The relationship between leg power and physical performance in mobility-limited older people
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of leg power and leg strength on the physical performance of community‐dwelling mobility‐limited older people. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from a 12‐week randomized controlled exercise‐intervention study. SETTING: Exercise laboratory within the Department of Health Science of an urban university. PARTICIPANTS: Forty‐five community‐dwelling mobility‐limited people (34 women, 11 men), aged 65 to 83. MEASUREMENTS: Health status, depression, cognition, physical activity, and falls efficacy; physiological measures of lower extremity strength and power; and measures of physical performance. RESULTS: Through bivariate analyses, leg power was significantly associated with physical performance as measured by stair‐climb time, chair‐stand time, tandem gait, habitual gait, maximal gait, and the short physical performance battery describing between 12% and 45% of the variance ( R 2 ). Although leg power and leg strength were greatly correlated ( r = .89) in a comparison of bivariate analyses of strength or power with physical performance, leg power modeled up to 8% more of the variance for five of six physical performance measures. Despite limitations in sample size, it appeared that, through quadratic modeling, the influence of leg power on physical performance was curvilinear. Using separate multivariate analyses, partial R 2 values for leg power and leg strength were compared, demonstrating that leg power accounted for 2% to 8% more of the variance with all measures of physical performance. CONCLUSION: Leg power is an important factor influencing the physical performance of mobility‐limited older people. Although related to strength, it is a separate attribute that may exert a greater influence on physical performance. These findings have important implications for clinicians practicing geriatric rehabilitation. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:461–467, 2002.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Loss of power production capability is an important determinant of the onset and progression of mobility deficits in older adults.
“Considerable evidence now indicates that weakness, and specifically loss of power production capability, is an important determinant of the onset and progression of mobility deficits 1–3.”
From Does quadriceps neuromuscular activation capability explain walking speed in older men and women? (2014) · cites this paper as [1]
The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies impaired leg power as an important determinant of physical performance in older people who already had mild to moderate mobility limitations. It also calls leg power a proximal determinant on the disablement pathway, but the paper does not establish that loss of power causes the onset or progression of mobility deficits over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdding a functional disability prevention component can reduce mental health symptoms and build leg power, which correlates better than strength with functional activities.
“The addition of a functional disability prevention component can reduce mental health symptoms (22) and build resistance or leg power, as power correlates better than strength with functional activities (23).”
From Effectiveness of a Disability Preventive Intervention for Minority and Immigrant Elders: The Positive Minds-Strong Bodies Randomized Clinical Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
Dynapenia is independently associated with loss of mobility function.
“While muscle mass seems to have little relationship to mobility impairments (Cruz-Jentoft, Baeyens, Bauer, Boirie, Cederholm, Landi, Martin, Michel, Rolland, Schneider, Topinkova, Vandewoude, and Zamboni 2010;McLean, Shardell, Alley, Cawthon, Fragala, Harris, Kenny, Peters, Ferrucci, Guralnik, Kritchevsky, Kiel, Vassileva, Xue, Perera, Studenski, and Dam 2014), dynapenia has been shown to be”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Bean, Kiely, Herman, Leveille, Mizer, Frontera, and Fielding 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Guralnik, J. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R. J., Berkman, L. F., Blazer, D. G., Scherr, P. A., & Wallace, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85 · Cited by 9,792 · see citing works
Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability
Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., Salive, M. E., & Wallace, R. B. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199503023320902 · Cited by 4,083 · see citing works
The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation
Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 · Cited by 3,183 · see citing works
Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Pieper, C. F., Leveille, S. G., Markides, K. S., Ostir, G. V., Studenski, S., Berkman, L. F., & Wallace, R. B. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.4.m221 · Cited by 2,898 · see citing works
Self-citationFalls Efficacy as a Measure of Fear of Falling
Tinetti, M. E., Richman, D., & Powell, L. (1990) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/45.6.p239 · Cited by 2,080 · see citing works
Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women.
Bassey, E. J., Fiatarone, M. A., O'neill, E. F., Kelly, M., Evans, W. J., & Lipsitz, L. A. (1992) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0820321 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Some conceptual issues in disability and rehabilitation
Nagi, S. Z. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Rantanen, T., Guralnik, J. M., Sakari‐Rantala, R., Leveille, S. G., Simonsick, E. M., Ling, S. M., & Fried, L. P. (1999) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90109-0 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relationship of Strength to Function in the Older Adult
Fukagawa, N. K., Brown, M., Sinacore, D. R., & Host, H. H. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/50a.special_issue.55 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J. M., Büchner, D. M., Kasper, J. D., Lamb, S. E., Simonsick, E. M., Corti, M. C., Bandeen‐Roche, K., & Fried, L. P. (1997) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/52a.5.m275 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Litman, T. J., & Sussman, M. B. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091042 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The Importance of Skeletal Muscle Strength to Physical Function in Older Adults
Büchner, D. M., & de Lateur, B. J. (1991) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/13.3.91 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Ferrucci, L., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Leveille, S. G., Corti, M., Pahor, M., Wallace, R. B., Harris, T. B., Havlik, R. J., & Guralnik, J. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04787.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationInterrelationships Among Disablement Concepts
Jette, A. M., Assmann, S. F., Rooks, D., Harris, B. A., & Crawford, S. L. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/53a.5.m395 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Editorial: Exercise Strategies Should Be Designed to Increase Muscle Power
Evans, W. J. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.6.m309 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Leg power in young women: relationship to body composition, strength, and function
THOMAS, M., FIATARONE, M. A., & Fielding, R. A. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00017 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationPower and work produced in different leg muscle groups when rising from a chair
Wretenberg, P. F., & Arborelius, U. P. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00843738 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Disablement Outcomes in Geriatric Rehabilitation
Jette, A. M. (1997) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199706001-00005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Exercise in Rehabilitation Medicine
Kerr, K. (2000) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0031-9406(05)60916-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
ASSOCIATION OF MUSCLE POWER WITH FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN COMMUNITY DWELLING ELDERLY WOMEN
Foldvari, M., Clark, M., Laviolette, L. C., Bernstein, M. J. A., Castañeda, C., Pu, C. T., Hausdorff, J. M., Fielding, R. A., & Singh, M. A. F. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199905001-01927 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of age and functional limitation on leg joint power and work during stance phase of gait.
McGibbon, C. A., & Krebs, D. E. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Assessment of physical performance and disability in older persons.
Guralnik, J. M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Factors influencing subject willingness to participate in clinical gerontologic research
Rosenberg, R., Gagnon, M., Murphy-Gismondi, P., et al. (1996) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03339602 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Thomas, M., Fielding, R., & FIATARONE, M. A. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199605001-00302 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., et al. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034 · Cited by 11,601 · see citing works
Fragala, M. S., Cadore, E. L., Dorgo, S., Izquierdo, M., Kraemer, W. J., Peterson, M. D., & Ryan, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230 · Cited by 1,290 · see citing works
Reid, K. F., & Fielding, R. A. (2012) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e31823b5f13 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
“(5) examined the relative contribution of muscle power and strength on various measures of physical performance among community-dwelling older men and women with objective mobility-limitations.”
Self-citationPhysical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty
Angulo, J., El Assar, M., Álvarez-Bustos, A., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101513 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Beaudart, C., Rolland, Y., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bauer, J. M., Sieber, C., Cooper, C., Al-Daghri, N., Araujo de Carvalho, I., Bautmans, I., Bernabei, R., et al. (2019) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-019-00545-w · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGregor, R. A., Cameron-Smith, D., & Poppitt, S. D. (2014) · Longevity & Healthspan · doi:10.1186/2046-2395-3-9 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Bean, J. F., Leveille, S. G., Kiely, D. K., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.8.m728 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationPower training improves balance in healthy older adults.
Orr, R., de Vos, N. J., Singh, N. A., Ross, D. A., Stavrinos, T. M., & Fiatarone-Singh, M. A. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.1.78 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults.
de Vos, N. J., Singh, N. A., Ross, D. A., Stavrinos, T. M., Orr, R., & Fiatarone Singh, M. A. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.5.638 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults
Anton, S. D., Woods, A. J., Ashizawa, T., Barb, D., Buford, T. W., Carter, C. S., Clark, D. J., Cohen, R. A., Corbett, D. B., Cruz-Almeida, Y., et al. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.09.005 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Impact of muscle power and force on gait speed in disabled older men and women
Cuoco, A., Callahan, D. M., Sayers, S., Frontera, W. R., Bean, J., & Fielding, R. A. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/59.11.1200 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationIs stair climb power a clinically relevant measure of leg power impairments in at-risk older adults?
Bean, J. F., Kiely, D. K., LaRose, S., Alian, J., & Frontera, W. R. (2007) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.02.004 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationBillot, M., Calvani, R., Urtamo, A., Sánchez-Sánchez, J. L., Ciccolari-Micaldi, C., Chang, M., Roller-Wirnsberger, R., Wirnsberger, G., Sinclair, A., Vaquero-Pinto, M. N., et al. (2020) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s253535 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Reid, K. F., Pasha, E., Doros, G., Clark, D. J., Patten, C., Phillips, E. M., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2728-2 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationByrne, C., Faure, C., Keene, D. J., & Lamb, S. E. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0489-x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Bean, J. F., Herman, S., Kiely, D. K., Frey, I. C., Leveille, S. G., Fielding, R. A., & Frontera, W. R. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52222.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationSarcopenia: prevalence, mechanisms, and functional consequences
Berger, M. J., & Doherty, T. J. (2010) · Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics · doi:10.1159/000319997 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
(2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.2.160 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Henwood, T. R., & Taaffe, D. R. (2006) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.2006.00695.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Reid, K. F., Callahan, D. M., Carabello, R. J., Phillips, E. M., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2008) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324865 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of leg muscle contraction velocity on functional performance in older men and women.
Sayers, S. P., Guralnik, J. M., Thombs, L. A., & Fielding, R. A. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53166.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationKuo, H.-K., Bean, J. F., Yen, C.-J., & Leveille, S. G. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.4.380 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationSayers, S. P., & Gibson, K. (2010) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181f00c7c · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Effect of Resistance Training on Physical Disability in Chronic Heart Failure
SAVAGE, P. A., SHAW, A. O., MILLER, M. S., VANBUREN, P., LEWINTER, M. M., ADES, P. A., & TOTH, M. J. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820eeea1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Clark, D. J., Patten, C., Reid, K. F., Carabello, R. J., Phillips, E. M., & Fielding, R. A. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glq153 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationImpaired voluntary neuromuscular activation limits muscle power in mobility-limited older adults
Clark, D. J., Patten, C., Reid, K. F., Carabello, R. J., Phillips, E. M., & Fielding, R. A. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glq012 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationReid, K. F., Doros, G., Clark, D. J., Patten, C., Carabello, R. J., Cloutier, G. J., Phillips, E. M., Krivickas, L. S., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2200-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of lower extremity muscle power in functionally-limited elders.
Callahan, D., Phillips, E., Carabello, R., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A. (2007) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324689 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in Function and Disability After Resistance Training: Does Velocity Matter?: A Pilot Study
Sayers, S. P., Bean, J., Cuoco, A., LeBrasseur, N. K., Jette, A., & Fielding, R. A. (2003) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000078225.71442.b6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationde Vos, N. J., Singh, N. A., Ross, D. A., Stavrinos, T. M., Orr, R., & Singh, M. A. F. (2008) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.16.4.393 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Russ, D. W., Grandy, J. S., Toma, K., & Ward, C. W. (2011) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02191.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Bean, J. F., Kiely, D. K., LaRose, S., & Leveille, S. G. (2008) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.04.029 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPeriodization Strategies in Older Adults: Impact on Physical Function and Health
CONLON, J. A., NEWTON, R. U., TUFANO, J. J., BANYARD, H. G., HOPPER, A. J., RIDGE, A. J., & HAFF, G. G. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001053 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Alegría, M., Frontera, W., Cruz-Gonzalez, M., Markle, S. L., Trinh-Shevrin, C., Wang, Y., Herrera, L., Ishikawa, R. Z., Velazquez, E., Fuentes, L., et al. (2019) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.08.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationLopez, P., Izquierdo, M., Radaelli, R., Sbruzzi, G., Grazioli, R., Pinto, R. S., & Cadore, E. L. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0188 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Determinants of lower-body muscle power in early postmenopausal women
Sipilä, S., Koskinen, S. O. A., Taaffe, D. R., Takala, T. E. S., Cheng, S., Rantanen, T., Toivanen, J., & Suominen, H. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52261.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Radaelli, R., Trajano, G. S., Freitas, S. R., Izquierdo, M., Cadore, E. L., & Pinto, R. S. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01758-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Müller, D. C., Izquierdo, M., Boeno, F. P., Aagaard, P., Teodoro, J. L., Grazioli, R., Radaelli, R., Bayer, H., Neske, R., Pinto, R. S., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04355-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Martins, A. D., Fernandes, O., Pereira, A., Oliveira, R., Alderete Goñi, F. D., Leite, N. J. C., & Brito, J. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095390 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Does quadriceps neuromuscular activation capability explain walking speed in older men and women?
Clark, D. J., Reid, K. F., Patten, C., Phillips, E. M., Ring, S. A., Wu, S. S., & Fielding, R. A. (2014) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.019 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationKamiya, M., Ihira, H., Taniguchi, Y., Matsumoto, D., Ishigaki, T., Okamae, A., Ogawa, T., Misu, S., Miyashita, T., Ohnuma, T., et al. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2022.112041 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function
Russ, D. W., Manickam, R., & Tipparaju, S. M. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02622-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Md, J. F. B., Kiely, D. K., Herman, S., Leveille, S. G., Mizer, K., Frontera, W. R., & Fielding, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 461-467
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W2060651800
- Cited by
- 605
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 35.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- leg power, leg strength, physical performance, community-dwelling older adults, gait, Short Physical Performance Battery, curvilinear relationship, geriatric rehabilitation, exercise intervention
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Leg, Locomotion, Male, Physical Fitness, Multivariate Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
