The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Changes in gut, microbiome, and cognition after doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel chemotherapy treatment
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395 · cited 1×
“In parallel, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments can be conducted to test whether restoration of microbial balance can normalize IL-15 mediated signaling pathways and mitigate neuroinflammatory responses 195,196 .”
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research?
Nguyen, T. L. A., Vieira-Silva, S., Liston, A., & Raes, J. (2015) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.017400 · Cited by 1,334 · cited 1×
“Both human and mouse gut microbiota are both dominated by phylum Bacteriodetes and Firmictues , but deeper taxonomic classifications shows that 85% of bacterial genera in the mouse microbiome are not present in humans 197 .”
Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology
Bradl, M., & Lassmann, H. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0601-5 · Cited by 933
Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects
Hidalgo-Cantabrana, C., Delgado, S., Ruiz, L., Ruas-Madiedo, P., Sánchez, B., & Margolles, A. (2017) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0010-2016 · Cited by 490
A gut-derived metabolite alters brain activity and anxiety behaviour in mice
Needham, B. D., Funabashi, M., Adame, M. D., Wang, Z., Boktor, J. C., Haney, J., Wu, W.-L., Rabut, C., Ladinsky, M. S., Hwang, S.-J., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04396-8 · Cited by 489
New views of Arc, a master regulator of synaptic plasticity
Shepherd, J. D., & Bear, M. F. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2708 · Cited by 481
Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer's disease
Kesika, P., Suganthy, N., Sivamaruthi, B. S., & Chaiyasut, C. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118627 · Cited by 479
Beyond the GFAP-Astrocyte Protein Markers in the Brain
Jurga, A. M., Paleczna, M., Kadluczka, J., & Kuter, K. Z. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11091361 · Cited by 319
The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Varesi, A., Pierella, E., Romeo, M., Piccini, G. B., Alfano, C., Bjørklund, G., Oppong, A., Ricevuti, G., Esposito, C., Chirumbolo, S., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030668 · Cited by 225
Research works printed but not linked: 181
- Giaquinto, A. N. et al. Breast Cancer Statistics, 2022. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 72(6): 524–541. (2022). · DOI · Paper page
- Xiong, X. et al. Breast cancer: pathogenesis and treatments. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 10 (1), 49 (2025). · DOI · Paper page
- Vuksanovic, D. et al. Unmet needs in breast cancer survivors are common, and multidisciplinary care is underutilised: the survivorship needs assessment project. Breast Cancer. 28 (2), 289–297 (2021). · DOI
- Ewertz, M. & Jensen, A. B. Late effects of breast cancer treatment and potentials for rehabilitation. Acta Oncol. 50 (2), 187–193 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
- Coughlin, S. S., Ayyala, D. N. & Cortes, J. E. Problems in living among breast cancer survivors. Curr. Cancer Rep. 3 (1), 101–109 (2021). · DOI
- Hinz, A. et al. Quality of life domains in breast cancer survivors: the relationship between importance and satisfaction ratings. Front. Psychol. 13, 923537 (2022). · DOI
- Argyriou, A. A. et al. Either called chemobrain or chemofog, the long-term chemotherapy-induced cognitive decline in cancer survivors is real. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 41 (1), 126–139 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
- Whittaker, A. L., George, R. P. & O’Malley, L. Prevalence of cognitive impairment following chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 2135 (2022). · DOI · Paper page
- Rao, V. et al. Chemobrain: A review on mechanistic insight, targets and treatments. Adv. Cancer Res. 155, 29–76 (2022). · DOI
- Lomeli, N. et al. Cognitive complications of cancer and cancer-related treatments - Novel paradigms. Neurosci. Lett. 749, 135720 (2021). · DOI
- Gutenkunst, S. L. et al. Correlates of cognitive impairment in adult cancer survivors who have received chemotherapy and report cognitive problems. Support Care Cancer. 29 (3), 1377–1386 (2021).
- Dyk, K. V. et al. Identifying Cancer-Related cognitive impairment using the FACT-Cog perceived cognitive impairment. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 4 (1), pkz099 (2020). · DOI
- Costa, D. S. J. et al. The structure of the FACT-Cog v3 in cancer Patients, Students, and older adults. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 55 (4), 1173–1178 (2018). · DOI
- Coombes, R. C. et al. Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in premenopausal women with axillary node-positive operable breast cancer: results of a randomized trial. The international collaborative cancer group. J. Clin. Oncol. 14 (1), 35–45 (1996). · doi:10.1200/jco.1996.14.1.35
- Coombes, R. C. et al. Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in premenopausal women with axillary node-positive operable breast cancer: results of a randomized trial. The international collab. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 35–45 (1996). · doi:10.1200/jco.1996.14.1.35
- Singh, R. K. et al. Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: historic to future perspectives. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 151, 401–433 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
- Patai, R. et al. Transcriptomic profiling of senescence effects on blood-brain barrier-related gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells in a mouse model of paclitaxel-induced chemobrain. Geroscience 47 (3), 3677–3691 (2025). · DOI
- Osen, A. et al. Cyclophosphamide for severe acute forms of central nervous system inflammatory disorders. J. Neurol. Sci. 451, 120693 (2023). · DOI
- Ibrahim, K. M. et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying cyclophosphamide-induced cognitive impairment and strategies for neuroprotection in preclinical models. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 479 (8), 1873–1893 (2024). · DOI
- Thorn, C. F. et al. Doxorubicin pathways: pharmacodynamics and adverse effects. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 21 (7), 440–446 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
- Carvalho, C. et al. Doxorubicin: the good, the bad and the ugly effect. Curr. Med. Chem. 16 (25), 3267–3285 (2009). · DOI · Paper page
- Kampan, N. C. et al. Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. Biomed Res Int, 2015: 413076. (2015). · DOI · Paper page
- Henderson, I. C. et al. Improved outcomes from adding sequential Paclitaxel but not from escalating doxorubicin dose in an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 976–983 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Sougiannis, A. T. et al. Understanding chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and strategies to improve gut resilience. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 320 (5), G712–g719 (2021). · DOI · Paper page
- Yasuda, M. et al. Potential role of the NADPH oxidase NOX1 in the pathogenesis of 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 302 (10), G1133–G1142 (2012). · DOI
- Li, S., Zhu, S. & Yu, J. The role of gut microbiota and metabolites in cancer chemotherapy. J. Adv. Res. 64, 223–235 (2024). · DOI
- Grant, C. V. et al. Microglia are implicated in the development of Paclitaxel chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment in female mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 108, 221–232 (2023). · DOI
- Loman, B. R. et al. Chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation is associated with disrupted colonic and bacterial homeostasis in female mice. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 16490 (2019). · DOI
- Yardim, A. et al. Silymarin alleviates docetaxel-induced central and peripheral neurotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. Gene 769, 145239 (2021). · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2020.145239
- Liu, Q. et al. Effects of docetaxel injection and docetaxel micelles on the intestinal barrier and intestinal microbiota. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 8 (24), e2102952 (2021). · DOI
- Peirce, J. M. & Alvina, K. The role of inflammation and the gut Microbiome in depression and anxiety. J. Neurosci. Res. 97 (10), 1223–1241 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
- Alharthi, A. et al. The human gut Microbiome as a potential factor in autism spectrum disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (3), 1363 (2022). · DOI
- Ozcan, E. & Hsiao, E. Y. Are changes in the gut Microbiome a contributor or consequence of autism-why not both? Cell. Rep. Med. 3 (1), 100505 (2022). · DOI
- Cattaneo, A. et al. Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly. Neurobiol. Aging. 49, 60–68 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
- Toh, T. S. et al. Gut Microbiome in parkinson’s disease: new insights from meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 94, 1–9 (2022). · DOI
- Cantoni, C. et al. Alterations of host-gut Microbiome interactions in multiple sclerosis. EBioMedicine 76, 103798 (2022). · DOI
- Nagpal, J. & Cryan, J. F. Host genetics, the Microbiome & behaviour-a ‘Holobiont’ perspective. Cell. Res. 31 (8), 832–833 (2021). · DOI
- Cryan, J. F. et al. The gut Microbiome in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 19 (2), 179–194 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Carloni, S. & Rescigno, M. The gut-brain vascular axis in neuroinflammation. Semin Immunol. 69, 101802 (2023). · DOI
- Dalile, B. et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16 (8), 461–478 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
- Ren, X. et al. Plausible biochemical mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (chemobrain), a condition that significantly impairs the quality of life of many cancer survivors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1865 (6), 1088–1097 (2019). · DOI
- Patel, C. et al. Doxorubicin causes cognitive impairment and alters gut microbiota in both male and female juvenile rats. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 27448 (2025). · DOI
- Konduri, S. et al. Epidemiology of male breast cancer. Breast 54, 8–14 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- McElroy, T. et al. Assessing the effects of redox modifier MnTnBuOE-2-PyP 5 + on cognition and hippocampal physiology following Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, and Paclitaxel treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21 (5), 1867 (2020). · DOI
- Yang, M., Silverman, J. L. & Crawley, J. N. Automated three-chambered social approach task for mice. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. Chapter 8: Unit 8.26 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
- Corley, C. et al. Physiological and cognitive changes after treatments of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil: implications of the gut Microbiome and depressive-like behavior. Front. Neurosci. 17, 1212791 (2023). · DOI
- Semple, B. D., Canchola, S. A. & Noble-Haeusslein, L. J. Deficits in social behavior emerge during development after pediatric traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Neurotrauma. 29 (17), 2672–2683 (2012). · DOI
- La-Vu, M. et al. To approach or avoid: an introductory overview of the study of anxiety using rodent assays. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 14, 145 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Krämer, A. et al. Causal analysis approaches in ingenuity pathway analysis. Bioinformatics 30 (4), 523–530 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
- Banerjee, S. et al. Loss of C/EBPdelta exacerbates Radiation-Induced cognitive decline in aged mice due to impaired oxidative stress response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20 (4), 885 (2019). · DOI
- Nesvizhskii, A. I. et al. A statistical model for identifying proteins by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75 (17), 4646–4658 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Graw, S. et al. proteiNorm - A User-Friendly tool for normalization and analysis of TMT and Label-Free protein quantification. ACS Omega. 5 (40), 25625–25633 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Banerjee, S. et al. C/EBPdelta protects from radiation-induced intestinal injury and sepsis by suppression of inflammatory and nitrosative stress. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 13953 (2019). · DOI
- Bolyen, E. et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible Microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 37 (8), 852–857 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
- Callahan, B. J., McMurdie, P. J. & Holmes, S. P. Exact sequence variants should replace operational taxonomic units in marker-gene data analysis. ISME J. 11 (12), 2639–2643 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
- Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods. 13 (7), 581–583 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
- Abraham, A. et al. Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn. Front. Neuroinform. 8, 14 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
- Bokulich, N. A. et al. Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2’s q2-feature-classifier plugin. Microbiome 6 (1), 90 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
- Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (Database issue), D590–D596 (2013).
- Robeson, M. S. 2 et al. RESCRIPt: reproducible sequence taxonomy reference database management. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17 (11), e1009581 (2021). · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009581
- Camacho, C. et al. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinform. 10, 421 (2009). · DOI · Paper page
- Katoh, K. & Standley, D. M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30 (4), 772–780 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
- Nguyen, L. T. et al. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32 (1), 268–274 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
- Kalyaanamoorthy, S. et al. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat. Methods. 14 (6), 587–589 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
- Janssen, S. et al. Phylogenetic placement of exact amplicon sequences improves associations with clinical information. mSystems. 3 (3), e00021–18 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
- Willis, A. D. Rarefaction, alpha Diversity, and statistics. Front. Microbiol. 10, 2407 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
- McMurdie, P. J. & Holmes, S. Waste not, want not: why rarefying Microbiome data is inadmissible. PLoS Comput. Biol. 10 (4), e1003531 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
- Lozupone, C. & Knight, R. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (12), 8228–8235 (2005). · DOI · Paper page
- Martino, C. et al. A novel sparse compositional technique reveals microbial perturbations. mSystems. 4 (1), e00016–19 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
- Fedarko, M. W. et al. Visualizing ‘omic feature rankings and log-ratios using Qurro. NAR Genom Bioinform. 2 (2), lqaa023 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Lin, H. & Peddada, S. D. Analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction. Nat. Commun. 11 (1), 3514 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Jolliffe, I. T. & Cadima, J. Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 374(2065): 20150202. (2016). · DOI · Paper page
- Shouib, R., Eitzen, G. & Steenbergen, R. A guide to basic RNA sequencing data processing and transcriptomic analysis. Bio Protoc. 15 (9), e5295 (2025).
- Szklarczyk, D. et al. The STRING database in 2023: protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 51 (D1), D638–d646 (2023). · DOI · Paper page
- Brown, J. P. et al. Transient expression of doublecortin during adult neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 467 (1), 1–10 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Ceanga, M. et al. Adult neurogenesis and stroke: A Tale of two neurogenic niches. Front. Neurosci. 15, 700297 (2021). · DOI
- Sekeres, M. J. et al. Chemotherapy-Induced cognitive impairment and hippocampal neurogenesis: A review of physiological mechanisms and interventions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (23), 12697 (2021). · DOI
- Colombo, E. & Farina, C. Astrocytes: key regulators of neuroinflammation. Trends Immunol. 37 (9), 608–620 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
- Tang, M. et al. Paclitaxel induces cognitive impairment via necroptosis, decreased synaptic plasticity and M1 polarisation of microglia. Pharm. Biol. 60 (1), 1556–1565 (2022). · DOI
- Jansen, C. et al. Potential mechanisms for chemotherapy-induced impairments in cognitive function. Oncol. Nurs. Forum. 32 (6), 1151–1163 (2005). · DOI
- Kitamura, Y. et al. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide treatment produces anxiety-like behavior and Spatial cognition impairment in rats: possible involvement of hippocampal neurogenesis via brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Cyclin D1 regulation. Behav. Brain Res. 292, 184–193 (2015). · DOI
- Kogan, J. H., Frankland, P. W. & Silva, A. J. Long-term memory underlying hippocampus-dependent social recognition in mice. Hippocampus 10 (1), 47–56 (2000). · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(2000)10:1<47::aid-hipo5>3.0.co;2-6
- Rein, B., Ma, K. & Yan, Z. A standardized social preference protocol for measuring social deficits in mouse models of autism. Nat. Protoc. 15 (10), 3464–3477 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Ntagwabira, F. et al. Piperlongumine as a Neuro-Protectant in chemotherapy induced cognitive impairment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (4), 1–21 (2022). · DOI
- Shivakumar, A. B. et al. Extrahippocampal contributions to social memory: the role of septal nuclei. Biol. Psychiatry. 96 (11), 835–847 (2024). · DOI
- Belau, M. H. et al. Social relationships and their impact on health-related quality of life in a long-term breast cancer survivor cohort. Cancer 130 (18), 3210–3218 (2024). · DOI
- Yang, Y. et al. Social relationships and their associations with affective symptoms of women with breast cancer: A scoping review. PLoS One. 17 (8), e0272649 (2022). · DOI
- Vassilev, I. et al. The role of social networks in the self-management support for young women recently diagnosed with breast cancer. PLoS One. 18 (4), e0282183 (2023). · DOI
- Seibenhener, M. L. & Wooten, M. C. Use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. J. Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 96, e52434–e52434 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
- Seibenhener, M. L. & Wooten, M. C. Use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. J. Vis. Exp. 96, e52434 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
- Choleris, E. et al. A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 25 (3), 235–260 (2001). · DOI · Paper page
- Fuchs, E. & Flïugge, G. Experimental animal models for the simulation of depression and anxiety. Dialog. Clin. Neurosci. 8 (3), 323–333 (2006). · DOI
- Heidary, Z. et al. Quality of life in breast cancer patients: A systematic review of the qualitative studies. Cancer Control. 30, 10732748231168318 (2023). · DOI
- Byron, S. A. et al. Translating RNA sequencing into clinical diagnostics: opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Genet. 17 (5), 257–271 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
- Catela, C. et al. The Iroquois (Iro/Irx) homeobox genes are conserved Hox targets involved in motor neuron development. bioRxiv, (2024). · doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596714
- Dou, Z., Son, J. E. & Hui, C. C. Irx3 and Irx5 - Novel regulatory factors of postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis. Front. Neurosci. 15, 763856 (2021). · DOI
- Zhang, Q. et al. Temporal requirements for ISL1 in sympathetic neuron proliferation, differentiation, and diversification. Cell. Death Dis. 9 (2), 247 (2018). · DOI
- Sherrill, H. E. et al. Pou4f1 defines a subgroup of type I spiral ganglion neurons and is necessary for normal inner hair cell presynaptic Ca(2+) signaling. J. Neurosci. 39 (27), 5284–5298 (2019). · DOI
- Zhang, Y. et al. Foxb1 regulates negatively the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. Front. Neuroanat. 11, 53 (2017). · DOI
- Radyushkin, K. et al. Genetic ablation of the mammillary bodies in the Foxb1 mutant mouse leads to selective deficit of Spatial working memory. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (1), 219–229 (2005). · DOI
- Inazu, M. Functional expression of choline transporters in the Blood-Brain barrier. Nutrients. 11 (10), 2265 (2019). · DOI
- Madrid, L. I. et al. Cholinergic regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent functions. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 134, 105969 (2021). · DOI
- Jung, C. G. et al. Homeotic factor ATBF1 induces the cell cycle arrest associated with neuronal differentiation. Development 132 (23), 5137–5145 (2005). · DOI
- Nguyen, L. D. & Ehrlich, B. E. Cellular mechanisms and treatments for chemobrain: insight from aging and neurodegenerative diseases. EMBO Mol. Med. 12 (6), e12075 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Paylor, R. et al. Learning impairments and motor dysfunctions in adult Lhx5-deficient mice displaying hippocampal disorganization. Physiol. Behav. 73 (5), 781–792 (2001). · DOI
- Reijntjes, D. O. J. & Pyott, S. J. The afferent signaling complex: regulation of type I spiral ganglion neuron responses in the auditory periphery. Hear. Res. 336, 1–16 (2016). · DOI
- Tönnies, E. & Trushina, E. Oxidative Stress, synaptic Dysfunction, and alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 57 (4), 1105–1121 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
- Barbosa-Azevedo, M. et al. Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment and glia: A new take on chemobrain? Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 492, 117085 (2024). · DOI
- Yau, S. Y., Li, A. & So, K. F. Involvement of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Learning and Forgetting. Neural Plast, 2015: 717958. (2015). · DOI · Paper page
- Couillard-Despres, S. et al. Doublecortin expression levels in adult brain reflect neurogenesis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (1), 1–14 (2005). · DOI · Paper page
- John, J. et al. Animal models of chemotherapy-induced cognitive decline in preclinical drug development. Psychopharmacol. (Berl). 238 (11), 3025–3053 (2021). · DOI
- Vukovic, J. et al. Immature doublecortin-positive hippocampal neurons are important for learning but not for remembering. J. Neurosci. 33 (15), 6603–6613 (2013). · DOI
- Christie, L. A. et al. Impaired cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis following cancer chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 18 (7), 1954–1965 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
- Lee, B. E. et al. The cancer chemotherapeutic agent Paclitaxel (Taxol) reduces hippocampal neurogenesis via down-regulation of vesicular zinc. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 11667 (2017). · DOI
- Zhang, Y. et al. Progress of Astrocyte-Neuron crosstalk in central nervous system diseases. Neurochem Res. 49 (12), 3187–3207 (2024). · DOI
- Ye, Q. et al. Astrocytic Slc4a4 regulates blood-brain barrier integrity in healthy and stroke brains via a CCL2-CCR2 pathway and NO dysregulation. Cell. Rep. 43 (5), 114193 (2024). · DOI
- Watkins, S. et al. Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells. Nat. Commun. 5, 4196 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
- Was, H. et al. Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced neurotoxicity. Front. Pharmacol. 13, 750507 (2022). · DOI · Paper page
- Seigers, R. et al. Cognitive impact of cytotoxic agents in mice. Psychopharmacol. (Berl). 232 (1), 17–37 (2015). · DOI
- Cardoso, C. V. et al. Chemobrain in rats: Behavioral, morphological, oxidative and inflammatory effects of doxorubicin administration. Behav. Brain Res. 378, 112233 (2020). · DOI
- Cabezas, R. et al. Astrocytic modulation of blood brain barrier: perspectives on parkinson’s disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 8, 211 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
- Stoll, G. & Jander, S. The role of microglia and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the CNS. Prog Neurobiol. 58 (3), 233–247 (1999). · DOI · Paper page
- Loane, D. J. & Byrnes, K. R. Role of microglia in neurotrauma. Neurotherapeutics 7 (4), 366–377 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
- Joo, K. M. et al. Trans-differentiation of neural stem cells: a therapeutic mechanism against the radiation induced brain damage. PLoS One. 7 (2), e25936 (2012). · DOI
- Maurer, S. V. & Williams, C. L. The cholinergic system modulates memory and hippocampal plasticity via its interactions with Non-Neuronal cells. Front. Immunol. 8, 1489 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
- Murillo, L. C., Sutachan, J. J. & Albarracín, S. L. An update on Neurobiological mechanisms involved in the development of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI). Toxicol. Rep. 10, 544–553 (2023). · DOI
- Onzi, G. R. et al. Chemobrain in breast cancer: Mechanisms, clinical Manifestations, and potential interventions. Drug Saf. 45 (6), 601–621 (2022). · DOI
- Minatohara, K., Akiyoshi, M. & Okuno, H. Role of Immediate-Early genes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal ensembles underlying the memory trace. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 8, (2016). · DOI · Paper page
- Epstein, I. & Finkbeiner, S. The Arc of cognition: signaling cascades regulating Arc and implications for cognitive function and disease. Semin Cell. Dev. Biol. 77, 63–72 (2018). · DOI
- Kovács, K. J. Measurement of immediate-early gene activation- c-fos and beyond. J. Neuroendocrinol. 20 (6), 665–672 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
- Penke, Z. et al. Zif268/Egr1 gain of function facilitates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and long-term Spatial recognition memory. Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 369 (1633), 20130159 (2014). · DOI
- Hoffman, G. E., Smith, M. S. & Verbalis, J. G. c-Fos and related immediate early gene products as markers of activity in neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 14 (3), 173–213 (1993). · DOI · Paper page
- Gallo, F. T. et al. Immediate early Genes, memory and psychiatric disorders: focus on c-Fos, Egr1 and Arc. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 12, 79 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
- Corley, C. et al. II, Implications of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy on hippocampal-dependent cognition and gut Microbiome. Front. Microbiomes. 4 , (2025). · DOI
- Barker, N., van Oudenaarden, A. & Clevers, H. Identifying the stem cell of the intestinal crypt: strategies and pitfalls. Cell. Stem Cell. 11 (4), 452–460 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
- Sankaran-Walters, S., Hart, R. & Dills, C. Guardians Gut: Enteric Defensins Front. Microbiol., 8: 647. (2017).
- Villa, A. & Sonis, S. T. Mucositis: pathobiology and management. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 27 (3), 159–164 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
- Elting, L. S. et al. The burdens of cancer therapy. Clinical and economic outcomes of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Cancer 98 (7), 1531–1539 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Lee, S. I. & Kang, K. S. Function of capric acid in cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and barrier function in pigs. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 16530 (2017). · DOI
- Carr, J. S., King, S. & Dekaney, C. M. Depletion of enteric bacteria diminishes leukocyte infiltration following doxorubicin-induced small intestinal damage in mice. PLoS One. 12 (3), e0173429 (2017). · DOI
- Zang, X. et al. Prevention of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy by formulation approach. J. Control Release. 303, 109–116 (2019). · DOI
- Dekaney, C. M. et al. Regeneration of intestinal stem/progenitor cells following doxorubicin treatment of mice. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 297 (3), G461–G470 (2009). · DOI
- Levin, G. et al. Novel fluorescence molecular imaging of chemotherapy-induced intestinal apoptosis. J. Biomed. Opt. 14 (5), 054019 (2009). · DOI
- van Heel, D. A. Interleukin 15: its role in intestinal inflammation. Gut 55 (4), 444–445 (2006). · doi:10.1136/gut.2005.079335
- Waldmann, T. A. Targeting the interleukin-15/interleukin-15 receptor system in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Res. Ther. 6 (4), 174–177 (2004). · doi:10.1186/ar1202
- Li, H. et al. Gut microbiota changes in patients with alzheimer’s disease spectrum based on 16S rRNA sequencing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci. 16, 1422350 (2024). · DOI
- Pisani, A. et al. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease during remission. Microbiol. Spectr. 10 (3), e0061622 (2022). · DOI
- Lozupone, C. A. et al. Quantitative and qualitative beta diversity measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (5), 1576–1585 (2007). · DOI · Paper page
- Palanivelu, L. et al. Interplay of neuroinflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis in alzheimer’s disease using diffusion kurtosis imaging biomarker in 3 × Tg-AD mouse models. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 16 (8), 1511–1528 (2025). · DOI
- Zaplana, T., Miele, S. & Tolonen, A. C. Lachnospiraceae are emerging industrial biocatalysts and biotherapeutics. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 11, 1324396 (2023). · DOI
- Vacca, M. et al. The controversial role of human gut lachnospiraceae. Microorganisms. 8 (4), 573 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Johnson, D. et al. A Microbial-Based approach to mental health: the potential of probiotics in the treatment of depression. Nutrients. 15 (6), 1382 (2023). · DOI
- Needham, B. D., Kaddurah-Daouk, R. & Mazmanian, S. K. Gut microbial molecules in behavioural and neurodegenerative conditions. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 21 (12), 717–731 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Yang, J. et al. Development of a colorectal cancer diagnostic model and dietary risk assessment through gut Microbiome analysis. Exp. Mol. Med. 51 (10), 1–15 (2019). · DOI
- Kandasamy, S. et al. The role of human gut microbe Ruminococcus gnavus in inflammatory diseases. Progress Microbes Mol. Biology. 6 (1), 1–27 (2023). · DOI
- Wong, J. M. et al. Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 40 (3), 235–243 (2006). · DOI · Paper page
- Kim, Y. J., Jung, D. H. & Park, C. S. Important roles of Ruminococcaceae in the human intestine for resistant starch utilization. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 33 (9), 2009–2019 (2024). · DOI
- Omenetti, S. & Pizarro, T. T. The Treg/Th17 axis: A dynamic balance regulated by the gut Microbiome. Front. Immunol. 6, 639 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
- Loh, J. S. et al. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 9 (1), 37 (2024). · DOI · Paper page
- Martínez-Ruiz, M., Robeson, M. S. & Piccolo, B. D. Fueling the fire: colonocyte metabolism and its effect on the colonic epithelia. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 65 (33), 8737–8756 (2025). · DOI
- Teng, Y. et al. Gut bacterial Isoamylamine promotes age-related cognitive dysfunction by promoting microglial cell death. Cell. Host Microbe. 30 (7), 944–960e8 (2022). · DOI
- Yang, J. et al. Dysregulation of Ruminococcaceae and Megamonas could be predictive markers for rapid progression of mild cognitive impairment. Microb. Pathog. 183, 106272 (2023). · DOI
- Zhai, S. et al. Effect of lactulose intervention on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid composition of C57BL/6J mice. Microbiologyopen 7 (6), e00612 (2018). · DOI
- Chiantera, V. et al. A critical perspective on the supplementation of Akkermansia muciniphila: benefits and harms. Life (Basel). 13 (6), 1247 (2023). · DOI
- Qu, S. et al. Excessive consumption of mucin by over-colonized Akkermansia muciniphila promotes intestinal barrier damage during malignant intestinal environment. Front. Microbiol. 14, 1111911 (2023). · DOI
- Patel, P. et al. Oat Bran fiber protects against radiation-induced disruption of gut barrier dynamics and mucosal damage. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 11 (1), 128 (2025). · DOI
- Ottman, N. et al. Action and function of Akkermansia muciniphila in Microbiome ecology, health and disease. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 31 (6), 637–642 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
- Ma, X., Liu, Q. & Yang, G. The multifaceted roles of Akkermansia muciniphila in neurological disorders. Trends Neurosci. 48 (6), 403–415 (2025). · DOI
- Chen, X. et al. Lactulose: an indirect antioxidant ameliorating inflammatory bowel disease by increasing hydrogen production. Med. Hypotheses. 76 (3), 325–327 (2011). · DOI
- Kim, K. A. et al. High fat diet-induced gut microbiota exacerbates inflammation and obesity in mice via the TLR4 signaling pathway. PLoS One. 7 (10), e47713 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
- Murga-Garrido, S. M. et al. Gut Microbiome variation modulates the effects of dietary fiber on host metabolism. Microbiome 9 (1), 117 (2021). · DOI · Paper page
- Miranda-Ribera, A. et al. The Zonulin-transgenic mouse displays behavioral alterations ameliorated via depletion of the gut microbiota. Tissue Barriers. 10 (3), 2000299 (2022). · DOI
- Heravi, F. S., Naseri, K. & Hu, H. Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients with Neurodegenerative Disorders (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s) and Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 15 (20), 4365 (2023). · DOI
- Waldmann, T. A. The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6 (8), 595–601 (2006). · DOI · Paper page
- Wu, Y., Tian, Z. & Wei, H. Developmental Funct. Control Nat. Killer Cells Cytokines Front. Immunol., 8: 930. (2017).
- Chughtai, S. et al. Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, emerging biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 779, 152456 (2025). · DOI
- Briones, T. L. & Woods, J. Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment is associated with decreases in cell proliferation and histone modifications. BMC Neurosci. 12, 124 (2011). · DOI
- Shen, C. L. et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation modulates gut Microbiome composition and glial signaling in brain and colon of rats with neuropathic pain: evidence for microbiota-Gut-Brain axis. J. Frailty Aging. 13 (4), 319–330 (2024). · DOI
- Park, J. C. & Im, S. H. Of men in mice: the development and application of a humanized gnotobiotic mouse model for Microbiome therapeutics. Exp. Mol. Med. 52 (9), 1383–1396 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
- Dutta, S. & Sengupta, P. Men and mice: relating their ages. Life Sci. 152, 244–248 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
- Boykoff, N., Moieni, M. & Subramanian, S. K. Confronting chemobrain: an in-depth look at survivors’ reports of impact on work, social networks, and health care response. J. Cancer Surviv. 3 (4), 223–232 (2009). · DOI · Paper page
Metadata
- Authors
- Cronin, B., Kandel, S., McElroy, T., Syed, S., Swinton, C., Corley, C., Sridharan, V., Robeson, M. S., & Allen, A. R.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2026-01-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2045-2322
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 13
- Language
- en
- Licence
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 (vor, 18 d)
- Funders
- NIH (1R01CA258673)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Changes in gut, microbiome, and cognition after doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel chemotherapy treatment. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41598-025-33903-w
- The paper
- Cronin, B., Kandel, S., McElroy, T., Syed, S., Swinton, C., Corley, C., Sridharan, V., Robeson, M. S., & Allen, A. R. (2026). Changes in gut, microbiome, and cognition after doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel chemotherapy treatment. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33903-w
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.