The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell growth
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TSC1 and TSC2 are the tumour-suppressor genes mutated in the tumour syndrome TSC (tuberous sclerosis complex). Their gene products form a complex that has become the focus of many signal transduction researchers. The TSC1–TSC2 (hamartin–tuberin) complex, through its GAP (GTPase-activating protein) activity towards the small G-protein Rheb (Ras homologue enriched in brain), is a critical negative regulator of mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1). As mTORC1 activity controls anabolic processes to promote cell growth, it is exquisitely sensitive to alterations in cell growth conditions. Through numerous phosphorylation events, the TSC1–TSC2 complex has emerged as the sensor and integrator of these growth conditions, relaying signals from diverse cellular pathways to properly modulate mTORC1 activity. In the present review we focus on the molecular details of TSC1–TSC2 complex regulation and function as it relates to the control of Rheb and mTORC1.
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Whereas specific metabolites signal to mTORC1 through the Rag GTPase axis, stress conditions such as hypoxia, DNA damage stress, ER stress, and growth factor and survival signaling are filtered through to the Rheb GTPase through TSCC by post-translational modification.
“Whereas it appears that specific metabolites signal to mTORC1 through the Rag GTPase axis, stress conditions such as hypoxia, DNA damage stress, ER stress, and growth factor and survival signaling, are filtered through to the Rheb GTPase through TSCC by post-translational modification (Kwiatkowski, 2003; Huang and Manning, 2008; Tomasoni and Mondino, 2011; Demetriades et al., 2016).”
From Signal integration in the (m)TORC1 growth pathway (2018) · cites this paper as Huang and Manning, 2008
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Chong-Kopera, H., Inoki, K., Li, Y., Zhu, T., Garcia-Gonzalo, F. R., Rosa, J. L., & Guan, K.-L. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c500451200 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Skeen, J. E., Bhaskar, P. T., Chen, C.-C., Chen, W. S., Peng, X.-D., Nogueira, V., Hahn-Windgassen, A., Kiyokawa, H., & Hay, N. (2006) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.022 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Tee, A. R., Anjum, R., & Blenis, J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m303257200 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Ballif, B. A., Roux, P. P., Gerber, S. A., MacKeigan, J. P., Blenis, J., & Gygi, S. P. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409143102 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Sirolimus Therapy in Tuberous Sclerosis or Sporadic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Davies, D. M., Johnson, S. R., Tattersfield, A. E., Kingswood, J. C., Cox, J. A., McCartney, D. L., Doyle, T., Elmslie, F., Saggar, A., de Vries, P. J., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc072500 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Jaeschke, A., Hartkamp, J., Saitoh, M., Roworth, W., Nobukuni, T., Hodges, A., Sampson, J. R., Thomas, G., & Lamb, R. F. (2002) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.jcb.200206108 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
TORC1 Is Essential for NF1-Associated Malignancies
Johannessen, C. M., Johnson, B. W., Williams, S. M. G., Chan, A. W., Reczek, E. E., Lynch, R. C., Rioth, M. J., McClatchey, A. I., Ryeom, S. W., & Cichowski, K. M. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.066 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
El-Hashemite, N., Zhang, H., Henske, E. P., & Kwiatkowski, D. J. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13044-9 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Mothe‐Satney, I., Yang, D., Fadden, P., Haystead, T., & Lawrence, J. C. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.10.3558-3567.2000 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Lethality of Drosophila lacking TSC tumor suppressor function rescued by reducing dS6K signalingPreprint
Radimerski, T., Montagne, J., Hemmings-Mieszczak, M., & Thomas, G. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.239102 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Characterization of the Cytosolic Tuberin-Hamartin Complex
Nellist, M. D., van Slegtenhorst, M. A., Goedbloed, M., van den Ouweland, A. M. W., Halley, D. J. J., & van der Sluijs, P. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.50.35647 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Efficacy of a rapamycin analog (CCI‐779) and IFN‐γ in tuberous sclerosis mouse models
Lee, L., Sudentas, P., Donohue, B. G., Asrican, K., Worku, A. D., Walker, V., Sun, Y., Schmidt, K. F., Albert, M. S., El-Hashemite, N., et al. (2004) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.20118 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Li, Y., Inoki, K., Vacratsis, P. O., & Guan, K. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m300862200 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
El-Hashemite, N., Walker, V., Zhang, H., & Kwiatkowski, D. J. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 158 · see citing works
DrosophilaRheb GTPase is required for cell cycle progression and cell growth
Patel, P. H., Thapar, N., Guo, L., Martinez, M., Maris, J. M., Gau, C., Lengyel, J. A., & Tamanoi, F. (2003) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00661 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
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Ma, L., Teruya‐Feldstein, J., Bonner, P., Bernardi, R., Franz, D. N., Witte, D. P., Cordon‐Cardo, C., & Pandolfi, P. P. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4798 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Regulation of the small GTPase Rheb by amino acids
Roccio, M., Bos, J. L., & Zwartkruis, F. J. T. (2005) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209106 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
AKT Activation in Human Glioblastomas Enhances Proliferation via TSC2 and S6 Kinase Signaling
Riemenschneider, M. J., Betensky, R. A., Pasedag, S. M., & Louis, D. N. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0364 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Abel, T. W., Baker, S. J., Fraser, M. M., Tihan, T., Nelson, J. S., Yachnis, A. T., Bouffard, J., Mena, H., Burger, P. C., & Eberhart, C. G. (2005) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/64.4.341 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Rheb is in a high activation state and inhibits B-Raf kinase in mammalian cells
Im, E., von Lintig, F. C., Chen, J. L., Zhuang, S., Qui, W., Chowdhury, S., Worley, P. F., Boss, G. R., & Pilz, R. B. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205792 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Jin, F., Wienecke, R., Xiao, G. H., Maize, J. C., DeClue, J. E., & Yeung, R. S. W. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.17.9154 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Pathological mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 disrupt the interaction between hamartin and tuberin
Hodges, A. (2001) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/10.25.2899 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Karbowniczek, M., Yu, J. J., & Henske, E. P. (2003) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63843-6 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Analysis of mTOR signaling by the small G‐proteins, Rheb and RhebL1
Tee, A. R., Blenis, J., & Proud, C. G. (2005) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.054 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Nellist, M. (2001) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/10.25.2889 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Tabancay, A. P., Gau, C., Machado, I. M. P., Uhlmann, E. J., Gutmann, D. H., Guo, L., & Tamanoi, F. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m306553200 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Matsumoto, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Maitra, U., & Matsumoto, T. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/161.3.1053 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Tsc2 is not a critical target of Akt during normal Drosophila developmentPreprint
Dong, J., & Pan, D. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1240504 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Aberrant β-Catenin Signaling in Tuberous Sclerosis
Mak, B. C., Kenerson, H. L., Aicher, L. D., Barnes, E. A., & Yeung, R. S. W. (2005) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62958-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Molecular Pathogenesis of Tuber Formation in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Crino, P. B. (2004) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738040190091301 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cell size regulation by the human TSC tumor suppressor proteins depends on PI3K and FKBP38
Rosner, M., Hofer, K., Kubista, M., & Hengstschläger, M. (2003) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206776 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Urano, J., Comiso, M. J., Guo, L., Aspuria, P.-J. P., Deniskin, R., Tabancay, A. P., Kato‐Stankiewicz, J., & Tamanoi, F. (2005) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04877.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Astrinidis, A., Senapedis, W. T., Coleman, T. R., & Henske, E. P. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m303956200 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Identification and Characterization of the Interaction between Tuberin and 14-3-3ζ
Nellist, M. D., Goedbloed, M., de Winter, C., Verhaaf, B., Jankie, A., Reuser, A. J. J., van den Ouweland, A. M. W., van der Sluijs, P., & Halley, D. J. J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m204802200 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Shumway, S. D., Li, Y., & Xiong, Y. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c200499200 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Negative Regulation of TSC1-TSC2 by Mammalian D-Type Cyclins
Zacharek, S. J., Xiong, Y., & Shumway, S. D. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2236 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Suppression of Peutz-Jeghers Polyposis by Targeting Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling
Wei, C., Amos, C. I., Zhang, N., Wang, X., Rashid, A., Walker, C. L., Behringer, R. R., & Frazier, M. L. (2008) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Multicompartmental distribution of the tuberous sclerosis gene products, hamartin and tuberin
Yamamoto, Y., Jones, K. A., Mak, B. C., Muehlenbachs, A., & Yeung, R. S. W. (2002) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00300-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Messina, M. P., Rauktys, A., Lee, L., & Dabora, S. L. (2007) · BMC Pharmacology · doi:10.1186/1471-2210-7-14 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease
Saxton, R. A., & Sabatini, D. M. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.004 · Cited by 7,555 · see citing works
Targeting PI3K signalling in cancer: opportunities, challenges and limitations
Engelman, J. A. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2664 · Cited by 2,445 · see citing works
Activation of a metabolic gene regulatory network downstream of mTOR complex 1
Düvel, K., Yecies, J. L., Menon, S., Raman, P., Lipovsky, A. I., Souza, A. L., Triantafellow, E., Ma, Q., Gorski, R., Cleaver, S., et al. (2010) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.06.022 · Cited by 2,020 · see citing works
“In its GTP-bound state, the Ras-related GTPase Rheb is a potent and essential activator of mTORC1 (Avruch et al., 2006; Huang and Manning, 2008).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression
Shackelford, D. B., & Shaw, R. J. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2676 · Cited by 1,943 · see citing works
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways
Wee, P., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers9050052 · Cited by 2,027 · see citing works
“TSC1 and TSC2 suppress the activity of RHEB (Ras-like GTPase), which are needed to activate mTORC1 [287].”
BackgroundBidirectional Transport of Amino Acids Regulates mTOR and Autophagy
Nicklin, P., Bergman, P., Zhang, B., Triantafellow, E., Wang, H., Nyfeler, B., Yang, H., Hild, M., Kung, C., Wilson, C., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.044 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
“Two key growth factor signals that regulate the mTORC1 pathway emanate from the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1/phosphatidyl inositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) and extracellular signal regulated kinase-p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (ERK-RSK) pathways (Huang and Manning, 2008).”
PI3K and cancer: lessons, challenges and opportunities
Fruman, D. A., & Rommel, C. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4204 · Cited by 1,716 · see citing works
Regulation and function of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) within mTOR signalling networks
Magnuson, B., Ekim, B., & Fingar, D. C. (2012) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20110892 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Everolimus for Subependymal Giant-Cell Astrocytomas in Tuberous Sclerosis
Krueger, D. A., Caré, M. M., Holland, K. D., Agricola, K. D., Tudor, C., Mangeshkar, P., Wilson, K. A., Byars, A. W., Sahmoud, T., & Franz, D. N. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1001671 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Bissler, J. J., Kingswood, J. C., Radzikowska, E., Zonnenberg, B. A., Frost, M., Белоусова, Е. Д., Sauter, M., Nonomura, N., Brakemeier, S., de Vries, P. J., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61767-x · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K Signaling
Dibble, C. C., & Cantley, L. (2015) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2015.06.002 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Franz, D. N., Belousova, E., Sparagana, S., Bebin, E. M., Frost, M., Kuperman, R., Witt, O., Kohrman, M. H., Flamini, J. R., Wu, J. Y., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61134-9 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Stimulation of de novo pyrimidine synthesis by growth signaling through mTOR and S6K1
Ben-Sahra, I., Howell, J. J., Asara, J. M., & Manning, B. D. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1228792 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
“To reveal additional inputs from the mTORC1 pathway into the control of cellular metabolism, we used unbiased metabolomic profiling in cells lacking the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) tumor suppressor, a key negative regulator of mTORC1 (5).”
MethodSelf-citationA complex interplay between Akt, TSC2 and the two mTOR complexes
Huang, J., & Manning, B. D. (2009) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0370217 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
“majority of published experiments, phosphorylation of these sites does not affect the association between TSC1 and TSC2 (reviewed in [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSignal integration by mTORC1 coordinates nutrient input with biosynthetic output
Dibble, C. C., & Manning, B. D. (2013) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb2763 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Self-citationDisentangling the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder through genetic findings
Jeste, S. S., & Geschwind, D. H. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.278 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Metformin, independent of AMPK, induces mTOR inhibition and cell-cycle arrest through REDD1
Ben Sahra, I., Regazzetti, C., Robert, G., Laurent, K., Le Marchand-Brustel, Y., Auberger, P., Tanti, J.-F., Giorgetti-Peraldi, S., & Bost, F. (2011) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1769 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
TBC1D7 Is a Third Subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 Complex Upstream of mTORC1
Dibble, C. C., Elis, W., Menon, S., Qin, W., Klekota, J., Asara, J. M., Finan, P. M., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Murphy, L. O., & Manning, B. D. (2012) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.009 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
“On the other hand, Rheb is controlled by numerous stimuli affecting mTORC1, including growth factors, hormones and cytokines, cellular energy levels, and stress (Huang and Manning, 2008; Laplante and Sabatini, 2012).”
Self-citationMorrison, D. K. (2008) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2008.10.003 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
“Also functioning upstream of TORC1 is the tuberous sclerosis complex TSC1–TSC2, which inhibits TORC1 signaling as a result of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity that is intrinsic to TSC2 and that inactivates Rheb [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialmTORC1 as the main gateway to autophagy
Rabanal-Ruiz, Y., Otten, E. G., & Korolchuk, V. (2017) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20170027 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Protein Phosphorylation: A Major Switch Mechanism for Metabolic Regulation
Humphrey, S. J., James, D. E., & Mann, M. (2015) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.013 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
“TSC, another example of a metabolic signal integrator, receives inputs from Akt [44], AMPK [45], GSK3 [46], ERK (extracellular signalregulated kinase) [47] and RSK (ribosomal protein S6 kinase) [48] to carefully control the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in response to growth factors…”
BackgroundMammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR): Conducting the Cellular Signaling Symphony
Foster, K. G., & Fingar, D. C. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r109.094003 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
mTOR as a key regulator in maintaining skeletal muscle mass
Yoon, M.-S. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00788 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
“…is activated by direct interaction with the GTP-bound form of Rheb (Sancak et al., 2008, 2010), which is regulated by the TSC complex [TSC1, TSC2, and Tre2Bub2-Cdc16-1 domain family member 7 (TBC1D7) Dibble and Manning, 2013], a GAP of Rheb (Huang and Manning, 2008; Saxton and Sabatini, 2017).”
BackgroundTargeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in non small cell lung cancer
Fumarola, C., Bonelli, M. A., Petronini, P. G., & Alfieri, R. R. (2014) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.011 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Dissecting the role of mTOR: Lessons from mTOR inhibitors
Dowling, R. J. O., Topisirović, I., Fonseca, B. D., & Sonenberg, N. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.12.001 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Insulin signaling meets mitochondria in metabolism
Cheng, Z., Tseng, Y. D., & White, M. F. (2010) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2010.06.005 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
mTOR substrate phosphorylation in growth control.
Battaglioni, S., Benjamin, D., Wälchli, M., Maier, T., & Hall, M. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.013 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
mTORC1-Activated S6K1 Phosphorylates Rictor on Threonine 1135 and Regulates mTORC2 Signaling
Julien, L.-A., Carriere, A., Moreau, J., & Roux, P. P. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00601-09 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Wander, S. A., Hennessy, B. T., & Slingerland, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci44145 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Characterization of Rictor Phosphorylation Sites Reveals Direct Regulation of mTOR Complex 2 by S6K1
Dibble, C. C., Asara, J. M., & Manning, B. D. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00735-09 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Self-citationHepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanism, targeted therapy, and biomarkers
Wang, Y., & Deng, B. (2023) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-023-10084-4 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
“Their gene products form a complex that is a key negative regulator of mTORC1, transmitting signals from a variety of cellular pathways [81].”
Regulation of TORC1 in response to amino acid starvation via lysosomal recruitment of TSC2
Demetriades, C., Doumpas, N., & Teleman, A. A. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.024 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Mechanisms of AMPK in the maintenance of ATP balance during energy metabolism
Ke, R., Xu, Q., Li, C., Luo, L., & Huang, D. (2017) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.10915 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“Activated AMPK phosphorylates TSC2 at Ser1387 or Thr1271, results in constitutive GTPase complex of TSC2-1 to maintain the mTOR activating factor Rheb in the GDP binding status, resulting in the inactivation of mTORC1 (Huang and Manning, 2008).”
BackgroundPerivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms: pathology and pathogenesis
Folpe, A. L., & Kwiatkowski, D. J. (2009) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.05.011 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Everolimus treatment of refractory epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex
Krueger, D. A., Wilfong, A. A., Holland‐Bouley, K. D., Anderson, A. E., Agricola, K. D., Tudor, C., Mays, M., Lopez, C., Kim, M., & Franz, D. N. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23960 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
“TSC1 and TSC2 form a complex responsible for the regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) via the intermediary signaling protein Rheb (ras homolog enriched in brain).(7) Pharmacologic inhibitors of mTORC1, particularly sirolimus and everolimus, have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of…”
BackgroundmTOR in Brain Physiology and Pathologies
Bockaert, J., & Marin, P. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00038.2014 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Oncogenic Roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis
Aoki, M., & Fujishita, T. (2017) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/82_2017_6 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“Germ-line mutations of TSC1 or TSC2 genes are involved in TSC, an autosomal dominant tumor syndrome from which their names are derived; the mutations affect multiple soft tissues of mesenchymal origin, resulting in formation of hamartomas and other benign tumors in various organs including the brain, kidney, skin, hea…”
BackgroundPhosphorylation Is a Central Mechanism for Circadian Control of Metabolism and Physiology
Robles, M. S., Humphrey, S. J., & Mann, M. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.004 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Functions and regulation of the 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinases
Fenton, T. R., & Gout, I. T. (2010) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.018 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Common corruption of the mTOR signaling network in human tumors
Menon, S., & Manning, B. D. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2009.352 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationmTOR couples cellular nutrient sensing to organismal metabolic homeostasis
Howell, J. J., & Manning, B. D. (2011) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2010.12.003 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“Through this molecular mechanism, the TSC1-TSC2 complex blocks mTORC1 activation in response to a diverse array of signals (Figure 1; reviewed in [3]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHowie, H. L., Katzenellenbogen, R. A., & Galloway, D. A. (2008) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Metabolic regulation of stem cell function in tissue homeostasis and organismal ageing
Chandel, N. S., Jasper, H., Ho, T. T., & Passegué, E. (2016) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3385 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Davies, D. M., de Vries, P. J., Johnson, S. R., McCartney, D. L., Cox, J. A., Serra, A. L., Watson, P., Howe, C. J., Doyle, T., Pointon, K. S., et al. (2011) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0445 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Mutation of TSC1 or TSC2 leads to over-activation of signaling via the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a regulator of cell growth.(10) Angiomyolipomas exhibit biallelic TSC1 or TSC2 mutation and mTORC1 pathway activation(2).”
BackgroundJames, M. F., Han, S., Polizzano, C., Plotkin, S. R., Manning, B. D., Stemmer-Rachamimov, A. O., Gusella, J. F., & Ramesh, V. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01581-08 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“One line of thought is that the limited malignant potential of TSC-associated tumors is due to the attenuation of Akt signaling (17).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGrowing knowledge of the mTOR signaling network
Huang, K., & Fingar, D. C. (2014) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.011 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering: methods to form skeletal myotubes and their applications
Ostrovidov, S., Hosseini, V., Ahadian, S., Fujie, T., Parthiban, S. P., Ramalingam, M., Bae, H., Kaji, H., & Khademhosseini, A. (2014) · Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0534 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“This leads to the generation of the second messenger PIP3 and the activation of Akt/TSC2/mTORC1 pathway resulting in anabolic effect on muscle.(167,175) However, a feedback mechanism exists to regulate the insulin signaling since the activation of S6K1 by mTORC1 induces the serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-1 re…”
InfluentialTargeting mTOR: prospects for mTOR complex 2 inhibitors in cancer therapy
Sparks, C. A., & Guertin, D. A. (2010) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2010.139 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“Interestingly, there is an emerging function for the TSC1–TSC2 complex in positively regulating mTORC2 (Huang et al., 2008, 2009).”
BackgroundmTOR Pathways in Cancer and Autophagy
Paquette, M., El–Houjeiri, L., & Pause, A. (2018) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers10010018 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The TOR Pathway Couples Nutrition and Developmental Timing in Drosophila
Layalle, S., Arquier, N., & Léopold, P. (2008) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.08.003 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“Increased expression of the negative regulators TSC1 and TSC2 is sufficient in many systems, including Drosophila, to suppress TORC1-mediated cell growth and mimic a state of nutrient deprivation (Gao et al., 2002; Huang and Manning, 2008; Potter et al., 2001; Tapon et al., 2001; Tee et al., 2002).”
BackgroundLncRNA NBR2 engages a metabolic checkpoint by regulating AMPK under energy stress
Liu, X., Xiao, Z., Han, L., Zhang, J., Lee, S.-W., Wang, W., Lee, H., Zhuang, L., Chen, J., Lin, H., et al. (2016) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3328 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The multifaceted role of mTORC1 in the control of lipid metabolism
Ricoult, S. J. H., & Manning, B. D. (2013) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2013.5 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“All of these signals require the Rasrelated small G protein Rheb, which on GTPloading is an essential upstream activator of mTORC1 [1].”
Self-citationOncogenic PI3K and K-Ras stimulate de novo lipid synthesis through mTORC1 and SREBP
Ricoult, S. J. H., Yecies, J. L., Ben‐Sahra, I., & Manning, B. D. (2015) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2015.179 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cell biology of polycystic kidney disease
Chapin, H. C., & Caplan, M. J. (2010) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201006173 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“This effect is mediated by the TSC1 and TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis 1 and 2) complex, which acts as a negative regulator of the mTOR complex (Huang and Manning, 2008).”
BackgroundFundamental Elements in Autism: From Neurogenesis and Neurite Growth to Synaptic Plasticity
Gilbert, J. P., & Man, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00359 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
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AKT in cancer: new molecular insights and advances in drug development
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Plzf Regulates Germline Progenitor Self-Renewal by Opposing mTORC1
Hobbs, R. M., Seandel, M., Falciatori, I., Rafii, S., & Pandolfi, P. P. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.041 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Growth factor receptors activate mTORC1 by signaling through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Ras/Erk MAPK, which inhibit the TSC1/TSC2 complex (Huang and Manning, 2008); TSC1/TSC2 negatively regulates mTORC1 via its GTPase-activating protein activity toward the small G protein Rheb.”
ERK1/2 Phosphorylate Raptor to Promote Ras-dependent Activation of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1)
Carriere, A., Romeo, Y., Acosta-Jaquez, H. A., Moreau, J., Bonneil, E., Thibault, P., Fingar, D. C., & Roux, P. P. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.159046 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
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Tuberous Sclerosis registry to increase disease Awareness (TOSCA): baseline data on 2093 patients
on behalf of TOSCA consortium and TOSCA investigators, Kingswood, J. C., d’Augères, G. B., Belousova, E., Ferreira, J. C., Carter, T., Castellana, R., Cottin, V., Curatolo, P., Dahlin, M., et al. (2017) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0553-5 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“Mutations of TSC1 or TSC2 gene result in overactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1, a key intracellular regulator of cell growth and proliferation, resulting in the hamartomatous lesions found in multiple organs [5, 6].”
BackgroundZhang, J., Kim, J., Alexander, A., Cai, S., Tripathi, D. N., Dere, R., Tee, A. R., Tait-Mulder, J., Di Nardo, A., Han, J. M., et al. (2013) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb2822 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“The TSC tumor suppressor is a heterodimer comprised of tuberin (TSC2), a GTPase activating protein (GAP), and its activation partner hamartin (TSC1), which localizes the TSC tumor suppressor to endomembranes and protects TSC2 from proteasomal degradation 3, 4 .”
The serine/threonine kinase ULK1 is a target of multiple phosphorylation events
Bach, M., Larance, M., James, D. E., & Ramm, G. (2011) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20101894 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
AMPK: Regulation of Metabolic Dynamics in the Context of Autophagy
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“TSC2 Ser1387(H, M, R) Thr1271(H, R) Regulation of Autophagy Negative regulator of Mtor [80,87]”
BackgroundEvolving complexity of MIF signaling
Jankauskas, S. S., Wong, D. W. L., Bucala, R., Djudjaj, S., & Boor, P. (2019) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.01.006 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
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mTOR: A pathogenic signaling pathway in developmental brain malformations
Crino, P. B. (2011) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.07.008 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
A comprehensive map of the mTOR signaling network
Caron, É., Ghosh, S., Matsuoka, Y., Ashton‐Beaucage, D., Therrien, M., Lemieux, S., Perreault, C., Roux, P. P., & Kitano, H. (2010) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2010.108 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“The TSC1–TSC2 complex is a critical negative regulator of mTORC1 (Huang and Manning, 2008b).”
BackgroundTargeting tumor cell metabolism with statins
Clendening, J. W., & Penn, L. Z. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2012.6 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
PTEN and PI3K/AKT in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Pérez-Ramírez, C., Cañadas‐Garre, M., Molina‐Vila, M. Á., Faus-Dáder, M. J., & Calleja‐Hernández, M. Á. (2015) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.15.122 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Lymphatic Malformations: Genetics, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies
Mäkinen, T., Boon, L. M., Vikkula, M., & Alitalo, K. K. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.318142 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Amino Acid Signaling in TOR Activation
Kim, J., & Guan, K. (2011) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062209-094414 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The mTORC1/4E-BP1 axis represents a critical signaling node during fibrogenesis
Woodcock, H. V., Eley, J. D., Guillotin, D., Platé, M., Nanthakumar, C. B., Martufi, M., Peace, S., Joberty, G., Poeckel, D., Good, R. B., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07858-8 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
AKT and ERK dual inhibitors: The way forward?
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PEComa: morphology and genetics of a complex tumor family
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“mammalian LST8/G-protein β-subunit like protein (mLST8/GβL) [170], and the recently identified partners PRAS40 and DEPTOR [171].”
BackgroundGlutamate excitotoxicity: Potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke
Shen, Z., Xiang, M., Chen, C., Ding, F., Wang, Y., Shang, C., Xin, L., Zhang, Y., & Cui, X. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113125 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Gallinetti, J., Harputlugil, E., & Mitchell, J. R. (2012) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20121098 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Wang, S., Li, H., Yuan, M., Fan, H., & Cai, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1015500 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Soliman, G. A., Acosta-Jaquez, H. A., Dunlop, E. A., Üstünel, B. E., Maj, N. E., Tee, A. R., & Fingar, D. C. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.096222 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
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“On the contrary, lack of nutrients/energy rapidly suppresses mTORC1 and mTORC1-controlled anabolic processes and activates autophagy (2,3).”
BackgroundBreuleux, M., Klopfenstein, M., Stephan, C., Doughty, C. A., Barys, L., Maira, S.-M., Kwiatkowski, D. J., & Lane, H. A. (2009) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0668 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
mTOR-Mediated Regulation of Immune Responses in Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment
Mafi, S., Mansoori, B., Taeb, S., Sadeghi, H., Abbasi, R., Cho, W. C. S., & Rostamzadeh, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.774103 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Thus, suppression of TSC allows the GTP-bound Rheb to bind and activate mTORC1 (Figure 1) (19, 20).”
BackgroundAMPK directly activates mTORC2 to promote cell survival during acute energetic stress
Kazyken, D., Magnuson, B., Bodur, Ç., Acosta-Jaquez, H. A., Zhang, D., Tong, X., Barnes, T. M., Steinl, G. K., Patterson, N., Altheim, C. H., et al. (2019) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aav3249 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Roberts, M. D., McCarthy, J. J., Hornberger, T. A., Phillips, S. M., Mackey, A. L., Nader, G. A., Boppart, M. D., Kavazis, A. N., Reidy, P. T., Ogasawara, R., et al. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2022 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Malignant” Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasm: Risk Stratification and Treatment Strategies
Bleeker, J. S., Quevedo, J. F., & Folpe, A. L. (2012) · Sarcoma · doi:10.1155/2012/541626 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Complete loss of either TSC1 or TSC2 due to a second hit to either TSC locus leads to a dysfunctional TSC1TSC2 complex and unchecked cell proliferation through unregulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation [75] and impaired mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) activation [76].”
Bakula, D., Müller, A. J., Zuleger, T., Takács, Z., Franz‐Wachtel, M., Thost, A.-K., Brigger, D., Tschan, M. P., Frickey, T., Robenek, H., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15637 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Loss of Tsc1 In Vivo Impairs Hippocampal mGluR-LTD and Increases Excitatory Synaptic Function
Bateup, H. S., Takasaki, K. T., Saulnier, J. L., Denefrio, C. L., & Sabatini, B. L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1617-11.2011 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with the somatic hypertrophy observed in many cell types due to loss of Tsc1/2 and may reflect overactivation of mTOR-regulated cell growth processes (Hay and Sonenberg, 2004; Tavazoie et al., 2005; Meikle et al., 2007; Huang and Manning, 2008).”
BackgroundResultStructural basis for the docking of mTORC1 on the lysosomal surface
Rogala, K. B., Gu, X., Kedir, J. F., Abu-Remaileh, M., Bianchi, L. F., Bottino, A. M. S., Dueholm, R., Niehaus, A., Overwijn, D., Fils, A.-C. P., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay0166 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Regulation of YAP by mTOR and autophagy reveals a therapeutic target of tuberous sclerosis complex
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Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis and the Effects of Catabolic States
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“As noted above, impaired insulin and Akt signaling to mTORC1 may be a consequence of concomitant activation of AMPK.”
BackgroundInfluentialEverolimus long-term safety and efficacy in subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
Krueger, D. A., Caré, M. M., Agricola, K. D., Tudor, C., Mays, M., & Franz, D. N. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182815428 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“A deficiency in TSC1 or TSC2 leads to hyperactivation of mTORC1, resulting in increased protein synthesis, and abnormal cellular growth and proliferation.(14,15) Clinical data not only support the use of mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of SEGA, but also renal angiomyolipomas, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and facial ang…”
BackgroundSomatic Mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 Cause Focal Cortical Dysplasia
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Genetically engineered human cortical spheroid models of tuberous sclerosis
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mTOR-Dependent Cell Survival MechanismsPreprint
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mTORC1-dependent and -independent regulation of stem cell renewal, differentiation, and mobilization
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“The TSC1/TSC2 complex thus inhibits mTORC1 activity by stimulating Rheb GTP hydrolysis (2).”
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Apoptotic Pathways and Alzheimer’s Disease: Probing Therapeutic Potential
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Nutrient control of TORC1, a cell-cycle regulator
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The lysosome: a crucial hub for AMPK and mTORC1 signalling.
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- Authors
- Huang, J., & Manning, B. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2008-05-14
- Volume
- 412
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-190
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- PMC
- PMC2735030
- OpenAlex
- W1993431258
- Cited by
- 1,237
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA122617, P01CA120964)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Hippo pathway signaling and YAP/TAZ
- Keywords
- TSC1/TSC2 complex, hamartin, tuberin, tuberous sclerosis complex, Rheb, GTPase-activating protein, mTORC1, cell growth regulation, signal transduction, phosphorylation, anabolic processes, tumor suppressor
- MeSH terms
- Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cell Cycle, Humans, Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Molecular Sequence Data, Neuropeptides, Protein Kinases, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Sequence Alignment, Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Cell Growth Processes, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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