Cited by 1,775COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchLong-Term Effects of COVID-19

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Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2

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Puelles, Victor G., Lütgehetmann, Marc, Lindenmeyer, Maja T., Sperhake, Jan P., Wong, Milagros N., Allweiss, Lena, Chilla, Silvia, Heinemann, Axel, Wanner, Nicola, Liu, Shuya, Braun, Fabian, Lu, Shun, Pfefferle, Susanne, Schröder, Ann S., Edler, Carolin, Gross, Oliver, Glatzel, Markus, Wichmann, Dominic, Wiech, Thorsten, Kluge, Stefan, Pueschel, Klaus, Aepfelbacher, Martin, Huber, Tobias B.·2020·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmc2011400PMC PMC7240771

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Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 In this autopsy series, the authors found that SARS-CoV-2 has an organotropism beyond the respiratory tract, including the kidneys, heart, liver, and brai...

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Background
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“Other studies have also reported evidence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the autopsy specimens of COVID-19 patients [53,54].”
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COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: an update
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“Also supporting this is the finding that viral particles have been isolated from autopsied heart specimens, although the majority of recent reports have failed to demonstrate such particles in autopsied specimens while noting inflammatory infiltrates in the myocardium.(22-24) For example, in one study in which autopsi…”
Quantitative Assessment of Olfactory Dysfunction Accurately Detects Asymptomatic COVID-19 Carriers
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“multiple organs, including the brain [35].”
Descriptive, Retrospective Study of the Clinical Characteristics of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients
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“of days of hospitalizationb 9 (7, 13) 26 (19, 36) <0.”
Background
Camostat Mesylate May Reduce Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Sepsis: A First Observation
Hofmann-Winkler, H., Moerer, O., Alt-Epping, S., Bräuer, A., Büttner, B., Müller, M., Fricke, T., Grundmann, J., Harnisch, L.-O., Heise, D., et al. (2020) · Critical Care Explorations · doi:10.1097/cce.0000000000000284 · Cited by 48
“org/news/2020/04/these-drugs-don-t-target-coronavirus-they-target-us) and could address this possibility (12).”
Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by β-propiolactone causes aggregation of viral particles and loss of antigenic potential
Gupta, D., Parthasarathy, H., Sah, V., Tandel, D., Vedagiri, D., Reddy, S., & Harshan, K. H. (2021) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198555 · Cited by 48
Association of Complement and MAPK Activation With SARS-CoV-2–Associated Myocardial Inflammation
Weckbach, L. T., Schweizer, L., Kraechan, A., Bieber, S., Ishikawa-Ankerhold, H. C., Hausleiter, J., Maßberg, S., Straub, T., Klingel, K., Grabmaier, U., et al. (2021) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5133 · Cited by 49
What SARS-CoV-2 does to our brains
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COVID-19-related hyperglycemia is associated with infection of hepatocytes and stimulation of gluconeogenesis
Barreto, E. A., dos Passos, A. S. C., Veras, F. P., Júnior, R. B. M., Bernardelli, R. S., Paiva, I. M., de Lima, T. M., Singh, Y., Guimarães, R. C., Damasceno, S., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2217119120 · Cited by 48
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Pattanaik, A., Sushma Bhandarkar, B., Lodha, L., & Marate, S. (2023) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-023-05801-x · Cited by 52
First-in-human immunoPET imaging of COVID-19 convalescent patients using dynamic total-body PET and a CD8-targeted minibody
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“Being able to noninvasively study T cell involvement in peripheral effects ( 22 ), long COVID ( 23 ), vaccine efficacy ( 24 ), and therapeutic interventions (25 ) would also suggest potentially fruitful areas for whole-body COVID-19 research.”
Kidney Disease Modeling with Organoids and Organs-on-Chips
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“the multiorgan involvement in patients with the critical disease and autopsy data reporting viral infection in several organs, indicating the hematogenic spread of the virus.(47,48) Of note, the subgroup analysis considering the interaction between SARS‐CoV‐2 RNAemia”
Background
Acute kidney injury: Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients
de Almeida, D. C., Franco, M. D. C., dos Santos, D. R. P., dos Santos, M. C., Maltoni, I. S., Mascotte, F., de Souza, A. A., Pietrobom, P. M. P., Medeiros, E. A., Ferreira, P. R. A., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251048 · Cited by 49
SARS-CoV-2 Poorly Replicates in Cells of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier Without Associated Deleterious Effects
Constant, O., Barthelemy, J., Bolloré, K., Tuaillon, É., Gosselet, F., Chable-Bessia, C., Mérida, P., Muriaux, D. M., de Perre, P. V., Salinas, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.697329 · Cited by 46
Alteration of the blood-brain barrier by COVID-19 and its implication in the permeation of drugs into the brain
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“Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 affects the lungs, kidneys, heart, liver, pharynx, brain, and all organs exhibiting ACE2 receptors expression (Puelles et al., 2020).”
Background
Infection of human sweat glands by SARS-CoV-2
Liu, J., Li, Y., Liu, L., Hu, X., Wang, X., Hu, H., Hú, Z., Zhou, Y., & Wang, M. (2020) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-020-00229-y · Cited by 47
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5-amino levulinic acid inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro
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Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in the development of neurological complications in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019
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“MMPs have been associated with diverse pathophysiological conditions like inflammation as well as metastasis and angiogenesis in malignancies [6,7].”
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Niederreiter, J., Eck, C., Ries, T., Hartmann, A., Märkl, B., Büttner-Herold, M. J., Amann, K., & Daniel, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.835156 · Cited by 49
“In particular, acute tubular injury has been described in the kidney after severe COVID-19 and increase of proteinuria was associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality (6, 7).”
Influential
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“Histopathological reports from postmortem COVID-19 patients indicated direct virulence in the kidneys (9, 36).”
Background
Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Raina, R., Mahajan, Z., Vasistha, P., Chakraborty, R., Mukunda, K., Tibrewal, A. O., & Neyra, J. A. (2021) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000514940 · Cited by 46
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Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19 infection is associated with ventilatory management with elevated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
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“Furthermore, 396 SARS-CoV-2 can infect the kidney[48, 52] and induce acute kidney injury[53] in 397 COVID-19 patients.”
Background
Innate Immunity Plays a Key Role in Controlling Viral Load in COVID-19: Mechanistic Insights from a Whole-Body Infection Dynamics Model
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Non-human primate models of human respiratory infections
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Human transferrin receptor can mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection
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Self-citation
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“Autopsies of patients with COVID-19 have revealed evidence of kidney tropism and direct renal infection [19, 20].”
Background
ACE2: from protection of liver disease to propagation of COVID-19
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L-SIGN is a receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells for SARS-CoV-2 virus
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“SARS-CoV-2 viral genome was detected in COVID-19 liver (40, 56).”
Background
Acute Kidney Injury Incidence, Recovery, and Long-term Kidney Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 and Influenza
Strohbehn, I. A., Zhao, S. J., Seethapathy, H. S., Lee, M. D., Rusibamayila, N., Allegretti, A. S., Parada, X. F. V., & Sise, M. E. (2021) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.07.008 · Cited by 45
SARS-CoV-2 Brain Regional Detection, Histopathology, Gene Expression, and Immunomodulatory Changes in Decedents with COVID-19
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Subcutaneous injection of IFN alpha-2b for COVID-19: an observational study
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More than Pneumonia: Distinctive Features of SARS-Cov-2 Infection. From Autopsy Findings to Clinical Implications: A Systematic Review
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“It was observed that the severity of pneumonia could be an independent risk factor in the development of acute kidney injury and renal complications in patients with COVID-19 [81].”
Background
The role of natural killer cells in liver inflammation
Highton, A. J., Schuster, I. S., Degli‐Esposti, M. A., & Altfeld, M. A. (2021) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00877-6 · Cited by 48
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“There has been recent work showing renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the enrichment of the RNA of genes in multiple kidney cell types hypothesized to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection including ACE2, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and cathepsin L (CTSL).(18) Viral RNA has also been recovered from urine…”
Background
ssRNA Virus and Host Lipid Rearrangements: Is There a Role for Lipid Droplets in SARS-CoV-2 Infection?
Pagliari, F., Marafioti, M. G., Genard, G., Candeloro, P., Viglietto, G., Seco, J. C., & Tirinato, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.578964 · Cited by 42
“CoVs can infect avian and mammalian hosts with the ability to cross the interspecies barriers and for zoonotic transmission causing respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, renal, blood, and central nervous system diseases (Puelles et al., 2020).”
Background
Surveillance Study of Acute Neurological Manifestations among 439 Egyptian Patients with COVID-19 in Assiut and Aswan University Hospitals
Khedr, E. M., Elfetoh, N. A., Daef, E., Hassan, H. M., Amin, M. T., Soliman, R. K., Attia, A. M., Zarzour, A. A., Zain, M., Hussein, A. A. R. M., et al. (2021) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000513647 · Cited by 44
“Comorbidities, such as diabetes and hypertension enhance expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the brain and neurotropism of the SARS-CoV-2 virus[15].”
Background
Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19—a multicenter study from Wuhan, China
Peng, S., Wang, H., Sun, X., Li, P., Ye, Z., Li, Q., Wang, J., Shi, X., Liu, L., Yao, Y., et al. (2020) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaa288 · Cited by 44
High SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Urine Sediment Correlates with Acute Kidney Injury and Poor COVID-19 Outcome
Caceres, P. S., Savickas, G., Murray, S. L., Umanath, K., Uduman, J., Yee, J., Liao, T., Bolin, S. R., Levin, A. M., Khan, M. N., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2021010059 · Cited by 42
“However, lack of infective material in urine does not preclude from the fact that SARS-CoV-2 may be able to reach and infect kidney cells, as demonstrated by the detection of viral proteins in kidney biopsy specimens in this report and previous studies in postmortem kidney.(2,3,5) Absence of infectious SARSCoV-2 parti…”
Result
Covid‐19 Infection and Parkinsonism: Is There a Link?
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“The neuroinvasive propensity of SARS CoV-2 was also reported when the virus was found in the CSF and/or in the brain tissue of infected patients, providing strong evidence of neurotropism.(66,67) Indeed, while in some Covid-19 patients with encephalitis or demyelinating disease reverse transcription polymerase chain r…”
Background
Encephalopathies Associated With Severe COVID-19 Present Neurovascular Unit Alterations Without Evidence for Strong Neuroinflammation
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“in the brain of 22 patients died by COVID-19 in Germany [34] and in the cerebral spinal fluid of a patient affected by encephalitis/meningitis”
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Prospective postmortem evaluation of 735 consecutive SARS-CoV-2-associated death cases
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Self-citation
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The relationship between chronic immune response and neurodegenerative damage in long COVID-19
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Imatinib inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by an off-target-mechanism
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Organ manifestations of COVID-19: what have we learned so far (not only) from autopsies?
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“Flavonoids owe their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties against a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses, to their pleiotropic molecular structure that acts by targeting variable cells on multiple pathways (Puelles et al., 2020).”
Background
Autopsy-Based Pulmonary and Vascular Pathology: Pulmonary Endotheliitis and Multi-Organ Involvement in COVID-19 Associated Deaths
Haberecker, M., Schwarz, E. I., Steiger, P., Frontzek, K., Scholkmann, F., Zeng, X., Höller, S., Moch, H., & Varga, Z. (2021) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000518914 · Cited by 41
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The role of interleukin-22 in lung health and its therapeutic potential for COVID-19
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Potential for Early Noninvasive COVID-19 Detection Using Electronic-Nose Technologies and Disease-Specific VOC Metabolic Biomarkers
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A single-cell and spatial atlas of autopsy tissues reveals pathology and cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2Preprint
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Background
Understanding on the possible routes for SARS CoV-2 invasion via ACE2 in the host linked with multiple organs damage
Kirtipal, N., Kumar, S., Dubey, S. K., Dwivedi, V. D., Babu, K. G., Malý, P., & Bharadwaj, S. (2022) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105254 · Cited by 44
“Meanwhile, the viral genome of SARS-CoV-2 was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the brain of some COVID-19 cases, encouraging the supposed neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2 (Iadecola et al., 2020; Paniz-Mondolfi et al., 2020; Puelles et al., 2020).”
MethodResult
The fatty acid site is coupled to functional motifs in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and modulates spike allosteric behaviour
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“However, it is now known that its effects are not limited to the respiratory tract: COVID-19 can cause severe inﬂammation and damage in other organs [9–11], including the heart, kidneys, liver and intestines, and can lead to neurological problems [12].”
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Hippo signaling pathway activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to host antiviral response
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MECHANISM OF SARS-COV-2 INVASION INTO THE LIVER AND HEPATIC INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19
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“It was found that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in the liver of COVID-19 patients.(23) Wang et al.”
Background
Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment
Adamczak, M., Surma, S., & Więcek, A. (2022) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.17219/acem/143542 · Cited by 38
Assessing Trustworthy AI in Times of COVID-19: Deep Learning for Predicting a Multiregional Score Conveying the Degree of Lung Compromise in COVID-19 Patients
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“It is essentially a multiorgan disease [22], [23] and clinical progression is tied to much more than pulmonary ﬁndings.”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 immunity in animal models
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New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
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Parameters predicting COVID-19-induced myocardial injury and mortality
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“Thus, a high CD8/Treg/ monocyte ratio might serve as an early indicator for a severe cardiac involvement outcome in COVID-19, comparable to proteinuria recently shown to predict severe kidney involvement in this infection [15].”
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“This mechanism of transmission is consistent with the most common clinical presentations of COVID-19 being in the respiratory, cardiovascular, and/or renal systems (17), where ACE2 is highly expressed, especially among those patients who have preexisting chronic conditions within these systems.”
Result
Dissecting strategies to tune the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2–specific monoclonal antibody CR3022
Atyeo, C. G., Slein, M. D., Fischinger, S., Burke, J. S., Schäfer, A., Leist, S. R., Kuzmina, N. A., Mire, C. E., Honko, A. N., Johnson, R. I., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.143129 · Cited by 37
Hepatic Vasculopathy and Regenerative Responses of the Liver in Fatal Cases of COVID-19
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“It may impact the heart, brain, kidney, and liver.(1) Although functional impairment of the liver has been correlated with worse clinical outcomes, little is known about the pathophysiology of hepatic injury and repair in COVID-19.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Proteinuria and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
Karras, A., Livrozet, M., Lazareth, H., Bénichou, N., Hulot, J., Fayol, A., Chauvet, S., Jannot, A., Penet, M.-A., Diehl, J., et al. (2021) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.09130620 · Cited by 39
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“SARS-CoV-2 preferentially infects cells in the respiratory tract, heart, liver, brain and kidneys (Puelles et al., 2020), but knowledge of its direct tropism for reproductive organs involved in human pregnancy and subsequent neonatal health is limited.”
Background
Red Blood Cell Abnormalities as the Mirror of SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity: A Pilot Study
Bouchla, A., Kriebardis, A. G., Georgatzakou, H. Τ., Fortis, S. P., Thomopoulos, T. P., Lekkakou, L., Markakis, K. P., Gkotzias, D., Panagiotou, A., Papageorgiou, E. G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.825055 · Cited by 39
SARS-CoV-2 Employ BSG/CD147 and ACE2 Receptors to Directly Infect Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Podocytes
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A virus-specific monocyte inflammatory phenotype is induced by SARS-CoV-2 at the immune–epithelial interface
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Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Cat with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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“Reported histological findings on the human heart are variable and range from no lesions to a few interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates [40,42] to myocardial degeneration and necrosis without significant inflammation [39,43,44].”
Background
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 synonymous codon usage evolution throughout the COVID-19 pandemic
Mogro, E. G., Bottero, D., & Lozano, M. J. (2022) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.011 · Cited by 38

Authors: Puelles, V. G., Lütgehetmann, M., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Sperhake, J. P., Wong, M. N., Allweiss, L., Chilla, S., Heinemann, A., Wanner, N., Liu, S., Braun, F., Lu, S., Pfefferle, S., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Gross, O., Glatzel, M., Wichmann, D., Wiech, T., Kluge, S., Pueschel, K., Aepfelbacher, M., & Huber, T. B.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
Corresponding author: Huber, Tobias B.
ORCID: Puelles, Victor G.
Lütgehetmann, Marc
Lindenmeyer, Maja T.
Wong, Milagros N.
Allweiss, Lena
Wanner, Nicola
Liu, Shuya
Braun, Fabian
Lu, Shun
Pfefferle, Susanne
Edler, Carolin
Gross, Oliver
Glatzel, Markus
Wichmann, Dominic
Wiech, Thorsten
Kluge, Stefan
Aepfelbacher, Martin
Huber, Tobias B.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2020-08-06
Volume: 383
Issue: 6
Pages: 590-592
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2011400
PMC: PMC7240771
OpenAlex: W3024126428
Cited by: 1,775
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 338 · 2021: 595 · 2020: 390
FWCI: 50.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, kidney, heart, liver, brain, autopsy findings, viral tissue distribution
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Autopsy, Brain, Female, Heart, Humans, Kidney, Liver, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Pharynx, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Viral Load, Viral Tropism, Pandemics

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Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2

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