Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique
Abstract
Consensus methods such as the Delphi survey technique are being employed to help enhance effective decision-making in health and social care. The Delphi survey is a group facilitation technique, which is an iterative multistage process, designed to transform opinion into group consensus. It is a flexible approach, that is used commonly within the health and social sciences, yet little guidance exists to help researchers undertake this method of data collection. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the preparation, action steps and difficulties that are inherent within the Delphi. Used systematically and rigorously, the Delphi can contribute significantly to broadening knowledge within the nursing profession. However, careful thought must be given before using the method; there are key issues surrounding problem identification, researcher skills and data presentation that must be addressed. The paper does not claim to be definitive; it purports to act as a guide for those researchers who wish to exploit the Delphi methodology.
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Delphi studies are commonly done in two to three rounds.
“Delphi studies are commonly done in two to three rounds (37, 38)”
From Identifying social media professionalism competencies in Vietnamese medical students: a modified Delphi method (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
The study was conducted in two rounds instead of three because the panel is well-informed and the initial item set is clearly defined.
“Delphi studies are commonly done in two to three rounds (37, 38) and this study was conducted in two rounds instead of three because the panel is well-informed and the initial item set is clearly defined.”
From Identifying social media professionalism competencies in Vietnamese medical students: a modified Delphi method (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
Graded arrows illustrate a continuum from adaptable LEA to problematic LEA exposure, with the former representing benign physiological adaptations to energy fluctuations (ie, physiological plasticity), while the outer region of the hub notes the range of health and performance concerns which can be associated with the latter.
“Graded arrows illustrate a continuum from adaptable LEA to problematic LEA exposure, with the former representing benign physiological adaptations to energy fluctuations (ie, physiological plasticity), 44 while the outer region of the hub notes the range of health and performance concerns which can be associated with the latter.”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
Purposive sampling was used to identify an international group of prospective participants.
“We used purposive sampling34 to identify an international group of prospective participants.”
From Reporting guideline for overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions: development of the PRIOR statement. (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Hasson, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Ulster (GB)
- ORCID
- Hasson, Felicity
- Venue
- Journal of Advanced Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1008
- ISSN
- 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2648
- OpenAlex
- W3006405313
- Cited by
- 5,951
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 544 · 2025: 547 · 2024: 561 · 2023: 540 · 2022: 545 · 2021: 462 · 2020: 388 · 2019: 315 · 2018: 278 · 2017: 251 · 2016: 232 · 2015: 213 · 2014: 196 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 147
- FWCI
- 48.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- Delphi method, consensus building, group facilitation, research methodology, problem identification, researcher competencies, data presentation, nursing research
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Delphi Technique, Ethics, Nursing, Humans, Planning Techniques, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research Design, Reproducibility of Results, Nursing Research, Guidelines as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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