Cited by 1,006Language Development and DisordersReading and Literacy DevelopmentHearing Loss and Rehabilitation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nonword Repetition and Child Language Impairment

Dollaghan, Chris, Campbell, Thomas F.·1998·Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A brief, processing-dependent, nonword repetition task, designed to minimize biases associated with traditional language tests, was investigated. In Study 1, no overlap in nonword repetition performance was found between a group of 20 school-age children enrolled in language intervention (LI) and a group of 20 age-matched peers developing language normally (LN). In Study 2, a comparison of likelihood ratios for the nonword repetition task and for a traditional language test revealed that nonword repetition distinguished between children independently identified as LI and LN with a high degree of accuracy, by contrast with the traditional language test. Nonword repetition may have considerable clinical utility as a screening measure for language impairment in children. Information on the likelihood ratios associated with all diagnostic tests of language is badly needed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1044/jslhr.4105.1136

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
Panagos, R. J. (1998) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259801900609 · Cited by 4,183
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3435 · Cited by 4,103
Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection?
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1990) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(90)90004-j · Cited by 1,487
Working Memory and Language
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315804682 · Cited by 1,111
Otitis Media in 2253 Pittsburgh-Area Infants: Prevalence and Risk Factors During the First Two Years of Life
Paradise, J. L., Rockette, H. E., Colborn, D. K., Bernard, B. S., Smith, C. G., Kurs‐Lasky, M., & Janosky, J. E. (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.99.3.318 · Cited by 778
Working Memory and Language
Daneman, M. (1994) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/002383099403700409 · Cited by 763
Nonword Repetition as a Behavioural Marker for Inherited Language Impairment: Evidence From a Twin Study
Bishop, D., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01420.x · Cited by 693
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence
Brown, L. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0153-4_10 · Cited by 673
Selection of Children with Specific Language Deficits
Stark, R. E., & Tallal, P. A. (1981) · Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders · doi:10.1044/jshd.4602.114 · Cited by 489
A System for the Diagnosis of Specific Language Impairment in Kindergarten Children
Tomblin, J. B., Records, N. L., & Zhang, X. (1996) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.3906.1284 · Cited by 429

Show all 34 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Akmajian A., 1995, Linguistics
Dunn L., 1981, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised
Edwards J. & Lahey M. (1996 June). Why do children with specific language impairment repeat nonwords less accurately than their peers? Poster session presented at the 17th Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Hammill D., 1988, Test of Language Development 2 Intermediate
Kay Elemetrics Corporation, 1994, CSL: Computerized Speech Laboratory, Model 4300B
Newcomer P., 1988, Test of Language Development 2 Primary
Shriberg L. D., 1982, Clinical phonetics

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 999

Heritage language learners of English: Linguistic gaps and cognitive strengths
Balilah, A. M., Archibald, L. M. D., & Saïd, F. (2022) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2022.2141322 · Cited by 3
“The Nonword Repetition Task (NWR , Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) Children repeated 16 nonwords, four each being one, two, three, or four syllables in length.”
Method
Imitation of Multisyllabic Items by Children With Developmental Language Disorder: Evidence for Word-Level Atypical Speech Envelope and Pitch Contours
Parvez, L., Keshavarzi, M., Richards, S., Liberto, G. M. D., & Goswami, U. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00031 · Cited by 5
Effects of Ultrasound as Visual Feedback of the Tongue on Generalization, Retention, and Acquisition in Speech Therapy for Rhotics
Sjolie, G. M. (2015) · Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University) · Cited by 3
Gender Differences in the Effect of Dynamic Assessment on Grammatical Accuracy of Writings
Ramazanpour, G., Nourdad, N., & Nouri, N. (2016) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.0601.12 · Cited by 3
Cognitive Factors and Residual Speech Errors: Basic Science, Translational Research, and Some Clinical Frameworks
Eaton, C. T. (2015) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1562908 · Cited by 3
“A short-term memory assessment for Maya might include a nonword repetition task; her accuracy in repeating nonwords of increasing complexity could be compared with age-level normative information.(11,12) In the speech domain, long-term memory involves storage and retrieval of phonological representations that are nece…”
Background
Computational analysis of language use in autism
Rouhizadeh, M. (2015) · doi:10.6083/m4h70ds5 · Cited by 3
“The Nonword Repetition Task (NRT) was administered and scored based on Dollaghan and Campbell (1998).”
Method
Automatic Scoring of a Nonword Repetition Test
Asgari, M., van Santen, J. P. H., & Papadakis, K. (2017) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications · doi:10.1109/icmla.2017.0-143 · Cited by 3
“[4] Chris Dollaghan and Thomas F Campbell, “Nonword repetition and child language impairment,” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1136–1146, 1998.”
Gelişimsel Dil Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklar: Dil Gelişimi ve Sözel Çalışma Belleği
HASSAMANCIOĞLU, U., & Doğan, Ö. (2021) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.742658 · Cited by 4
“Previous studies state that children with DLD have difficulties in non-word recall, there is a high relationship between non-word recall task and their language skills, and DLD can be determined with this task (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Santos & Ferre, 2018).”
Background
Phonological predictors of nonword repetition performance in bilingual children
Irizarry-Pérez, C. D., Peña, E. D., & Bedore, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106156 · Cited by 3
Repetition Assessment for Speech and Language Disorders: A Study of the Logopenic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia
Haulcy, R., Placek, K., Tracey, B., Vogel, A. P., & Glass, J. R. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746627 · Cited by 3
“Non-word repetition tasks have been used to detect language impairment in children [8, 9, 10, 11] and word/sentence repetition tasks have been used to distinguish healthy controls from patients with various forms of Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) and Alzheimer’s Disease [12, 13, 14, 15, 16].”
Method
Language Competence in Italian Heritage Speakers: The Contribution of Clitic Pronouns and Nonword Repetition
Smith, G., Spelorzi, R., Sorace, A., & Garraffa, M. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7030180 · Cited by 3
Error Characteristics Lend Specificity to Nonword Repetition Performance in Children Who Stutter With and Without Concomitant Disorders
Gerwin, K. L., Walsh, B. M., & Christ, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00654 · Cited by 3
Speech processing and short term memory skills in preschoolers: Evidence from Greek-speaking children with and without speech sound disorders
Geronikou, E., Traga, E., & Xoli, L. (2022) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2022.2128423 · Cited by 5
“To address the effect of confounding variables nonword stimuli have been devised so as to consist of phonemes acquired early and to avoid the inclusion of real word components (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998).”
Background
Assessing phonological short-term memory in Greek: Reliability and validity of a non-word repetition test
Talli, I., Kotsoni, P., Stavrakaki, S., & Sprenger-Charolles, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904268 · Cited by 4
“The nature of the NWR task is a matter of high controversy in the relevant literature and as a result, various hypotheses have been developed as to which skills and processes are involved while performing a NWR task, with research suggesting phonological short-term memory (STM; Gathercole and Baddeley, 1990), phonolog…”
Background
“We Pau ?”: Culturally Responsive Language Assessment of Pidgin (Hawaiʻi Creole)–Speaking Children
Schwartz, B. F. (2024) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2024_persp-23-00097 · Cited by 3
Pilot study for the development of Korean and English speech processing task system*,**
Kim, J.-Y., & Ha, J.-W. (2024) · Phonetics and Speech Sciences · doi:10.13064/ksss.2024.16.2.029 · Cited by 3
A Novel Investigation of Generalized Motor Program Theory: Syllable Stress as a Motor-Class Variable
Meigh, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-16-0247 · Cited by 3
“Trained filler stimuli adapted from McNeil et al. (2005), Roy and Chiat (2004), and Dollaghan and Campbell (1998) were included in motorclass training to control for response bias in the old/new judgment task.”
Does Phonological Complexity Provide a Good Index of Language Disorder in Children With Cochlear Implants?
David, C., Tuller, L., Schweitzer, E., Lescanne, E., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., Gomot, M., & Ferré, S. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00642 · Cited by 3
Detection of Lexical and Morphological Anomalies by Children With and Without Language Impairment
Pawłowska, M., Robinson, S., & Seddoh, A. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0241 · Cited by 3
A Closer Look at Phonology as a Predictor of Spoken Sentence Processing and Word Reading
Myers, S., & Robertson, E. K. (2014) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-014-9292-8 · Cited by 3
The Complementary Nature of ITPA and WISC-R Results for Language-impaired Children
Ottem, E. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830220142173 · Cited by 3
“…children with language disorders, whose poor language performance re ects fundamental psycholinguistic de cits, and children with language differences attributable to differing experiential backgrounds (see for example Gaulin & Campbell, 1994; Campbell et al., 1997; Dollaghan and Campbell, 1998).”
Background
Working memory and sentence comprehension of Hong Kong Chinese children with specific language impairment
Siu, E. K.-L., & Man, D. W. K. (2006) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/01.mrr.0000210058.06989.f6 · Cited by 3
“This deficit can be measured by the task of non-word repetition (Gathercole and Baddeley, 1990), which has been found to be a reliable index of phonological working memory in different studies (Montgomery, 1995; Adams and Gathercole, 1996; Dollaghan and Campbell, 1998).”
The Use of Nonlinguistic Statistical Learning as a Clinical Marker in Bilingual Children
Yim, D. (2011) · Cited by 3
Baremación de una tarea de repetición de pseudopalabras para la evaluación del desarrollo léxico
Lázaro, M., Rujas, I., Montero, I., Casla, M., & Murillo, E. (2017) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.34.1.256731 · Cited by 3
“In a study comparing typically developing children and children with SLI, Conti-Ramsden (2003) obtained similar findings for English.”
BackgroundInfluential
Frequencies in Perception and Production Differentially Affect Child Speech
Richtsmeier, P. T., & Good, A. K. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0391 · Cited by 3
Talker Processing in Mandarin-Speaking Congenital Amusics
Shao, J., Wang, L., & Zhang, C. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00209 · Cited by 3
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING ABILITIES OF ADULTS WHO STUTTER
Pelczarski, K. M. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 3
The Role of Working Memory in Vocabulary Development
Gillam, R. B. (2002) · Perspectives on Language Learning and Education · doi:10.1044/lle9.3.7 · Cited by 3
Examination of Phonological Ability in Poor Reading/Writing Children and Poor Vocabulary Children
Sano, T., Uno, A., & Tatsumi, I. F. (2017) · The Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics · doi:10.5112/jjlp.58.15 · Cited by 3
Memory in Schools
DeMarie, D., & López, L. M. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118597705.ch36 · Cited by 3
Towards a universal model of reading investigations into Persian monolingual and English-Persian bilingual speakers
Sadeghi, A. (2013) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/10041 · Cited by 3
The morphology of German-speaking children with specific language impairment
Hasselaar, J. (2014) · Cited by 3
Influences on Nonword Repetition in Young Children
Arthur, D. T. (2017) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 3
Structural Language and Nonverbal Ability Profiles in Monolingual and Bilingual Children with ASD
Silleresi, S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f16bd1f4zf081z4f89zac3bzac3f4727a65b · Cited by 3
Phonological processing in Chinese word repetition: Dementia effect and age effect
Lin, Y., & Lai, Y. (2024) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2023.2278421 · Cited by 2
“Performance gets worse with the increasing length of non-words (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990; Henry et al., 2016).”
Verbal short-term memory in developmental dyslexia: The role of the temporoparietal area
Lukic, S., Qi, T., Watson, C., Mandelli, M. L., Bogley, R., Shabash, M., Caverzasi, E., Borghesani, V., Dronkers, N. F., & Gorno‐Tempini, M. L. (2025) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105570 · Cited by 2
“…is closely related to vSTM, and it is affected by the length of the phonemic string it holds – words that are longer than its capacity are affected (Dollaghan and Campbell, 1998; Franklin et al., 2002; Gathercole and Baddeley, 1990; Henry et al., 2016; Moll et al., 2015) and by the meaning – words…”
A Meta-Analytical Review of Executive Function Skills in Adults Who Stutter
Ofoe, L. C., Ntourou, K., Clifton, S. C., & Coalson, G. A. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-25-00303 · Cited by 5
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EARLY-DEVELOPING AND LATE-DEVELOPING PHONEMES IN PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING
Moore, M. W. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
Vocabulary and Reading Growth in Children with Intellectual Disabilities: The Influences of Risks, Adaptive Behavior, and a Reading Intervention.
Donohue, D. K. (2010) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 2
Construction of The Arabic Phonological Short Term Memory Test on Egyptian Children
ElNeshwey, H. M., Baraka, M. A. S., Rifaie, N. A. A., Saber, A. S., & Sarwat, S. A. (2018) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejhm.2018.10166 · Cited by 2
A preliminary study of the effects of stimulant medications on estimates of psycholinguistic abilities for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Redmond, S. M., Ash, A. C., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2023.2273750 · Cited by 2
“…of developmental language disorder (DLD) (Archibald & Joanisse, 2009; Bedore & Leonard, 1998; Bishop et al., 2016; Conti-Ramsden et al., 2001; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Leonard, 2014; Pawlowska, 2014; Peña et al., 2014; Poll et al., 2010; Rice & Wexler, 1996; Schwob et al., 2021;…”
Verbal Imitation in Late Talkers
Ha, S., Jeong, Y., Kwon, J., & Sim, S. (2023) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.231010 · Cited by 2
The development and validation of the Short Language Measure (SLaM): A brief measure of general language ability for children in their first year at school
Matov, J., Mensah, F. K., Cook, F., Reilly, S., & Dowell, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12522 · Cited by 3
L'épreuve de répétition de non-mots LITMUS-NWR-FR évalue-t-elle la phonologie ?
dos Santos, C., Frau, S., Labrevoit, S., & Zebib, R. (2020) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20207810005 · Cited by 2
“Dans d’autres épreuves de RNM, les items peuvent être manipulés de sorte que les performances obtenues soient moins déterminées par l’expérience langagière antérieure, les connaissances linguistiques, le contexte socio-économique ou la MCT verbale (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998 ; Ferré & Santos, 2015)”
Background
La lecture chez les enfants avec des troubles spécifiques d’articulation, de parole et/ou de langage oral : une revue narrative de littérature
Macchi, L., Casalis, S., & Schelstraete, M. (2016) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.164.0547 · Cited by 2
The bilingual advantage: performing the non-word repetition test
Krivickaitė-Leišienė, E., & Dabašinskienė, I. (2022) · Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis · doi:10.22601/pet.2022.07.09 · Cited by 2
“Greek children learning English as a second language were more accurate repeating non-words in their The bilingual advantage: performing the non-word repetition test native language (Greek) than in the second one (English) (Masoura, Gathercole 1999).”
Influential
De relatie tussen non-woord repetitie en leesvaardigheid bij kinderen met een specifieke taalontwikkelingsstoornis
Parigger, E., & Rispens, J. (2010) · Stem- Spraak- en Taalpathologie · Cited by 2
Sequenzielle Informationsverarbeitung bei Kindern mit und ohne auditive Verarbeitungs- und Wahrnehmungsstörung
Kiese-Himmel, C., & Reeh, M. (2009) · HNO · doi:10.1007/s00106-009-1911-6 · Cited by 2
Communication and cognition profiles in parents of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate
Young, S. E.-L., Ballard, K. J., Heard, R. C., & Purcell, A. A. (2011) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.550601 · Cited by 2
“Besides being a reliable task, which taps many language processes especially in children (eg, sublexical phonological processing, programming, and output execution; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998 ), the NWR test has also shown clinical utility as the single best phenotypic heritable risk-marker in differentiating affected…”
BackgroundInfluential
Assessment of Language Proficiency through Language Survey and Language Sample Analysis in Korean-English Bilinguals
Yoon, S.-Y. (2014) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.14125 · Cited by 1
“Parental or participant’s report alone is not sufficient to determine one’s language proficiency, or language dominance (Goldstein et al., 2005), and the standardized tests are biased toward mainstream English speakers (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998).”
Background
Nonword Repetition Performance of Early School-Age Children in Korea: A Preliminary Study
Park, H., & Schwarz, I. E. (2012) · Asia Pacific Journal of Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1179/136132812805253569 · Cited by 2
“Dollaghan and Campbell (1998) suggested that NRTs may have considerable clinical utility as “a processing dependent measure designed to tap fundamental psycholinguistic processing operations,” and as such, may be a better predictor of the need for language intervention than a knowledgedependent measure of spoken langu…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Pilot Study Comparing Two Nonword Repetition Tasks for Use in a Formal Test Battery
Tattersall, P. J., Nelson, N. W., & Tyler, A. A. (2014) · Communication Disorders Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1525740114549351 · Cited by 2
“The set of lower wordlike nonword items without true morphemes was constructed following the guidelines established by Dollaghan and Campbell (1998) for their 16-item Nonword Repetition Test (NRT).”
BackgroundMethod
Bases genéticas del trastorno específico del lenguaje
Martínez, L. M., Palomino, H. M., Barbieri, Z. D., & Villanueva, P. (2003) · Revista Chilena de Fonoaudiología · doi:10.5354/0719-4692.2003.56614 · Cited by 2
Dynamic assessment and word learning
Maekawa, J., & Storkel, H. L. (2006) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 2
The Effect of Vocal Rehearsal on Retrieval of New Phonological Representations in Children with and without Specific Language Impairment
Ryu, E.-J., & Ha, J.-W. (2016) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.16358 · Cited by 2
“예를 들어 비 단어 /두넘몽뎅/을 제시하였을 때 자극어와 음운적으로 유사하지 는 않으나 의미를 가진 ‘부침개’라는 단어로 바꾸어 말한 경우, 동 일한 자극어에 대해 10초 후 음운적으로 유사한 ‘두부’로 말하였다 가 5분 후에는 그것을 ‘두더지’라는 단어로 바꾼 경우 등이 그 예이 다. 이러한 오류는 음운정보에 대해 의미와 빠르게 연결시키고 그 것을 유지하는 것의 어려움(Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) 및 일정 시간 동안 음운정보를 유지하는 능력의 결함 등 입력자극의 상향 적(bottom-up) 처리능력의…”
Performance on the Novel Bound-Morpheme Generalization (NBMG) Task in Korean-English Bilingual Children
Jo, Y., & Yim, D. (2017) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.16343 · Cited by 2
“이와 같은 이중언어 아동 언어 평가의 문제점을 보완하기 위해, 아동의 표면적 언어 능력만을 평가하는 것이 아닌 언어발달 기제 를 평가하기 위한 ‘인지 처리 과제(cognitive processing tasks)’ 연구 가 진행 되고 있는데(Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Welsh & Pennington, 1998; Yim, 2011), 인지 정보 처리 능력으로는 집행기능 (executive function), 작업기억(working memory), 선택적 주의집 중(sustained selective…”
Neurocognitive and Psycholinguistic Profile of Specific Language Impairment: A Research Study on Comorbidity of SLI With/Without Reading Disabilities
Girbau, D. (2017) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53646-0_8 · Cited by 2
A Preliminary Study of the Non-Word Repetition Abilities of Children With Persistent and Recovered Stuttering
전희정, & Ambrose, N. G. (2016) · Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders · doi:10.15724/jslhd.2016.25.4.016 · Cited by 2
Political, Social, and Educational Challenges in the Struggle to Develop Bilingual Education as a Pedagogical Model in the United States
Ijalba, E., & Velasco, P. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139976725.002 · Cited by 2
Distinguishing a True Disability from “Something Else”: Part I. Current Challenges to Providing Valid, Reliable, and Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Disability Evaluations
Crowley, C., & Baigorri, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139976725.003 · Cited by 2
The Relationship of Executive Function and Reading Comprehension Ability in School-Aged Children with and without Vocabulary Delay
Kang, J., Kwak, H.-J., Kim, H., Yoo, M.-A., & Yim, D. (2020) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2020.41.2.73 · Cited by 2
Past-tense inflection of non-verbs: a potential clinical marker of developmental language disorder in Swedish children
Kalnak, N., Löwgren, K., & Hansson, K. (2020) · Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology · doi:10.1080/14015439.2020.1810311 · Cited by 2
Discriminant Analysis of Assessment Tools in Identifying Language Impairment in Korean-English Bilingual Children
Hong, S., & Yim, D. (2020) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.20724 · Cited by 2
Developmental Patterns of Nonword Repetition in Preschool Children
Ha, S. (2020) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.20767 · Cited by 2
“무의미 낱말 따라말하기는 아동의 말-언어 처리 과정에서 여러 관련 영역의 발달 상황과 견고함을 반영하는 과제이기 때문에 언 어, 읽기, 말소리장애 분야에서 활발하게 연구되고 있으며, 영어권 국가에서는 진단검사 도구로 사용되고 있다(Bishop et al., 1996; Conti-Ramsden, Botting, Faragher, 2001; Conti-Ramsden & Hesketh, 2003; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Shriberg et al., 2009).”
The Relationship between KBPR and Working Memory in Children with and without Specific Language Disorder: Phonological Loop and Episodic Buffer
Yim, D., Shin, H., Lim, N., Jung, Y., Han, J., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.20770 · Cited by 2
“즉, 일반 아동 집단에 비해 단순언어장애 아동 집단이 유의하게 낮은 수행을 보였는데, 이는 비단어 따라말하기 가 언어장애 아동을 선별하는 검사도구로 사용할 수 있다는 선행 연구와 일치하는 결과이다(Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Gathercole & Baddely, 1990; Hwang, 2015; Oh & Yim, 2013; Roy & Chiat, 2004; Stokes & Klee, 2009).”
Crosslinguistic nonword repetition and narrative performance over time
Boerma, T., & Blom, E. (2021) · Trends in language acquisition research · doi:10.1075/tilar.29.10boe · Cited by 2
Verbal Imitation in 1 to 2-Year-Old Children
Ha, S., Kwon, J., & Jeong, Y. (2023) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.23979 · Cited by 2
“…Jung & Ha, 2017), 일반 아동의 수행력과 비교하여 언어장애나 말소리장애 , 말 늦은 아동의 특성 을 제시하고 있다 (Oh & Yim, 2013; Ha, 2020b; Pi & Ha, 2021 (Hodges et al., 2016; Masur, 1995; Ma-sur & Eichorst, 2002; Roy & Chiat, 2004 (Archibald & Gathercole, 2006; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Gathercole, 2006; Gathercole & Bad-deley, 1996).”
Interpreting error patterns in nonword repetition tasks: A commentary on Tamburelli, Jones, Gobet & Pine (2012)
Marshall, C. R. (2012) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.659670 · Cited by 2
“Many studies have shown that repeating nonwords is very difficult for children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI; e.g., Bishop, North, & Donlan, 1996; Conti-Ramsden & Hesketh, 2003; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Edwards & Lahey, 1998; Gathercole & Baddely, 1990; inter alia).”
Background
Što mjerimo pseudoriječima i kako mjerimo pseudoriječi
Kelić, M., Zeba, M. Z., & Kraljević, J. K. (2016) · Logopedija · doi:10.31299/log.6.2.5 · Cited by 2
Commentary on Keynote
Gray, S. I. (2006) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716406250392 · Cited by 2
Comparison of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation-Screening Test (DELV-ST) to two other screeners for low-income, African American children
Moland, C. W. (2011) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2150 · Cited by 2
Procedural and declarative memory and language ability in children
West, G. (2018) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2
The Influence of Treatment on Children's Recovery From Stuttering: Comments on Kefalianos et al. (2017) and Leech et al. (2017)
Marcotte, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-17-0437 · Cited by 2
A Meta-Analytical Review of Executive Function Skills in Adults who StutterPreprint
Ofoe, L. C., Ntourou, K., Clifton, S. C., & Coalson, G. A. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.25334917 · Cited by 2
Causation, correlation, or confound? What the comorbidity of language impairment and ADHD can tell us about the etiology of these disorders
Mueller, K. L., Murray, J. C., Duff, M., Pennington, B. F., Zubrowski, P., & Tomblin, J. B. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.dfynfxnz · Cited by 2
“NWR has also been found to be a reliable indicator of language impairment (Bishop, North, & Donlan, 1996; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Ellis Weismer, et al., 2000; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990a; Graf Estes, Evans, & Else-Quest, 2007).”
BackgroundMethod
The Mediating Role of Receptive Language in the Relationship between Verbal Memory and Language Production in Preschool Children
VanDrie, A. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1061182 · Cited by 2
Training in phonological awareness generalizes to phonological working memory: A preliminary investigation preliminary investigation.
Kleeck, A. E. V., Gillam, R. B., & Hoffman, L. M. (2009) · The Journal of Speech and Language Pathology – Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1037/h0100255 · Cited by 1
Connections Among Language Knowledge, Language Processing, and Nonlinguistic Cognitive Processing in Bilingual Children with Language Impairment
Ebert, K. D., & Pham, G. T. (2017) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53646-0_9 · Cited by 1
Nonword Repetition in Bilingual Assessment: A Guide to Clinical Application
Ortiz, J. A. (2021) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2021_persp-21-00165 · Cited by 1
Auditory statistical learning in young children: the feasibility of a novel task and the role of attention and working memory
Mettler, H. M., Alt, M., Kapa, L. L., & Plante, E. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2025.106405 · Cited by 1
Nonword Repetition Assessment of Children Who Stutter: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Scoring Procedures
Yeung, E., Alsulaiman, R., Yang, Z., & Howell, P. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-25-00206 · Cited by 1
Sentence Prediction Deficits in Developmental Language Disorder Are a Product of Vocabulary Knowledge and Processing Abilities
Kueser, J. B., Outzen, C., Borovsky, A., Deevy, P., & Leonard, L. B. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2026_jslhr-25-00121 · Cited by 1
Word Learning Ability Varies Across Contexts and Time: A Longitudinal Study of Primary School Children with Developmental Language Disorder
McGregor, K. K., Eden, N. M., Arbisi‐Kelm, T., & Oleson, J. (2026) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415261448861 · Cited by 2
“Phonological short-term memory was measured with the Nonword Repetition Test (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) and scored as the proportion of phonemes correctly produced (maximum of 96).”
Against the clock: How time of day influences speech-motor learning in adolescents and young adults with and without childhood apraxia of speech
van Zelst, A. L., & Earle, F. S. (2026) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2026.2713447 · Cited by 1
De spraakproductie van kinderen met een genetisch risico op dyslexie: de fonologische en spraakmotorische vaardigheden op een leeftijd van 41 maanden
Gulpen, P., & Maassen, B. (2005) · Stem- Spraak- en Taalpathologie · Cited by 1
Multicultural School-aged Children’s Performance in Vocabulary Knowledge-Based Tasks and Language Processing Tasks
오소정, & KIMYOUNGTAE (2014) · Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders · doi:10.15724/jslhd.2014.23.1.004 · Cited by 1
Nonword Repetition and Sentence Imitation as Clinical Markers for Primary Language Impairment in bilingual French-English- and English-French-speaking children in Northern Ontario
Dubreuil-Piché, S., Lachance, J., & Mayer-Crittenden, C. (2017) · Diversity of Research in Health Journal · doi:10.28984/drhj.v1i0.19 · Cited by 1
“When completing nonword repetition tasks, children with PLI show deficits that are not connected to the varying levels of language knowledge (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998).”
Background
The Effect of Linguistic Knowledge and Korean Phonotactic Probability on Nonword Repetition and Fast Mapping Ability
Bae, K., & Yim, D. (2018) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.18506 · Cited by 1
“이는 음운기억 용량의 제한(Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) 등으로 손상된 기저의 처리 기제를 가진 단순언어장애 아동이 일반아동에 비해 들은 정 보를 즉각적으로 따라말하는 데 더 낮은 수행을 보였던 선행연구 의 결과와 일치한다(Weismer et al., 2000).”
Influential
Introduction to the Immigrant Experience
Ijalba, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139976725.001 · Cited by 1
6. Sign-Communication Intervention in Adults and Children with Aphasia
Bonvillian, J. D., Lee, N. K., Dooley, T. T., & Loncke, F. T. (2020) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0205.06 · Cited by 1
Evaluating Language Assessments with Members of the Travelling Community
Quinn, A., Leahy, M. M., & McTiernan, K. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Speech and Language Studies · doi:10.3233/acs-2011-18106 · Cited by 1
“The Non-Word Repetition Task (NRT) consists of 16 phonotactically legal nonsense words, four each at different syllable lengths (1–4 syllables long), defining different levels of difficulty.”
Influential
The Effect of Word Exposure Intensity, Vocabulary Skills, and Working Memory on Preschool Children’s Expressive Word Learning during a Book Reading Intervention
Kim, S., Chae, M., & Yim, D. (2020) · THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.35574/kjdp.2020.9.33.3.89 · Cited by 1
Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment
Robillard, M., Mayer-Crittenden, C., Roy‐Charland, A., Minor-Corriveau, M., & Bélanger, R. (2015) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/52286-v · Cited by 1
Identifying the Latent Profiles of Language Ability in 5- to 7-Year-Old Children
Lee, H. J., & Kim, Y. T. (2022) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.19938 · Cited by 1
Language Skills of Children with Severe and Multiple Developmental Disorders Including Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Theoretical Review
Mednova, M. E. (2023) · Pedagogy Theory & Practice · doi:10.30853/ped20230036 · Cited by 1
Long-term phonemic representations become audiovisual by mid-childhood
Kaganovich, N., Schumaker, J., & Christ, S. L. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108633 · Cited by 1
Factors affecting judgment accuracy when scoring children's responses to non‐word repetition stimuli in real time
Howell, P., Sorger, C., Alsulaiman, R., Yoshikawa, K., Harris, J., & Tang, K. (2023) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12954 · Cited by 1
“Several studies cross-referred to Dollaghan and Campbell (1998) and indicated that they followed their procedures rather than included details in reports.”
BackgroundResult
Social and Linguistic Correlates of Vocabulary Size in Autism: Overlapping Vocalization and Phonological Memory
Choi, E., & Kover, S. T. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06396-1 · Cited by 1
“Nonword repetition, a measure of phonological memory (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Hoff et al., 2008; Torrington Eaton et al., 2015) is closely associated with vocabulary size and highly relevant to vocabulary acquisition in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and children with…”
Speech Perception and Phonological Representation in 5 to 6 Year-Old Typically Developing Children
Bang, H., & Ha, S. (2024) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.240054 · Cited by 1
Remote Microphones Support Speech Recognition in Noise and Reverberation for Children With a Language Disorder
Gordon, K. R., Lewis, D. E., Lowry, S., Smith, M., Stecker, G. C., & McCreery, R. W. (2024) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2024_lshss-24-00018 · Cited by 2
“During the second visit, children completed a nonword repetition test (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) to assess verbal working memory abilities and the sentence repetition task.”

Authors: Dollaghan, C., & Campbell, T. F.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Campbell, Thomas F.
Venue: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 41
Issue: 5
Pages: 1136-1146
ISSN: 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
1558-9102
DOI: 10.1044/jslhr.4105.1136
OpenAlex: W1986346898
Cited by: 1,006
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 12.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29dc001858-05)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R29DC01858)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Keywords: non-word repetition, language impairment, children, language screening, likelihood ratios, language intervention, diagnostic test validity, language assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Phonetics, Speech Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Nonword Repetition and Child Language Impairment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks