to its high sensitivity, amyloid PET will likely prove of greater use in terms of ruling out, rather than ruling in, AD as the underlying etiology, since amyloid positivity cannot per se exclude the presence of comorbid non-Ab pathology [51,53].”
BackgroundFuchigami, T., Yamashita, Y., Haratake, M., Ono, M., Yoshida, S., & Nakayama, M. (2014) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.032 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Adamczuk, K., Weer, A. D., Nelissen, N., Dupont, P. J., Sunaert, S. G., Bettens, K., Sleegers, K., Broeckhoven, C. V., Laere, K. V., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu286 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“2.4 Flutemetamol PET 2.4.1 Image acquisition As described before (Koole et al. 2009; Nelissen et al. 2009; Vandenberghe et al. 2010, 2013b), images were acquired on a 16-slice Siemens Biograph PET/CT scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEravuchira, P. J., Banchelli, M., D’Andrea, C., de Angelis, M., Matteini, P., & Gannot, I. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.25.7.077001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“L. F. Lue, A. Guerra, and D. G. Walker, “Amyloid beta and Tau as Alzheimer’s disease blood biomarkers: promise from new technologies,” Neurol.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlzheimer’s-Like Pathology at the Crossroads of HIV-Associated Neurological Disorders
Chemparthy, D. T., Kannan, M., Gordon, L., Buch, S. J., & Sil, S. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9080930 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kumari, R., Nigam, A., & Pushkar, S. (2022) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-022-07076-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Standardized Uptake Value Ratio-Independent Evaluation of Brain Amyloidosis
Chincarini, A., Sensi, F., Rei, L., Bossert, I., Morbelli, S. D., Guerra, U. P., Frisoni, G. B., Padovani, A., Nobili, F. M., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160232 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Higashi, T., Nishii, R., Kagawa, S., Kishibe, Y., Takahashi, M., Okina, T., Suzuki, N., Hasegawa, H., Nagahama, Y., Ishizu, K., et al. (2018) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-018-1236-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“PiB, the first amyloid imaging PET tracer, has been reported with successful results and used widely as a research tool [12].”
MethodAdamczuk, K., Weer, A. D., Nelissen, N., Dupont, P. J., Sunaert, S. G., Bettens, K., Sleegers, K., Broeckhoven, C. V., Laere, K. V., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw117 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationValkanova, V., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.02.016 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Positive scan in cases with extenive vascular damage can confirm the presence of mixed pathology, hich would have implications for treatment [103].”
BackgroundInsight into the Molecular Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease
Arora, A., & Bhagat, N. (2016) · International Journal of Biomedical Imaging · doi:10.1155/2016/7462014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Initial studies in human subjects have shown that (18)F-Flutemetamol has similar neuronal uptake as well as affinity to Aβ aggregates as seen in studies using (11)CPIB [106, 107].”
BackgroundA Review of Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in Down Syndrome
Lee, N., Chien, Y., & Hwu, W. (2017) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-017-0071-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The amyloid load measured by PET, for example, the Pittsburgh compound B PET (PiB PET), has been used in the assessment of AD in the general population [50].”
MethodLeinonen, V., Rinne, J. O., Wong, D. F., Wolk, D. A., Trojanowski, J. Q., Sherwin, P. F., Smith, A. P. L., Heurling, K., Su, M., & Grachev, I. D. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/2051-5960-2-46 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Interestingly, in our experience based on a large autopsy study of [(18)F]flutemetamol (68 brains, 43 Aβ positive, 25 Aβ negative) [report in process], cases with sparse to moderate diffuse and neuritic cortical plaques (Bielschowsky silver stain) may lead to FN or FP PET readings (similar to those discussed in a rece…”
BackgroundVanderschaeghe, G., Vandenberghe, R. R., & Dierickx, K. (2019) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-019-09901-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapeutic strategies for identifying small molecules against prion diseases
Uliassi, E., Nikolić, L., Bolognesi, M. L., & Legname, G. (2022) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-021-03573-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In this context, PET ligands are imaging tools with established clinical applications in Alzheimer’s disease (Vandenberghe et al. 2013), in spite of presenting the limitation of short half-lives, which require the on-site synthesis of PET tracers and access to radiochemistry equipment and a cyclotron.”
Blood-Based Biomarkers of Alzheimers Disease: Diagnostic Algorithms and New Technologies
Carmona, P., Molina, M., & Tolédano, A. (2016) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205013666151116130301 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Martins, T. S., Marçalo, R., Ferreira, M., Vaz, M., Silva, R. M., Rosa, I. M., Vogelgsang, J. S., Wiltfang, J., Silva, O. A. B. D. C. E., & Henriques, A. G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22083933 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These individuals were highly characterized including either cognitive testing, CSF-neurochemical diagnostic biomarkers, PET imaging, or in combination, as described in [9], Supplementary Table S3.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe interest of amyloid PET imaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Vandenberghe, R., Adamczuk, K., & van Laere, K. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000036 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationMultimodality Imaging of Neurodegenerative Processes: Part 1, The Basics and Common Dementias
Martin-Macintosh, E. L., Broski, S. M., Johnson, G. B., Hunt, C. H., Cullen, E. L., & Peller, P. J. (2016) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.14.12842 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
McDaniel, J. W., Stauber, J. M., Doud, E. A., Spokoyny, A. M., & Murphy, J. M. (2022) · Organic Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01965 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Relationship between Amyloid Deposition, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline in Dementia
Vandenberghe, R. R. (2014) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0498-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“[4] R Vandenberghe, K Adamczuk, P Dupont, K Van Laere, and G Chételat.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAdditive value of amyloid-PET in routine cases of clinical dementia work-up after FDG-PET
Brendel, M., Schnabel, J., Schönecker, S., Wagner, L., Brendel, E., Meyer-Wilmes, J., Unterrainer, M., Schildan, A., Patt, M., Prix, C., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-017-3832-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Despite widespread use in scientific investigations, the application of amyloid-PET in clinical routine settings has remained limited [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialLin, Q., Shahid, S. S., Hone‐Blanchet, A., Huang, S., Wu, J., Bisht, A. S., Loring, D. W., Goldstein, F. C., Levey, A. I., Crosson, B., et al. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26263 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“2023;44:3072–3083.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/hbm et al., 2013; Vandenberghe et al., 2013).”
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Fuchigami, T., Ogawa, A., Yamashita, Y., Haratake, M., Watanabe, H., Ono, M., Kawasaki, M., Yoshida, S., & Nakayama, M. (2015) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.048 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hirota, Y., Sakakibara, Y., Morishima, M., Sano, T., Hara, M., Arakawa, A., Takao, M., Murayama, S., Saito, Y., Sekiya, M., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116203 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nishii, R., Higashi, T., Kagawa, S., Okuyama, C., Kishibe, Y., Takahashi, M., Okina, T., Suzuki, N., Hasegawa, H., Nagahama, Y., et al. (2018) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-018-1240-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“PiB, the first amyloid imaging PET tracer, has been reported with successful results and used widely as a research tool [9].”
MethodPET tracers for imaging brain α7 nicotinic receptors: an update
Chalon, S., Vercouillie, J., Guilloteau, D., Suzenet, F., & Routier, S. (2015) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c5cc04536c · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Will PET Amyloid Imaging Lead to Overdiagnosis of Alzheimer Dementia?
Dubroff, J. G., & Nasrallah, I. M. (2015) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2015.02.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Role of PET/MR Imaging in Dementia?
Dupont, P. J. (2021) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.01.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“Positron emission tomography (PET) is one such technique and has been used to study brain amyloid load through the use of tracers that bind to amyloid deposits [4, 5].”
Self-citationDrug-induced cerebral glucose metabolism resembling Alzheimer’s Disease: a case study
Riepe, M. W., Walther, B., Vonend, C., & Beer, A. J. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0531-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“At present, however, it remains under discussion whether different amyloid ligands perform equivalently [17, 18].”
BackgroundQuantitative kinetic analysis of PET amyloid imaging agents [11C]BF227 and [18F]FACT in human brain
Shidahara, M., Watabe, H., Tashiro, M., Okamura, N., Furumoto, S., Watanuki, S., Furukawa, K., Arakawa, Y., Funaki, Y., Iwata, R., et al. (2015) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.05.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Reducing variance in clinical index can contribute to reduce test–retest variability [35].”
BackgroundBier, J., Verschraegen, J., Vandenberghe, R. R., Guillaume, B., Picard, G., Otte, G., Mormont, E., Gilles, C., Segers, K., Sieben, A., et al. (2015) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-014-0423-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Consistent with this view, the advantages and potential clinical applications of using PET amyloid tracers have recently received positive reviews [16].”
Self-citationBiomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Farooqui, A. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809937-7.00007-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Choi, H. J., Seo, M., Kim, A., & Park, S. H. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59071281 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Additionally, PETFBB imaging may play a limited role in monitoring disease progression in AD cases with saturated Aβ deposition [5].”
BackgroundCOB231 targets amyloid plaques in post‐mortem human brain tissue and in an Alzheimer mouse model
Garin, D., Virgone‐Carlotta, A., Gözel, B., Oukhatar, F., Perret, P., Batlle, D. M., Touret, M., Millet, P., Dubois‐Dauphin, M., Meyronet, D., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12951 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Semah, F., Deberdt, W. G., & Ceccaldi, M. P. (2016) · Médecine Nucléaire · doi:10.1016/j.mednuc.2016.08.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Reply: Do we still need positron emission tomography for early Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis?
Palmqvist, S., Mattsson, N., & Hansson, O. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww169 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The need for “objective measurements” in FDG and amyloid PET neuroimaging
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“tive amyloid scan has been shown to effectively rule out AD [12, 71].”
BackgroundBiomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease
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New objective simple evaluation methods of amyloid PET/CT using whole-brain histogram and Top20%-Map
Okuyama, C., Higashi, T., Ishizu, K., Oishi, N., Kusano, K., Ito, M., Kagawa, S., Okina, T., Suzuki, N., Hasegawa, H., et al. (2024) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-024-01956-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“Both methods carry a significant false positive and negative rate, and detecting significant changes can take a year or more (Vandenberghe et al., 2013).”
Background
- Authors
- Vandenberghe, R., Adamczuk, K., Dupont, P., Laere, K. V., & Chételat, G.
- Affiliations
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research (BE)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Vandenberghe, Rik
- Venue
- NeuroImage: Clinical
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 497-511
- ISSN
- 2213-1582 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3777773
- OpenAlex
- W2157900760
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage Clinical (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- FWO (G.0076.02)
- KU Leuven Research grants (OT/08/056, OT/12/097)
- Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid belspo Inter-University Attraction Pole (P6/29, P7/11)
- Stichting Alzheimer Onderzoek (11020)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- amyloid PET, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid imaging, biomarkers, amyloid-beta, clinical trial design, memory clinics, clinical utility
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