Cited by 1,006Language Development and DisordersReading and Literacy DevelopmentHearing Loss and Rehabilitation

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Nonword Repetition and Child Language Impairment

Dollaghan, Chris, Campbell, Thomas F.·1998·Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

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Abstract

A brief, processing-dependent, nonword repetition task, designed to minimize biases associated with traditional language tests, was investigated. In Study 1, no overlap in nonword repetition performance was found between a group of 20 school-age children enrolled in language intervention (LI) and a group of 20 age-matched peers developing language normally (LN). In Study 2, a comparison of likelihood ratios for the nonword repetition task and for a traditional language test revealed that nonword repetition distinguished between children independently identified as LI and LN with a high degree of accuracy, by contrast with the traditional language test. Nonword repetition may have considerable clinical utility as a screening measure for language impairment in children. Information on the likelihood ratios associated with all diagnostic tests of language is badly needed.

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Background
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Result
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“…Carter, Witton & Stein, 2000;Stein, 1999;Stein & Talcott, 1999;Talcott, Hansen, Assoku & Stein, 2000;Witton et al., 1998;Livingstone, Rosen, Drislane & Galaburda, 1991;Powell & Bishop, 1992) and working memory (Botting & Conti-Ramsden, 2001;Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998;Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990).”
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Background
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Background
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Self-citation
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“Syllables did not correspond to those comprising English words ( Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998 ).”
Background
Categorical speech perception deficits distinguish language and reading impairments in children
Robertson, E. K., Joanisse, M. F., Desroches, A. S., & Ng, S. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00806.x · Cited by 80
Phonological Processing Skills of Adolescents With Residual Speech Sound Errors
Preston, J. L., & Edwards, M. L. (2007) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2007/032 · Cited by 82
Comprehension problems in children with specific language impairment: does mental imagery training help?
Joffe, V. L., Cain, K., & Marić, N. (2007) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820601084402 · Cited by 80
“group ( Dollaghan and Campbell, 1998; Gathercole and Baddeley, 1990).”
Background
Short-Term Memory, Inhibition, and Attention in Developmental Stuttering: A Meta-Analysis
Ofoe, L. C., Anderson, J. D., & Ntourou, K. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0372 · Cited by 88
“The Children’s Test of Nonword Repetition.”
BackgroundInfluential
Early Identification of Reading Comprehension Difficulties
Catts, H. W., Nielsen, D. C., Bridges, M. S., & Liu, Y.-S. (2014) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219414556121 · Cited by 78
“In this task (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998), the participant is required to repeat 16 nonwords ranging from one to four syllables in length (four words at each length).”
Background
Cognitive Endophenotypes of Dyslexia
Moll, K., Loff, A., & Snowling, M. J. (2013) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2012.736439 · Cited by 77
“An adapted 20-item version (5 condition × 4 items) of the NWrep task developed by Dollaghan and Campbell (1998) was administered.”
Method
Atypical neural functions underlying phonological processing and silent rehearsal in children who stutter
Weber-Fox, C. M., Spruill, J. E., Spencer, R. M. C., & Smith, A. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00678.x · Cited by 77
Relation of auditory attention and complex sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment: A preliminary study
Montgomery, J. W., Evans, J. L., & Gillam, R. B. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716408090061 · Cited by 77
Children With Specific Language Impairment and Resolved Late Talkers: Working Memory Profiles at 5 Years
Petruccelli, N., Bavin, E. L., & Bretherton, L. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0288 · Cited by 76
Language Assessment With Children Who Speak Nonmainstream Dialects: Examining the Effects of Scoring Modifications in Norm-Referenced Assessment
Hendricks, A. E., & Adlof, S. M. (2017) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2017_lshss-16-0060 · Cited by 76
Nonword repetition and phoneme elision in adults who do and do not stutter
Byrd, C. T., Vallely, M. N., Anderson, J. D., & Sussman, H. M. (2012) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.03.003 · Cited by 76
“Thirty-six of the 48 non-words were selected from among the Gupta (2003) non-word stimuli, as were 12 of the 48 non-words from Dollaghan and Campbell (1998).”
BackgroundMethod
Explaining Lexical–Semantic Deficits in Specific Language Impairment: The Role of Phonological Similarity, Phonological Working Memory, and Lexical Competition
Mainela‐Arnold, E., Evans, J. L., & Coady, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/08-0198 · Cited by 86
Semantic Deficits in Children With Language Impairments
Brackenbury, T., & Pye, C. L. (2005) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2005/002 · Cited by 74
Fast Mapping and Word Learning by Preschoolers with SLI in a Supported Learning Context: Effect of Encoding Cues, Phonotactic Probability and Object Familiarity
Gray, S. I., & Brinkley, S. (2010) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0285 · Cited by 70
Differentiating dialect from disorder: a comparison of two processing tasks and a standardized language test
Rodekohr, R. K., & Haynes, W. O. (2001) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0021-9924(01)00050-8 · Cited by 74
Sentence repetition as a marker of language skills in children with dyslexia
Moll, K., Hulme, C., Nag, S., & Snowling, M. J. (2013) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716413000209 · Cited by 72
Current Methods of Evaluating Speech-Language Outcomes for Preschoolers With Communication Disorders: A Scoping Review Using the ICF-CY
Cunningham, B. J., Washington, K. N., Binns, A. V., Rolfe, K., Robertson, B., & Rosenbaum, P. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-15-0329 · Cited by 71
“Vocabulary Aktiver Wortschatztest für 3- bis 5-jährige Kinder–Revision Kiese-Himmel (2005) d310 Communicating with – receiving spoken messages British Picture Vocabulary Scale Dunn et al. (1997) d330 Speaking Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test Brownell (2000) Expressive Vocabulary Test Williams (1997) MacArth…”
BackgroundInfluential
Statistically Induced Chunking Recall: A Memory‐Based Approach to Statistical Learning
Isbilen, E. S., McCauley, S. M., Kidd, E., & Christiansen, M. H. (2020) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12848 · Cited by 86
“Responses that had fewer than six syllables were amended using the same anchoring procedure that was implemented for the auditory experiment (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Weismer et al., 2000) reported in Appendix B.”
BackgroundMethod
Nonword Repetition – A Clinical Marker for Specific Language Impairment in Swedish Associated with Parents’ Language-Related Problems
Kalnak, N., Peyrard‐Janvid, M., Forssberg, H., & Sahlén, B. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089544 · Cited by 71
“Most research of NWR as a clinical marker has been based on English-speaking samples [19–21].”
Background
The omission of subject arguments in children with Specific Language Impairment
Grela, B. G. (2003) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/0269920031000061812 · Cited by 71
Behavioral profiles associated with auditory processing disorder and specific language impairment
Miller, C., & Wagstaff, D. A. (2011) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.04.001 · Cited by 71
“Phonological memory: The Nonword Repetition Test (NRT; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) was also used to measure phonological memory, which is thought to be an important contributor to language ability (Coady & Evans, 2008).”
Method
The Aromatase Gene CYP19A1: Several Genetic and Functional Lines of Evidence Supporting a Role in Reading, Speech and Language
Anthoni, H., Sucheston, L. E., Lewis, B. A., Tapia‐Páez, I., Fan, X., Zucchelli, M., Taipale, M., Stein, C. M., Hokkanen, M., Ċastrén, E., et al. (2012) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-012-9532-3 · Cited by 71
“It is possible that the common etiologic link among dyslexia, SLI and SSD is in the domain of phonological processing and phonological memory (Dollaghan and Campbell 1998; Conti-Ramsden and Hesketh 2003; Pennington 2006), although each condition is recognized as a distinct developmental disorder of…”
Background
Nonword repetition in children and adults: effects on movement coordination
Sasisekaran, J., Smith, A., Sadagopan, N., & Weber-Fox, C. M. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00911.x · Cited by 71
“The nonwords varied in length (1–4 syllables) and consisted of tense vowels and consonants acquired early in development while 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. excluding the late-eight consonants and consonant clusters (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998).”
Comparing language profiles: children with specific language impairment and developmental coordination disorder
Archibald, L. M. D., & Alloway, T. P. (2008) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820701422809 · Cited by 70
Short‐term Memory in Childhood Dyslexia: Deficient Serial Order in Multiple Modalities
Cowan, N., Hogan, T. P., Alt, M., Green, S., Cabbage, K. L., Brinkley, S., & Gray, S. I. (2017) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1557 · Cited by 70
“…qualified for inclusion in the study on Day 1 completed several other psychometric tests on Day 2: The Expressive Vocabulary Test- Second Edition (EVT-2: Williams, 2007), a nonword repetition task (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998), and the nonverbal scale of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children -”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Comprehension of Inferences in Discourse Processing by Adolescents With and Without Language Impairment
Karasinski, C., & Weismer, S. E. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0006 · Cited by 69
Early language development in children with a genetic risk of dyslexia
van Alphen, P., de Bree, E. H., Gerrits, E., de Jong, J., Wilsenach, C., & Wijnen, F. N. K. (2004) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.272 · Cited by 69
“A non-word repetition test (NRT) was constructed after Dollaghan and Campbell (1998). This NRT minimises the effect of language knowledge and avoids assessing productive phonological abilities rather than phonological processing skills.”
Method
The relationship between phonological short-term memory, receptive vocabulary, and fast mapping in children with specific language impairment
Jackson, E., Leitão, S., & Claessen, M. (2015) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12185 · Cited by 68
“The Nonword Repetition Test (NRT; Dollaghan and Campbell 1998) was used to measure phonological STM capacity.”
MethodInfluential
Non‐word repetition in Dutch children with (a risk of) dyslexia and SLI
de Bree, E. H., Rispens, J., & Gerrits, E. (2007) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699200701576892 · Cited by 68
“Children and adolescents with SLI show pronounced difficulties with non-word repetition (NWR) (e.g. Kamhi, Catts, Mauer, Apel, & Gentry 1988; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Ellis Weismer et al., 2000; Goulandris, Snowling, & Walker, 2000; Conti-Ramsden, Botting, & Faragher, 2001; Conti-Ramsden, &…”
BackgroundMethod
Grammaticality sensitivity in children with early focal brain injury and children with specific language impairment
Wulfeck, B. B. (2003) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00100-7 · Cited by 67
“Verbal memory deficits also have been implicated ( Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1995; Montgomery, 1995; Sininger, Klatzky, & Kirchner, 1989; van der Lely & Howard, 1995).”
Background
Word Learning Deficits in Children With Dyslexia
Alt, M., Hogan, T. P., Green, S., Gray, S. I., Cabbage, K. L., & Cowan, N. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-16-0036 · Cited by 68
“In addition to these inclusionary criteria, we also collected descriptive data for maternal level of education, parental ratings of their child’s attention, and we administered a nonword repetition task (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998), expressive vocabulary test (Expressive Vocabulary Test–”
Method
The Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Test of Early Nonword Repetition for Differentiating Late Talking and Typically Developing Children
Stokes, S. F., & Klee, T. M. (2009) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0030 · Cited by 66
Nonword repetition and phoneme elision in adults who do and do not stutter: Vocal versus nonvocal performance differences
Byrd, C. T., McGill, M., & Usler, E. R. (2015) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.01.004 · Cited by 65
“Smith, Sadagopan, Walsh, and Weber-Fox (2010) had 17 adults who do and do not stutter complete a nonword repetition aradigm wherein they first had to produce 16 nonwords, which varied from 1- to 4-syllables in length, from the Nonword epetition Test (NRT; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998).”
Background
Linguistic Profile of Individuals with Down Syndrome: Comparing the Linguistic Performance of Three Developmental Disorders
Ypsilanti, A., & Γρούϊος, Γ. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040701632209 · Cited by 65
“Most theorists relate the language difficulties of individuals with SLI, with their deficits on phonological short-term memory tasks (e.g., Bishop, North, & Donlan, 1996; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Wiesmer et al., 2000).”
Background
Recast Density and Acquisition of Novel Irregular Past Tense Verbs
Proctor-Williams, K., & Fey, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/072 · Cited by 63

Authors: Dollaghan, C., & Campbell, T. F.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Campbell, Thomas F.
Venue: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 41
Issue: 5
Pages: 1136-1146
ISSN: 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
1558-9102
DOI: 10.1044/jslhr.4105.1136
OpenAlex: W1986346898
Cited by: 1,006
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 12.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29dc001858-05)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R29DC01858)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Keywords: non-word repetition, language impairment, children, language screening, likelihood ratios, language intervention, diagnostic test validity, language assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Phonetics, Speech Disorders

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Nonword Repetition and Child Language Impairment

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