FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor
Open accessAbstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of necrotic cell death marked by oxidative damage to phospholipids 1,2. To date, ferroptosis has been thought to be controlled only by the phospholipid hydroperoxide-reducing enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)3,4 and radical-trapping antioxidants 5,6. However, elucidation of the factors that underlie the sensitivity of a given cell type to ferroptosis 7 is crucial to understand the pathophysiological role of ferroptosis and how it may be exploited for the treatment of cancer. Although metabolic constraints 8 and phospholipid composition 9,10 contribute to ferroptosis sensitivity, no cell-autonomous mechanisms have been identified that account for the resistance of cells to ferroptosis. Here we used an expression cloning approach to identify genes in human cancer cells that are able to complement the loss of GPX4. We found that the flavoprotein apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria-associated 2 (AIFM2) is a previously unrecognized anti-ferroptotic gene. AIFM2, which we renamed ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) and which was initially described as a pro-apoptotic gene 11, confers protection against ferroptosis elicited by GPX4 deletion. We further demonstrate that the suppression of ferroptosis by FSP1 is mediated by ubiquinone (also known as coenzyme Q 10, CoQ 10): the reduced form, ubiquinol, traps lipid peroxyl radicals that mediate lipid peroxidation, whereas FSP1 catalyses the regeneration of CoQ 10 using NAD(P)H. Pharmacological targeting of FSP1 strongly synergizes with GPX4 inhibitors to trigger ferroptosis in a number of cancer entities. In conclusion, the FSP1-CoQ 10-NAD(P)H pathway exists as a stand-alone parallel system, which co-operates with GPX4 and glutathione to suppress phospholipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.
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FSP1 resides in the plasma membrane, where it uses NADH or NADPH to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol, which subsequently quenches lipid radicals that drive ferroptosis.
“FSP1 resides in the plasma membrane, where it uses NADH or NADPH to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol, which subsequently quenches lipid radicals that drive ferroptosis (60).”
From The origin of hepatocellular carcinoma depends on metabolic zonation (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
The Abstract states that FSP1 uses NAD(P)H to regenerate ubiquinol, which traps lipid peroxyl radicals. But the N-myristoylation section (page unavailable) reports FSP1-GFP at a perinuclear membrane compartment with partial ER and Golgi overlap; it refers to another study for the role of plasma membrane-targeted FSP1. Thus, this paper does not establish the unqualified claim that FSP1 resides in the plasma membrane. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Doll, S., Freitas, F. P., Shah, R., Aldrovandi, M., da Silva, M. C., Ingold, I., Goya Grocin, A., Xavier da Silva, T. N., Panzilius, E., Scheel, C. H., Mourão, A., Buday, K., Sato, M., Wanninger, J., Vignane, T., Mohana, V., Rehberg, M., Flatley, A., Schepers, A., Kurz, A., White, D., Sauer, M., Sattler, M., Tate, E. W., Schmitz, W., Schulze, A., O’Donnell, V., Proneth, B., Popowicz, G. M., Pratt, D. A., Angeli, J. P. F., & Conrad, M.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Angeli, José Pedro Friedmann
- Conrad, Marcus
- ORCID
- Doll, Sebastian
- Shah, Ron
- Aldrovandi, Maceler
- Scheel, Christina H.
- Mourão, André
- Buday, Katalin
- Sato, Mami
- Vignane, Thibaut
- Rehberg, Markus
- Flatley, Andrew
- Schepers, Aloys
- Kurz, Andreas
- White, Daniel
- Sauer, Markus
- Sattler, Michael
- Tate, Edward William
- Schmitz, Werner
- Schulze, Almut
- O’Donnell, Valerie
- Proneth, Bettina
- Popowicz, Grzegorz M.
- Pratt, Derek A.
- Angeli, José Pedro Friedmann
- Conrad, Marcus
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-10-21
- Volume
- 575
- Issue
- 7784
- Pages
- 693-698
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2981179816
- Cited by
- 3,341
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 524 · 2025: 565 · 2024: 645 · 2023: 545 · 2022: 458 · 2021: 381 · 2020: 201 · 2019: 9 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 196.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (A20183, C29637/A21451, S_3235, C29637/A20183, 20183)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CO 291/7–1, CO 291/5, GRK 2157, CO 291/5-2, FR 3746/3‐1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01EK1611B, 03VP04260)
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- Bayerische Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (1973281)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- ferroptosis, S100A4, AIFM2, GPX4, coenzyme Q10, NAD(P)H, lipid peroxidation, phospholipid hydroperoxides, ferroptosis resistance, cancer cell death, GPX4 inhibitors, glutathione
- MeSH terms
- Ferroptosis, Animals, Glutathione, Humans, Ubiquinone, Lipid Peroxidation, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Mitochondrial Proteins, Cell Line, Tumor, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Mice, Gene Knockout Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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